Volcano Hazards PDF
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These notes detail different types of hazards associated with volcanoes, specifically focusing on pyroclastic flows, ballistic projectiles, volcanic gases, lava flows, lahars, and ashfall. Key features of each hazard are described, along with potential effects and dangers.
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# Chapter 2 - Volcano Hazards ## Lesson 5 - Volcano Hazards ### Volcano Related Hazards: - **Elifall:** - **Pyroclastic How:** - **Ballistic Projectile:** - **Volcanic Gas:** - **Lava Flow:** ### **Lahar** - It is an Indonesian word for lava or lahar flow. - A wet, grey-like mixtu...
# Chapter 2 - Volcano Hazards ## Lesson 5 - Volcano Hazards ### Volcano Related Hazards: - **Elifall:** - **Pyroclastic How:** - **Ballistic Projectile:** - **Volcanic Gas:** - **Lava Flow:** ### **Lahar** - It is an Indonesian word for lava or lahar flow. - A wet, grey-like mixture of volcanic material and water. - When lahar flows, it carries with it fresh volcanic material such as pyroclastic flow and tephra falls (eshalleh). - Highly mobile, transporting to a speed of 10 meters per second. - Which make it impossible to outrun by the people. ### **Lahar Hous:** - A Lahar submerged a house. - With the thickness of volcanic material, it brings as well as toxic chemicals. - It's almost impossible to survive being submerged in a Lahar. - Lahars form near to lava, as they do not come from rain and water. - Lahars can also come from rainfalls, volcanic eruptions, and thunderstorms. - Lahars are made of volcanic material. - Gravity forces lahars to flow downwards, affecting the environment. ### **Ashfall:** - The gray appearance of Lahar can be attributed to the presence of debris from ashfall. - Tephra is an alternate name. - Ashfall refers to fall, however, there are notable differences. - **Ashfall consists of volcanic particles less than 2 mm in diameter.** - **Tephra is volcanic material in general**. - After eruption occurs, particles get thrown up into the air and form columns, which fall because of gravity. - **This can cause health risks and biological hazards.** - The ash is extremely toxic when inhaled and can also cause severe skin disease when particles get into water. - Therefore, it becomes a bigger health risk, as ash can contaminate water and soil.