Second Industrial Revolution Overview

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Questions and Answers

What was one of the primary reasons for the cattle drives from the West to the East?

  • To escape droughts and winter storms in the West
  • To supply the growing demand for beef in the East (correct)
  • To find new grazing lands for the growing cattle population
  • To transport cattle to the East Coast for breeding purposes

Which of the following was NOT a factor contributing to social challenges during the transition to an industrial economy in the United States?

  • The introduction of new technologies in manufacturing (correct)
  • Publications on land taxation and currency reform
  • The rise of Social Darwinism
  • Debate over economic inequality

What was the primary reason for the decline of Boss Tweed's political power?

  • Public outcry against his corruption (correct)
  • A lack of support from immigrant communities
  • Federal intervention in local politics
  • Changes in voting laws that restricted his power

What was a key argument of Social Darwinism?

<p>Individual success and failure are primarily determined by natural ability (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the impact of barbed wire on cattle ranching?

<p>It was a significant factor in the decline of cattle drives (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the Credit Mobilier scandal primarily about?

<p>The illegal use of government funds by Union Pacific Railroad executives (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was one of the major social problems faced by the United States during the Gilded Age?

<p>The increasing gap between the rich and the poor (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of these events was NOT a major concern in the Gilded Age?

<p>The expansion of women's suffrage across the nation (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following groups actively campaigned for federal laws against alcohol consumption during the late 19th and early 20th centuries?

<p>The Women's Christian Temperance Union (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the main event that led to the Haymarket Affair?

<p>A peaceful demonstration for an eight-hour workday that turned violent (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was Sumner's main argument about freedom?

<p>Freedom required acceptance of social inequality. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following was NOT a key issue addressed by the 'Christian Lobby' during the late 19th and early 20th centuries?

<p>Immigration (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What lasting impact did the Haymarket Affair have on the labor movement?

<p>It fostered a backlash against the labor movement and its perceived radicalism. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the major factor that contributed to the economic explosion during the Gilded Age?

<p>The availability of resources, labor, and capital for investments. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of the Second Industrial Revolution?

<p>Reliance on skilled craftsmen for production. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role did the Homestead Act play in the development of the national market during the Gilded Age?

<p>It provided free land to settlers, leading to increased agricultural production and a need for transportation. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How did railroads impact the Second Industrial Revolution?

<p>They allowed for the mass production, distribution, and marketing of goods nationwide. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the primary reason behind the formation of pools and trusts during the Gilded Age?

<p>To stabilize the market amidst the competitive economic climate. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the concept of laissez-faire as it applied during the Gilded Age?

<p>Limited government intervention in the economy and minimal regulation of businesses. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was a significant consequence of rapid industrialization during the Gilded Age?

<p>An increase in social inequality between the wealthy industrial elites and the working class. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is an example of a product that was made possible due to the spirit of innovation and mass production during the Gilded Age?

<p>Quaker Oats. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following accurately describes the concept of horizontal integration as practiced by John D. Rockefeller?

<p>Merging with or acquiring competing companies in the same industry to gain market dominance. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was a primary motivation for the Chinese immigrants who arrived in the American West after the Civil War?

<p>To seek opportunities for economic advancement and land ownership. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of these accurately describes the impact of the Dawes Act on Native American lands?

<p>The Dawes Act led to a significant loss of Native American land through allotment and sale. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How did the Homestead Act contribute to the transformation of the American West?

<p>It encouraged westward expansion and provided land grants to settlers. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was a significant factor in the decline of the open range cattle industry in the American West?

<p>The introduction of barbed wire and the fencing of open ranges. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements accurately describes the significance of the Battle of Little Bighorn for Native American resistance?

<p>It served as a symbolic victory for Native American resistance, though it was ultimately a short-lived success. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the primary reason that the federal government removed Brigham Young as governor of Utah?

<p>The federal government believed that Brigham Young's leadership threatened the national security and the authority of the United States. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the main objective of the US government's “Peace Policy” in dealing with Native American tribes?

<p>To weaken Native American communities and force them onto reservations. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of these accurately describes the concept of vertical integration as practiced by Andrew Carnegie?

<p>Combining all stages of production, from raw materials to finished products, under one company's control. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the primary focus of the 'Wild West' shows that gained popularity in the late 19th century?

<p>To entertain audiences with romanticized versions of frontier life, violence, and adventure. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How did the construction of railroads impact the agricultural industry in the Trans-Mississippi West?

<p>Railroads facilitated the transportation of agricultural goods to national and international markets, increasing demand for Western crops. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following accurately describes the overall impact of federal Indian policies during the late 19th century?

<p>Federal Indian policies aimed to dismantle tribal lands, force Native Americans onto reservations, and assimilate them into white culture. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following was a key factor in the emergence of “Bonanza farms” in the American West?

<p>The availability of cheap land and the adoption of new agricultural technologies. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How did the development of the cattle kingdom in the American West differ from the experiences of the European settlers in Australia?

<p>The cattle industry in the American West contributed to the displacement of Native American tribes and the decline of their traditional ways of life, similar to the impact on Australian Aborigines. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the impact of “Buffalo Bills Wild West Shows” on the perception of the American frontier?

<p>They presented a romanticized and largely inaccurate view of frontier life and the Wild West. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the significance of the Wounded Knee Massacre in the history of Native American-US relations?

<p>It represented a tragic culmination of the US government's efforts to subdue and control Native American tribes. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Gilded Age

A term coined by Mark Twain symbolizing a period of superficial prosperity masking political corruption and social issues.

Second Industrial Revolution

A period marked by rapid industrial growth in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, focusing on factory production.

Economic explosion

A significant increase in economic activity, including production and distribution during the Gilded Age.

Homestead Act

A law that provided land to settlers for farming, aiding westward expansion and settlement.

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Laissez-faire

An economic theory advocating minimal government intervention in business and markets.

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Trusts

Business arrangements where competing companies are managed by a single entity to regulate competition and fix prices.

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Competition in the market

Intense rivalry among businesses leading to price reductions and market strategies.

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Innovations of the Gilded Age

Technological advancements and inventions, like electricity generation and improved products, driving industrial growth.

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Christian Lobby

A movement formed by Protestants to address moral issues related to labor and urbanization.

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Women’s Christian Temperance Union

An organization that campaigned for federal laws against alcohol consumption.

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Haymarket Affair

A violent incident during a labor demonstration for an eight-hour workday on May 4, 1886.

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Mann Act of 1910

Law banning the transportation of women across state lines for immoral purposes.

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Backlash Against Labor

Negative reaction to the labor movement, seen as radical and violent after the Haymarket Affair.

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Cattle Drive

A journey where cowboys guided cattle to markets in the West.

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Boss Tweed

A powerful political boss in New York City during the Gilded Age, known for corrupt practices.

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Credit Mobilier Scandal

A political scandal involving a fraudulent construction company linked to the Transcontinental Railroad.

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Social Darwinism

An ideology applying Darwin's theory of natural selection to social and economic issues, justifying inequality.

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Urban Political Corruption

Widespread dishonesty and manipulation in city governance during the Gilded Age.

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Working Class Conditions

The hardships faced by the labor class, highlighted by Jacob Riis's work on poverty in NYC.

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Drought Impact on Cattle

Severe dry conditions leading to the death of cattle during winter.

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Economic Inequality Debate

Discussions about the disparities in wealth as the U.S. industrialized.

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Vertical Integration

A business strategy where a company controls all aspects of production from resources to retail.

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Horizontal Integration

A business strategy where a company acquires or merges with competitors to increase market share.

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Robber Barons

Business leaders who amass wealth by exploiting resources and workers, often viewed negatively.

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Captains of Industry

Business leaders who contribute positively to society, often through philanthropy.

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Philanthropy

The act of giving to charitable causes to improve society's welfare.

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Economic Insecurity

A situation where workers do not have stable incomes or job security, often leading to anxiety.

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Homestead Act of 1862

A law that provided 160 acres of public land to settlers for farming at little cost.

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Cattle Kingdom

The post-Civil War era in the West dominated by cattle ranching and cowboys.

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Range Wars

Conflicts between ranchers and farmers over land and resources in the West.

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Indian Wars

Conflicts between Native American tribes and European settlers/US government over land and resources.

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Dawes Act of 1887

A law aimed at assimilating Native Americans by allotting them individual plots of land.

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Wounded Knee Massacre

A tragic event in 1890 where US troops killed many Native Americans, marking the end of Indian resistance.

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Mormon Conflict

Tensions between Mormon settlers and non-Mormons, often stemming from cultural differences and governance.

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Chinese Immigrants in the West

Chinese migrants who worked in mining, agriculture, and the railroad industry, significantly impacting these sectors.

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Bonanza Farms

Large farms established in the West during the late 19th century that focused on a single crop, usually wheat.

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Study Notes

Second Industrial Revolution

  • Coined by Mark Twain, the "Gilded Age" described a period of outward economic prosperity, but with underlying corruption.
  • The US economy exploded due to plentiful resources, labor, capital, and government land grants.
  • By 1913, the US produced half the world's industrial output.
  • A shift from an agricultural to industrial economy was evident in the 1880 census.
  • Urban growth was key to financing industrialization.
  • The period was marked by the rapid development of railroads, factories, mining, and oil industries, particularly in the Great Lakes region.
  • This era promoted mass production, distribution, and marketing nationwide.
  • New inventions, like the lightbulb, transformed industries.

Competition and Consolidation

  • The period saw significant economic competition.
  • Businesses used various strategies such as pools (dividing markets), trusts (managing rival companies), and others.
  • Fierce competition led to price wars and economic downturns (1873-1897).
  • Innovations like trusts and horizontal/vertical integration consolidated industries.
  • Huge corporations emerged from these merged businesses.

Rise of Industrialists

  • Andrew Carnegie dominated the steel industry through vertical integration (controlling all stages of production).
  • John D. Rockefeller controlled the oil industry via horizontal integration (controlling many companies in the same industry).

Labor and Social Issues

  • Industrialization created new freedoms for some workers but also increased economic insecurity and dangerous working conditions, especially in the early 1880's
  • Many laborers struggled against poor working conditions, low wages and harsh labor practices.
  • The period saw significant movements by workers for better rights and working conditions.

Farming in the West

  • The West experienced rapid land cultivation post-Civil War. New technology and crops were introduced to the region.
  • Large-scale wheat and corn farming became significant in certain parts of the Midwest.
  • Women played a critical role in farm life.
  • Federal programs like the Homestead Act encouraged the settling and development of the West.

Indigenous Peoples

  • Federal policies significantly impacted Native American lands, often leading to conflict, displacement, and loss of livelihood.
  • The Dawes Act aimed to assimilate tribal lands, leading to significant land loss for Indigenous Americans.
  • Conflicts and wars followed, including the Sand Creek Massacre and the Wounded Knee Massacre
  • Settler expansion into the West drastically altered the lives of Native Americans and resulted in their oppression.
  • The period saw the oppression of Indigenous populations, as they faced loss of their land, cultural destruction, and various forms of conflict with expanding settler populations.

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