Chapter 16 Notes PDF

Day 1-Gilded Age 1.)​ Second Industrial Revolution ​ Gilded Age ○​ Term coined by Mark Twain ○​ Looks good on the outside, corrupt on the inside ○​ Economic explosion ​ Due to resources, supply of labor, capital for investments, federak...

Day 1-Gilded Age 1.)​ Second Industrial Revolution ​ Gilded Age ○​ Term coined by Mark Twain ○​ Looks good on the outside, corrupt on the inside ○​ Economic explosion ​ Due to resources, supply of labor, capital for investments, federak land grants ○​ Industrial Economy ​ 1913, US produced ⅓ of worlds industrial output ​ 1880 census revealed shift from agrarian to industry for the majority ​ Urban growth essential for financing industrialization ​ Great Lakes Region ​ Second Industrial Revolution marked by factory production ​ Mining, oil, steel, and RR industries 2.)​ Railroads and National Market Homestead Act gave land settlers/farming ​ Railroads crucial for Second Industrial Revolution ○​ Spurred by massive federal land grants and money - Businesses ​ Enabled mass production, distribution, and marketing of goods ○​ New products sold and shipped nationwide ​ Quaker Oats ​ Ivory Soap - both need for mass production variety ​ Spirit of Innovation ○​ Scientific breakthroughs fueled industrial growth ○​ Innovations by inventors like Thomas Edison transformed industries ​ System of generating electricity - perfected the lightbulb 3.)​ Competiton and Consolidation Laisez-faire: Govt. stays out business Capitalist nation ​ The Second industrialization caused depression from 1873 to 1897 ○​ Markets flooded with goods, faill of prices ​ Businesses engaged in fierce competition ○​ Created pools ​ Escape chaotic markets ​ Divided up markets b/w supposedly competing firms and fixed prices ​ Created Trusts ​ Affairs and rival companies managed by single director ○​ Between 1897 and 1904, 4,000 firms merged into larger corporations. ○​ 1865 cw over 1877 Recons over south 4.)​ Rise fo Carnegie and Rocefeller ​ Andrew Carnegie ○​ 1870s founded steel company using vertical integration - Iron or mine - steel factory - ship steel ○​ 1890s Dominate steel industry  ○​ Carnegie believed in philanthropy but managed his company with a strict approach - give back to society gospel of wealth ​ John D. Rockefeller ○​ Dominant figure in oil industry through horizontal integration - ​ Carnegie and Rockefeller built up giant corporations and dominated markets ○​ Captains of industry(give gack to society) or robber barons(use all resources take from others) 5.)​ Workers Freedom ​ Industrial system allowed some workers experienced new freedoms ○​ Controlled production process ○​ Train apprentices ○​ Most faced economic insecurity ○​ Dangerous working conditions ​ 1880-1900: 35,000 workers died annually in accidents ​ Class divisions pronounced ​ Economic disparities ​ Poor live in desperate conditions Day 2 ​ Diverse Region ○​ The federal government acquired land through ​ War and treaties ​ Land Sales (Farmers, RR, miners etc.) ​ Western territories took longer to achieve statehood than eastern ones ○​ White and non-mormon population must balance Latino and Mormon ​ Federal assistance led to advancements in irrigation and farming ○​ Encouraged settlements west ​ Farming Trans-Mississippi West ○​ More land was cultivated post-Civil War than in the previous 250 years ​ Homestead act ​ New technologies and crops ​ Diverse group of farmers ○​ Wheat and corn farming empires emerged on the middle Border ​ MN, Dakotas, NE and KS ○​ Farming was challenging, much responsibility on women ○​ Few “Bonanza farms “ spanned thoousands of acres ​ Employed large numbers of wage owners ○​ Small farmers increasingly targeted national and international markets ​ Focused on one crop ​ RR transported goods ​ Cattle Kingdom ○​ Cowtowns (KS and TX) destination for cattle drives  ​ Longhorn ○​ Cowboys symbolized freedom on the open range ​ Vaqueros introduced technique ​ Exploits themes in Hollywood ​ Not glamorous or romantic ​ Range Wars ○​ Ranchers vs Farmer ​ Control of cattle country (open range) and resources ​ Farmers enclosed open ranges for cattle operations ​ Brbed wire ​ Ended long drives ​ Many western industries were influenced by eastern and European investments ○​ Mining gold, silver, copper ​ Chinese Presence ○​ Chinese immigrants began arriving in the west after the Civil War ​ Arrived in San Fransisco ○​ Worked in mining, agriculture, manufacturing, and RR ​ Explosive experts (RR and Mining) ​ ¾ settled in California work on farms ○​ Immigrants maintained connections with China through letters and magazines ​ Mormon conflict ○​ Went west to settle in salt lake city utah ​ Pushed out of IL and MO ○​ Brigham Young name leader and self made governor of Utah ○​ President Buchanan removed Young ​ Seen as threat to US and non-morman settlers ​ Removal increased tensions among Mormons, Indians and settlers ​ The mountain Meadows Massacre marked a peak in this conflict ○​ Non-Mormons killed ○​ After Civil War, Mormon leaders aimed to ease tensions with federal government ​ Subjugation of Plains Indians (Indian Wars) ○​ Wests incorporation into national economy harmed Plains Indians ○​ Orgeon and California trails ​ Settlers traded with Indians ○​ Conflicts between settlers and Plains tribes ​ 1850-1890 ​ Enchroaching on Indian Lands ○​ President Grant announced “Peace Policy” ​ Union army destroy Indian economy and livehood ​ Burned villages ​ Buffalo Hunters killed Buffalo  ○​ Destroy Indinan livelihood and eventually push them to reservations ○​ Hired by RR to stop destruction of Rails ​ US army destroyed tribe after tribe ○​ The Nez Perce were pursued over 1,700 miles before surrendering in 1877 ○​ Chief Joesph spoke of freedom in 1879 to a distinguished audience ​ Unsuccesful in returning land ​ Little Nig Horn ○​ SIoux and Cheyenne warriors defended their land ( Sitting Bull and Crazy Horse) ○​ Broken treaty w/ US ○​ Union Army sent to push Sioux/Cheyenne to reservation ​ Col custer and men killed ○​ Victory short lived; Union army pursued remaining Indians ​ Forced on Reservation (wounded Knee) ​ 1887 Dawes Act ○​ Aimed to dismantle tribal lands for farming ○​ Indians who accepted farms could become American citizens ○​ Settler land rushes lde to the loss of 86 million acres of Indian Land ​ Wounded Knee ○​ Sioux reservation ○​ Sitting Bull revived Ghost Dance ​ Frightened government; sent troops ○​ Wounded Knee masacre ​ 1890 ​ Deaths of 100 innocent Indians ​ End of conflict against India ​ Boarding schools created to assimalate Indians into white culture ○​ Harsh treatmewnt ​ By 1900 Indian population 250,000 ​ 1924 full citizenship to Native Americans ​ Settler Societies and Global Wests ○​ The conquest of the American west was part of a global phenomenon ​ Temprate climate for crops and livestock ​ Resources provided mining and industry ○​ Sountries like US, Argentina, and Australia are considered “settler societies” ​ Immigrants quickly outnumbered original inhabitants ○​ Native peoples in these societies faced cultural reconstruction similar to the US ​ Zufu (Africa) and Aboriginies (Australia) ​ Myth, Reality and the Wild West ○​ A new image of the west emerged post Civil-War  ​ Lawles “wild” frontier ​ Dime Novels: sensationalized journalist accounts ○​ “Buffalo Bills Wild West Shows” ​ William Cody ​ Reenactment: Army v Indians ​ Popularized this romanticized view ○​ Popular culture depicted West as uncorrupted land of adventure ​ Real West included diverse farm families, labor conflicts and government involvment Treaties ( allows indians keep land) 1.)​ The transformation of the west review Native American(oppressed) experience comparison(Australia Aborigines pushed off land) worldwide Bonanza farm: Large farm with money employers( main crop wheat) Battle of Little of Bighorn sioux vs union army Federal Indian policies -​ Land -​ Buffalo -​ Reservations 2.) Sand Creek Massacre - Union Soldiers kill innocent women and children Homestead Act 1862 - Land to future farmers Women in the West - Freedom, Families, looking for husband Cattle boom and its ending - 1. Good land for cows 2. Longhorn 3. East needed food 4. Cattle Drive lead by cowboy - West - Kansas, Nebraska, Missouri ​ Barbed Wire ​ Drought and Winter kill cows  3.) The Corruption of Politics ​ During Gilded Age Americans viewed nation as beacon of democracy ○​ Global undemocratic regimes ​ Most of Europe didn’t allow universal suffrage ​ Oilitical corruption was widespread, particularly in urban areas ○​ Corrupt urban politics ​ Controlled urban politics ​ Boss Tweed dominated local politics ​ Support from immigrants (urban Robin Hood) ​ Downfall due to Thomas Nast (Political Cartoons) ​ National corruption evident ​ Credit Mobiler scandal ○​ Fraudulent construction company created by Union Pacific Railroad executives to overcharge for building the trancontenental railroad Extra credit notes pages 499-501 The politics of dead center Pages 503-510 Except protestants, Moral reform, and the Haymaker Affair Strike- Employers hire SCABS Emplyers disliked strikers lose money, Seen as a threat to capitiats The social probelm ​ As the U.S. transitioned to an industrial economy, social challenges emerged ○​ Debate over economic inequality ○​ Publications on land taxation and currency reform ​ Social and ethical implications ​ Many Americans felt that societal progress ahad stalled or regressed ○​ “Better Classes” and “danger classes” dominate talk ​ Working class (poverty) and growing dominated talk ​ Jacob Riis how the other half lives showed conditions of poor( NY city Slums) ○​ Belief concentration of wealth inevitable and natural Social Darwinism in American ​ The idea of natural superiority reemerged ○​ ARuged science explained success and failure of individuals  ​ Social Darwinism ○​ Applied Darwin’s theory of evolution to human society ​ Suggesting competition was natural ○​ Government intervention was unnecessary and failure to succeed indicated personal shortcomings ​ William G. Sumner argued freedom required acceptance of social inequality The Role of Protestants in Moral Reform ​ A “Christian lobby” emerged to address moral dilemmas from labor strife and urbanization ○​ Women’s Christian Temperance Union ​ Campaigned for federal laws against alchohol consumption ○​ Other issues included prostitution, gambling, birth control, and polygamy ​ Mann Act of 1910: banned the transportation of women across state lines for immoral purposes Haymarket Affair ​ Who is involved ○​ 350,000 workers demonstrated for an eight-hour workday ○​ Employers and law enforcement played significant roles in the aftermath ​ What happened?’ ○​ A peaceful demonstration escalated into violence ○​ May 4, 1886, when a bomb killed a policemen ○​ The event is known as the Haymarket Affair ​ Pivotal moment in labor history ○​ Seven of the eight accused bombers were foerign-born individuals Why Important ​ Highlighted the struggles for workers rights and demand for fire labor practices ​ Led to backlash against labor movement ○​ Seen as violent an raddical ○​ influenced labor politics and public perception of workers rights movemntts for years to come. Extra Criedit notes pgs 503-510 Except protestants and moral reform and haymarket affair