Second Industrial Revolution Flashcards

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Questions and Answers

What are the new/main industries in the Second Industrial Revolution?

Electric power

Chemical power

Bessemer process (steel)

All of the above (correct)

What is the key difference between the first and second Industrial Revolutions?

The second Industrial Revolution was larger and included the development of electricity, chemicals, oil, and steel, while the first transitioned from manpower to machine power.

What was the most revolutionary development of the Second Industrial Revolution?

Streetcar

Name some new inventions from the Second Industrial Revolution.

Streetcars, telephones, radios, steel Signup and view all the answers

What are the new energy sources during the Second Industrial Revolution?

Oil and electricity Signup and view all the answers

Which country was the leading industrial power during the Second Industrial Revolution?

Germany Signup and view all the answers

What is a cartel?

Independent companies work together to set price and production limits. Signup and view all the answers

What was a response of many countries to increased competition for foreign markets?

Trade restrictions and protective tariffs Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following are types of employment during the Second Industrial Revolution?

All of the above Signup and view all the answers

What were the gender roles of women during this period?

Cult of domesticity (housewives) Signup and view all the answers

What characterized Socialist parties in the late 19th century?

They emphasized elections and participation in government to secure better conditions for the working class. Signup and view all the answers

What was the largest, most successful social party during this time?

German Social Democratic Party Signup and view all the answers

Who is Eduard Bernstein and what is 'Evolutionary Socialism'?

Eduard Bernstein argued that socialism could best be achieved through the democratic process. Signup and view all the answers

What does revisionism refer to in a social context?

Workers would not need to seize power by revolutionary tactics if their goals could be achieved through democratic means. Signup and view all the answers

What was the role of trade unions during this period?

Societies to provide mutual aid to the working class. Signup and view all the answers

Where was the anarchist movement most successful?

Countries with unstable governments. Signup and view all the answers

Which countries experienced high emigration to non-European regions?

Italy, Germany, Ireland, Great Britain Signup and view all the answers

What demographic changes occurred in urban and rural areas?

Population shifts from rural areas to urban areas. Signup and view all the answers

How did art differ between the late 19th century and the Renaissance?

Most works of art in the Renaissance were results of patronage, whereas in the 19th century there was a lack of patronage. Signup and view all the answers

What were the status and issues faced by Austria-Hungary?

Austria-Hungary experienced nationality crises that remained unsolved until WWI. Signup and view all the answers

How did Spain and Italy compare to western European powers during the late 19th century?

They remained largely unindustrialized. Signup and view all the answers

What was the primary reason for population growth during this period?

Falling mortality rates. Signup and view all the answers

What were the reasons for the rising standard of living?

Decreased birth rates. Signup and view all the answers

What urban improvements were made during this time?

Public parks, organized sports, better public health, public transportation, and consumer culture. Signup and view all the answers

What invention most improved living conditions in urban environments?

Electric streetcar. Signup and view all the answers

What did Irish home rule call for?

Ireland to have its own parliament but remain a part of Great Britain. Signup and view all the answers

What characterized mass politics during this time?

Suffrage was expanded, increased interest in politics, and governments became more involved in citizens' lives. Signup and view all the answers

What was Kulterkampf?

Bismarck's policy to suppress Catholic political influence in Germany. Signup and view all the answers

What was the biggest challenge faced by France's Third Republic?

The Franco-Prussian War and subsequent violence between the Paris Commune and National Assembly. Signup and view all the answers

What were the effects of Wilhelm II taking the throne in Germany?

Otto von Bismarck was forced to resign, leading to a decline in stability of diplomatic arrangements. Signup and view all the answers

What were Bismarck's failures and successes?

He began the Kulturkampf and social security state but never successfully destroyed political parties. Signup and view all the answers

What were the typical family sizes during this time?

Middle-class birth rates dropped significantly, leading to a higher standard of living. Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

New/Main Industries

Key industries of the Second Industrial Revolution included electric power, chemical power, the Bessemer process for steel production, and oil.

Differences Between Industrial Revolutions

The Second Industrial Revolution was larger and marked by major advancements in electricity, chemicals, oil, and steel, contrasting with the First Industrial Revolution, which shifted from manual to machine power.

Revolutionary Developments

The introduction of the streetcar transformed urban transport.

New Inventions

Innovations of this era featured streetcars, telephones, radios, and advancements in steel production.

Energy Sources

Primary energy sources drove industrial growth included oil and electricity.

Leading Industrial Power

Germany emerged as the leading industrial nation during this era.

Cartels

Independent companies collaborated in cartels to control pricing and production limits.

Trade Restrictions & Tariffs

Many nations implemented protective tariffs in response to heightened international competition.

Types of Employment

Employment opportunities expanded to include roles such as domestic servants, secretaries, teachers, and nurses.

Gender Roles of Women

The cult of domesticity defined women’s roles primarily as housewives.

Characteristics of Socialist Parties

In the late 19th century, socialist parties focused on elections and governmental involvement to improve working-class conditions.

The German Social Democratic Party was noted as the most prominent and successful socialist party.

Eduard Bernstein and "Evolutionary Socialism"

Bernstein argued that socialism should be achieved through democratic processes rather than revolutions.

Revisionism

Workers could progress towards their goals through democratic means, negating the need for revolutionary strategies.

Role of Trade Unions

Trade unions functioned as support groups providing mutual aid to the working class.

Anarchist Movement

The anarchist movement flourished in nations with unstable governments.

High Emigration Countries

Italy, Germany, Ireland, and Great Britain experienced significant emigration to non-European regions.

Demographic Changes

A significant population shift occurred as more people moved from rural areas to urban centers.

Art in the 19th Century vs. Renaissance

Art during the Renaissance was largely influenced by patronage, while late 19th-century art saw diminished patronage support.

Austria-Hungary's Status and Issues

Nationality crises in Austria-Hungary remained unresolved until the outbreak of World War I.

Spain & Italy in the Late 19th Century

Both countries lagged behind western European powers in industrialization.

Primary Reason for Population Growth

The decline in mortality rates significantly contributed to population increases.

Rising Standard of Living

Falling birth rates were a key factor in the rising standard of living.

Urban Improvements

Urban areas saw advancements like public parks, organized sports, improved public health standards, public transportation systems, and the rise of consumer culture.

Key Urban Invention

The electric streetcar was pivotal in enhancing living conditions in cities.

Irish Home Rule

The movement called for establishing an Irish parliament while remaining part of Great Britain.

Characteristics of Mass Politics

Mass politics emerged with expanded suffrage, heightened political interest, increased governmental involvement in daily life, and improved living standards.

Kulterkampf

Bismarck’s policy aimed to limit Catholic political influence in Germany.

Challenges of France's Third Republic

The collapse of the Second French Empire and subsequent violence from the Paris Commune represented significant challenges to stability.

Effects of Wilhelm II's Ascendency

Wilhelm II's reign led to Bismarck's resignation and a marked decline in Germany’s diplomatic stability.

Bismarck's Legacy

Bismarck initiated the kulturkampf and established a social security state but ultimately failed to dismantle opposing political parties.

Typical Family Sizes

In the late 19th century, middle-class birth rates dropped significantly, resulting in fewer children per family and contributing to a higher standard of living.

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Description

Test your knowledge with these flashcards on the Second Industrial Revolution. Explore significant terms such as new industries, the progression from manpower to machine power, and innovations like electricity and steel. Perfect for students studying industrial history.