Scottish English Accent Overview

Study Notes

Three languages spoken in Scotland: Gaelic, Scots, and Scottish English
Gaelic: Celtic language originating from Ireland, predominantly spoken in the Highlands
Scots: language originating from a northern variety of Old English, influenced by Scandinavian and Norman French elements
Scottish English: originated from the Standard Southern variety of English, influenced by Scots and Gaelic

Rhoticity: /r/ is typically realised as a tap [ɾ] in all environments (e.g., red, very, bar)
Prestigious [u]: [u] is common and considered prestigious in V+/r/+C positions (e.g., arm, court, fir)
Realisation of /ɪ/: /ɪ/ is realised as [ɪ̆] in most contexts (e.g., little, allow) except when followed by [ʊ], where the two consonants commonly form a new syllable (e.g., world, girl). The consonant [+] is sometimes syllabic.
Approximant /w/: The phoneme /w/ is used to pronounce the letter sequence wh (e.g., whale, wail) which form a minimal pair.
Vocalization: There is vocalization of [+] especially in younger speakers.

Scottish English vowels are challenging to categorize due to significant regional variation and influence of Scots.
Vowel length is influenced by context, as explained by the Scottish Length Vowel Rule or Aitken's Law.
FOOT/GOOSE Merger: There is no distinction between FOOT and GOOSE vowel sounds; they merge into the fronted vowel /u/ (e.g., mood, good, pool, pull).
BATH/TRAP Merger: BATH and TRAP vowel distinctions are missing; they merge into /a/ (e.g., psalm, Sam, aunt, ant)
THOUGHT/LOT Merger: THOUGHT and LOT vowel distinctions are missing and merge into /ɔ/ (e.g., stalk, stock, dawn, don)
Diphthong Variations: Scottish English doesn't exhibit the same diphthong pattern as in General British English; diphthongs are often monophthongised (e.g., [ɪə], [eə], [ɔə] become simplified).

/x/: The voiceless velar fricative /x/ is present in words of Gaelic and Scots origin, like Tulloch, Ballachulish and loch.
T-glottalization: occurs word-finally and intervocalically.
Vowel Lengthening: All vowels (except /ɪ/, /ʌ/, and schwa) are lengthened before voiced fricatives (/v ð z/), before /r/, and at morpheme boundaries or word-end.