Scottish Wars of Independence

Scottish Wars of Independence

Background

• The Scottish Wars of Independence were a series of military campaigns fought between Scotland and England from 1296 to 1357
• Caused by English attempts to exert control over Scotland, leading to Scottish resistance and ultimately, independence

First War of Independence (1296-1357)

• Started with the English invasion of Scotland in 1296, led by King Edward I of England
• Key events:
  • Battle of Dunbar (1296): English victory, leading to the capture of King John Balliol of Scotland
  • William Wallace and Andrew Moray's rebellion (1297): Scottish victory at the Battle of Stirling Bridge, but defeat at the Battle of Falkirk
  • Edward I's second invasion (1298): Recapture of Scottish towns and castles
  • Robert the Bruce's rebellion (1306): Scottish victory at the Battle of Inverurie, but defeat at the Battle of Methven
  • Battle of Bannockburn (1314): Decisive Scottish victory, leading to the Declaration of Arbroath (1320) asserting Scottish independence
  • Treaty of Northampton (1328): Recognized Scottish independence, with Robert the Bruce as King Robert I of Scotland

Second War of Independence (1332-1357)

• Started with the English-backed invasion of Scotland by Edward Balliol, son of John Balliol
• Key events:
  • Battle of Dupplin Moor (1332): English-backed victory, leading to Edward Balliol's coronation as King of Scotland
  • Battle of Halidon Hill (1333): English victory, but ultimately failed to secure control over Scotland
  • David II of Scotland's reign (1331-1371): Fought to regain control, but was defeated and forced into exile
  • Treaty of Edinburgh-Northampton (1357): Recognized David II as King of Scotland, ending the Second War of Independence