Scientific Research Methods in High School
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Questions and Answers

Which of the following research topics could be considered 'too broad' and thus difficult to conduct effectively?

  • The effectiveness of a new drug for treating a specific type of cancer
  • The role of genetics in determining personality traits
  • The impact of climate change on coral reefs (correct)
  • The influence of social media on the mental health of adolescents

    • Which of the following exemplifies the concept of an iterative research process?

  • A researcher completes a research study without making any significant changes to their initial plan.
  • A researcher chooses a research topic that has been extensively studied in the past.
  • A researcher publishes their research findings without conducting further research.
  • A researcher decides to focus solely on a specific aspect of their initial research topic after encountering unexpected data. (correct)

    • Which of the following research topics would fall under the category of 'applied research'?

  • Studying the genetic diversity of a newly discovered species of butterfly
  • Investigating the ecological patterns of a specific type of forest
  • Analyzing the interactions between a host and a parasite in a laboratory setting
  • Developing a new type of solar panel for home use (correct)

    • Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of an empirical research project?

    <p>It should be completely original and never explore previously investigated topics. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of gathering information about a research topic before writing a literature review?

    <p>To ensure that the researcher has a clear understanding of the current state of knowledge. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a crucial factor to consider when selecting a research topic?

    <p>The personal interests and expertise of the researcher. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of a good research proposal?

    <p>It includes a detailed analysis of the potential results of the research. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following research activities should be conducted AFTER collecting and analyzing data?

    <p>Writing the research report. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of a scholarly book?

    <p>Provides a summary of current research on a specific topic (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is the most accurate representation of a review article?

    <p>A summary of current research on a specific topic, providing an overview of the state of knowledge (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following search strategies would retrieve results that include BOTH 'peanut butter' and 'jelly'?

    <p>peanut butter AND jelly (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following sources is NOT a primary source of information for scientific research?

    <p>Review articles (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is the best example of a scholarly book?

    <p>A textbook on organic chemistry, containing original research and data (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following sources provides the most up-to-date research on a specific topic?

    <p>Scientific journals (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of a research database?

    <p>To provide access to a comprehensive collection of journal articles (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    If you wanted to find a detailed and comprehensive study on a specific aspect of artificial intelligence, which of the following sources would be the most appropriate?

    <p>A monograph on a specific aspect of artificial intelligence (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT considered a moral principle in research ethics?

    <p>Transparency (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What must researchers prioritize according to the ethical standards in conducting experiments?

    <p>Safety of individuals and environment (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the principle of 'non-maleficence' primarily focus on in research?

    <p>Avoiding harm to others (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which responsibility is explicitly expected from research students?

    <p>To manage and sustain the progress of the research (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What ethical principle involves the protection of human subjects in research?

    <p>Protection of Human Subjects (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a responsibility of a researcher during the research process?

    <p>Ignoring ethical guidelines for expediency (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of these actions is NOT aligned with the principle of responsible research dissemination?

    <p>Publishing results without adequate review (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which ethical practice involves the proper acknowledgment of sources used in research?

    <p>Proper citation for references (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does primary literature primarily provide in research?

    <p>Firsthand information about a topic (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main difference between secondary and tertiary literature?

    <p>Tertiary literature includes both primary and secondary sources, while secondary relies mainly on primary. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of tertiary literature?

    <p>It provides detailed analysis on specific topics. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What process helps ensure the accuracy of primary literature?

    <p>Peer review (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which option represents secondary literature?

    <p>Literature review articles (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is gaining background information considered crucial for researchers?

    <p>It helps understand the context and expands knowledge. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In what way do general references differ from other forms of literature?

    <p>They cover a broad range of topics but lack depth. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is an example of primary literature?

    <p>Monographs (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of these is NOT a common form of scientific fraud?

    <p>Paraphrasing (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a valid reason why a researcher might engage in scientific misconduct?

    <p>Pressure to publish groundbreaking results quickly (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the PRIMARY benefit of familiarizing oneself with safety equipment in a research setting?

    <p>To be able to use the equipment effectively in emergencies (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of these is NOT a form of misconduct directly related to authorship?

    <p>Plagiarism Fabrication (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary motivation for researchers to commit scientific fraud?

    <p>A desire to gain recognition and advancement in their field (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main challenge that researchers face when conceptualizing a research topic?

    <p>Developing a clear research question and objectives (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does research contribute to society?

    <p>By providing evidence-based solutions to societal problems (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of scientific research is characterized by a focus on generating detailed descriptions and interpreting verifiable observations, often involving the correlation of data?

    <p>Discovery-based Investigation (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A student is researching the effectiveness of different fertilizers on plant growth. Which type of scientific research is most likely being conducted?

    <p>Experimental Science (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of a demonstration in the context of scientific research?

    <p>To explain a scientific principle through models or visuals (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements accurately describes the difference between the 'Materials' section of a demonstration and a collection?

    <p>The materials section in a demonstration outlines tools for illustrating a principle, while a collection lists items gathered for study and classification. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A researcher wants to demonstrate how photosynthesis works using a model. Which part of the scientific research process is being addressed?

    <p>Demonstration (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Identify the primary focus of the 'Research' section in the context of a collection project.

    <p>Gathering information on existing collections and related scientific knowledge (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following would be an example of a discovery-based investigation?

    <p>Identifying and classifying different types of insects found in a specific forest area (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is it important to conduct thorough research before undertaking a scientific demonstration?

    <p>It helps to ensure that the demonstration is accurate and aligns with existing scientific knowledge. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Flashcards

    Scientific Research

    An objective, logical, and repeatable investigation to understand natural forces.

    Capstone Research Project

    A project for senior high school students that combines experiences to answer a research question.

    Discovery-based Investigation

    A non-inquiry investigation relying on verifiable observations and measurements.

    Demonstration

    Explaining a scientific principle using models or visualizations without hypothesis testing.

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    Demonstration Process

    Steps including project, research, materials, procedure, and conclusion for demonstrations.

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    Collection in Science

    Gathering specimens that exhibit scientific relationships; aims to add to existing knowledge.

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    Collection Process

    Steps including project, research, materials, procedure, and conclusion for scientific collections.

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    Scientific Hierarchy

    Organizing specimens based on their relationships and significance in science.

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    Research Ethics

    Moral principles guiding researcher behavior in experiments.

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    Non-maleficence

    A moral principle to avoid harming others during research.

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    Beneficence

    The ethical principle of doing good and promoting well-being.

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    Autonomy

    Moral principle of allowing self-determination in research subjects.

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    Justice

    The principle of fairness in research treatment and distribution.

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    Honesty and Integrity

    Essential ethical principles ensuring truthful conduct in research.

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    Protection of Human Subjects

    An ethical responsibility to safeguard participants in research.

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    Responsible Research Dissemination

    The ethical practice of sharing research responsibly and accurately.

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    Basic Research

    Research focused on expanding knowledge without immediate application.

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    Applied Research

    Research aimed at solving practical problems and improving quality of life.

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    Qualities of Empirical Research

    Key characteristics that define a valid empirical research project.

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    Research Process

    Systematic steps followed to conduct and analyze a research study.

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    Choosing a Research Topic

    Identifying a relevant and feasible area of study for research.

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    Iterative Process in Research

    The cyclical nature of research where results lead to new questions.

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    Writing the Research Proposal

    Creating a structured outline that defines hypothesis and research design.

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    Disseminating Research Study

    Sharing research findings with the scientific community and public.

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    Safety Instructions

    Guidelines to avoid accidents and ensure safety during experiments.

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    Personal Protective Equipment

    Gear worn to minimize exposure to hazards during experiments.

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    Scientific Fraud

    Deliberate deception in research results to misrepresent data.

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    Fabrication

    Making up false results and presenting them as true data.

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    Falsification

    Manipulating research data by changing or omitting facts.

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    Plagiarism

    Using someone else's work without giving credit.

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    Photo Manipulation

    Editing images in research to misrepresent the findings.

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    Authors Misconduct

    Claiming authorship without significant contribution to the research.

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    Scholarly Books

    Books written for general or specialized sciences, containing original research and detailed information.

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    Monographs

    Highly specialized books focusing on a single topic, providing comprehensive information for research.

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    Review Article

    Documents summarizing current research on a specific topic, easy to understand and published in peer-reviewed journals.

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    Scientific Journals

    Primary sources of information on past and current scientific investigations, often specialized by field.

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    Search Engines

    Online tools used to retrieve information; examples include Google, Bing, and Yahoo.

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    Boolean Operator

    Methods using keywords ('and', 'or', 'not') to narrow down search results effectively.

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    Research Database

    A comprehensive collection of organized data for rapid search and retrieval, often used by publishers and institutions.

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    Primary Information

    Original research findings presented in scientific journals, serving as foundational knowledge in the field.

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    Importance of Background Information

    Gaining background information expands knowledge and context of a research topic.

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    Summary of Critical Studies

    Background information synthesizes relevant studies for insights into the topic.

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    Refining Research Topic

    Gathering background info reveals unresolved issues in research.

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    Primary Literature

    Original research containing firsthand information, serving as primary sources.

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    Peer Review

    Process of evaluation by experts to ensure accuracy of primary literature.

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    Secondary Literature

    Publications that synthesize and summarize findings from primary literature.

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    Tertiary Literature

    Condensed summaries based on both primary and secondary literature.

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    General References

    Broad reading materials that provide initial knowledge about a topic.

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    Study Notes

    Scientific Research

    • Scientific research is an attempt to understand the natural world, it is objective, logical, and repeatable.
    • Capstone research projects are designed for senior high school students to conduct experiments that draw together their experiences to solve a research question or problem.

    Discovery-Based Investigation

    • Also known as non-inquiry investigation, it relies on observations and measurements.
    • Involves observing a structure or phenomenon, recording, analyzing, interpreting data, and generating detailed descriptions.

    Demonstration

    • Explains scientific principles, demonstrating how something works using models, illustrations, or visuals.
    • Doesn't need to include hypothesis testing.
    • Requires testing or trials to prove a principle works.
    • Examples include solar energy as an alternative energy for watering plants.

    Collection

    • Naturally occurring specimens gathered to show their scientific hierarchy or relationship.
    • Demonstrates new information adding to existing scientific knowledge.
    • Examples include collecting and identifying tadpoles in a specific location (ex. Dasmariñas, Cavite).

    Hypothesis-Based Investigation

    • An inquiry-based investigation that involves proposing and testing a hypothesis.
    • Uses the scientific method to answer a researchable question.
    • Establishes characteristics about a group and compares these characteristics with another group (population) by making observations or measurements on variables.
    • A variable is a characteristic of the test subject that may change.
    • Involves a treatment to a test subject group, comparing results to a non-treated control group.

    Research Process and Design

    • The research process involves systematic procedures to get scientifically acceptable results and conclusions, using scientific method.
    • Research is an iterative process - results can lead to more questions requiring further research.
    • Steps in research process: choosing a topic, gathering info, reviewing literature, writing a proposal, conducting experiment, collecting data, writing report, and disseminating study.
    • Choosing a topic suitable, novel, and applicable
    • Essential to have limited scope with clearly defined objectives

    Basic and Applied Research

    • Basic Research: Expands knowledge
    • Examples include genetic diversity, ecological patterns, biodiversity studies, host-parasite interactions
    • Applied Research: Improves quality of life.
    • Examples include alternative energy resources, low-cost instruments, diagnostic kits, antibacterials and biomaterials characterization.

    Qualities of a Research Project

    • Should contribute to existing scientific knowledge.
    • It must be original.
    • It must follow the research process.
    • It must use available scientific information.
    • Its design must be logical.
    • Its results and conclusions must be verifiable by others.
    • It should address a real-world problem or issue.

    Research Ethics and Safety

    • Research ethics are based on moral principles that guide research behavior.
    • Rules and regulations of the school/organization must be considered.
    • Ethical practices include proper citation, conflict of interest statements, and acknowledgment of contributions from others.
    • Other ethical principles involve: non-maleficence (avoid harming others), beneficence (doing good), autonomy (self-determination), justice, fidelity (keeping promises), and veracity (truthfulness).
    • Safety of researchers, their procedures, environment and subject matter is paramount.

    Scientific Literature Review

    • Background information about your research topic is important to understand your research and its context and is a key component of a research study.
    • Types of literature:
      • Primary Literature: Original research, new studies with firsthand information
      • Secondary Literature: Discusses, evaluates, synthesizes, and summarizes information from primary sources.
      • Tertiary Literature: Condensed summary or introduction to current knowledge on a topic (e.g., science magazines, textbooks, encyclopedias).
    • Traditional ways of gathering information:
      • Reading various sources and resources to ensure accuracy.
      • General references cover broad topics.
      • Scholarly books contain detailed information on topics.
      • Monographs - highly detailed specific topic studies for specialized topics which can be relied upon, contain thoroughly documented studies and reports. -Review Articles - sum up current state of research on the topic in a specific area
      • Scientific Journals- primary research information on past and current scientific topics.
    • Online retrieval of information:
      • Search engines (Google, Bing, Yahoo, Baidu, Ask)
      • Databases for scientific literature
    • Note-taking and structure:
      • Use concept matrices to organize information (concept-centric or author-centric)

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    Description

    This quiz explores the various methods of scientific research, including capstone projects and discovery-based investigations. It emphasizes practical applications, demonstrations of scientific principles, and the collection of natural specimens to understand scientific relationships. Test your knowledge on these key concepts and practices in scientific inquiry.

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