Types of Scientific Research Methods
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Questions and Answers

According to the text, what is the Principle of Knowability in science?

  • The principle that reality is knowable, which is essential for the existence of Science (correct)
  • The principle that reality is not knowable
  • The principle that reality is partially knowable
  • The principle that reality is probabilistically knowable

    • What is the Principle of Determinism in science based on the text?

  • Phenomena are determined by external factors only
  • Phenomena are determined randomly without any cause
  • Every phenomenon is strictly determined by their internal circumstances only
  • Every phenomenon is strictly determined by their circumstances, external and internal (correct)

    • What is the purpose of Scientific Method according to the text?

  • To limit the scope of scientific investigations
  • To create uncertainty in scientific research
  • To randomize scientific experiments
  • To establish a systematic approach for conducting scientific research (correct)

    • What does the equation OBSERVATION + IDENTIFICATION + THEORETICAL EXPLANATION + DESCRIPTION + EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATION = PHENOMENA represent according to the text?

    <p>A systematic approach to understanding phenomena (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of scientific research that involves observing and describing phenomena without explanation or analysis?

    <p>Description (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which phase of the scientific method involves data collection, analysis, and interpretation of results?

    <p>Empirical phase (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of knowledge is characterized by being objective, rational, factual, testable, methodical, analytical, and communicable?

    <p>Scientific knowledge (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main activity of a researcher according to the provided definitions?

    <p>Searching for any purpose or importance (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What can be considered as equal parts of daily life according to the text?

    <p>Science and research (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the phase of the scientific method that involves communication of results?

    <p>Diffusion phase (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which research method is used to establish causal relationships between interventions and observed effects?

    <p>Experimental research (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does manipulation refer to in experimental research?

    <p>Deliberate application of an independent variable to a group of subjects (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How is control established in experimental research?

    <p>Using a control group and experimental protocol preparation (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of a control group in experimental research?

    <p>To provide a comparison for the intervention group (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is randomness crucial in experimental research?

    <p>To minimize selection bias in participant recruitment (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are Randomized Controlled Trials (RCTs) designed to compare?

    <p>Different interventions within the same population (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of bias is a potential threat to the validity of research findings before the study?

    <p>Selection bias (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does during the study bias include?

    <p>Intervention choice bias and co-intervention bias (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is after bias in the context of research?

    <p>Biases that occur after publication of the results (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of research method uses comparison groups but lacks randomization?

    <p>Quasi-experimental research (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does non-experimental research focus on?

    <p>Exploring relationships and correlations without intervention manipulation (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of bias involves unconsciously influencing patient recruitment based on assumptions about their response to the independent variable?

    <p>Selection bias (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of research design involves randomly assigning subjects to control and treatment groups?

    <p>Experimental research (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In a study on the effectiveness of cataract surgery, what was one of the key features of the research design?

    <p>Comparison of a group before and after the intervention (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What section of a scientific article should provide background, objectives, methods, results, and conclusions?

    <p>Abstract (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of keywords in a scientific article?

    <p>Classifying and searching articles in bibliographic databases (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of research design involves studying the effects of an intervention by comparing a group before and after the intervention, but without a control group or random assignment of subjects?

    <p>Quasi-experimental research (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one of the key features of a scientific article's title?

    <p>Descriptive and clear (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What should the introduction section of a scientific article answer?

    <p>What has been studied, why it's important, how it will contribute to knowledge improvement (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of the materials and methods section in a scientific article?

    <p>Describing the research design and providing enough information for reproduction of results (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are RCTs (Randomized Controlled Trials) considered in scientific research?

    <p>Powerful tools but with limitations and challenges (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In a study on cervical spine manipulation, what was one of the key features of the research design?

    <p>Blinding of the assessor to treatment allocation (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one of the key limitations or challenges associated with RCTs (Randomized Controlled Trials)?

    <p>Difficulty in understanding the concepts of control group, randomness, and blinding (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What should be clear and well-defined in the introduction section of a scientific article?

    <p>The objectives of the study (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does a study design refer to?

    <p>The procedures, methods, and techniques used in original scientific research (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of study design collects data representing a point in time without establishing cause-effect relationships?

    <p>Cross-sectional (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of study design collects data over time with a time lag between stages?

    <p>Longitudinal (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which type of study design is the start of the study before the studied factors?

    <p>Prospective (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of control involves the researcher assigning and controlling the studied factors?

    <p>Experimental (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does a dependent variable represent in a study design?

    <p>A quality or characteristic that may depend on or be caused by another variable (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does an independent variable represent in a study design?

    <p>The presumed cause or influence (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which type of study design is there no direct control over the assignment of studied factors?

    <p>Observational (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of study design evaluates cause-effect relationships?

    <p>Analytical (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of the Discussion section in a scientific article?

    <p>To interpret the results by comparing theories from other studies (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of scientific document updates current knowledge on a given topic?

    <p>Review article (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What ethical principle includes voluntary participation and informed consent?

    <p>Principle of charity (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is considered an example of ethical misconduct in scientific research?

    <p>Conflict of interests (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which phase of scientific research involves observing and describing phenomena without explanation or analysis?

    <p>Exploratory research (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main purpose of the Results section in a scientific article?

    <p>To present the total percentage of individual muscle involvement in the sole and toes (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary activity of a researcher according to the provided definitions?

    <p>Data collection (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of scientific document involves specific methodology used to search for articles and evaluate their quality?

    <p>Systematic review (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does ethical misconduct in scientific research include?

    <p>Fraudulent data and incomplete data (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic of a review article in scientific documentation?

    <p>Narrative type that updates current knowledge on a given topic (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of knowledge is characterized by being objective, rational, factual, testable, methodical, analytical, and communicable?

    <p>Empirical knowledge (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    • Researcher: a person involved in any search activity, regardless of purpose or importance

    • Scientific research: activity to acquire new empirical knowledge using the Scientific Method, contributing to science

    • Types of knowledge: Scientific, Common Sense, Experience, Logical Reasoning

    • Scientific knowledge: objective, rational, factual, testable, methodical, analytical, communicable

    • Science and research: equal parts of daily life

    • Concept of research: includes study designs, scientific documentation, purpose, control of assignment of study factors, ethical considerations

    • Scientific method: research process with conceptual, methodological, empirical, analytical, and diffusion phases

    • Conceptual phase: literature review, framework, objectives and hypotheses

    • Design phase: study subjects, variables, collection techniques, data analysis

    • Empirical phase: data collection, analysis, interpretation of results

    • Analytical phase: statistical analysis, comparison, interpretation of results, discussion

    • Diffusion phase: communication of results

    • Purposes of scientific research: description, exploration, explanation, prediction and control

    • Description: observe and describe phenomena without explanation or analysis

    • Exploration: research factors related to a phenomenon

    • Explanation: search for underlying causes

    • Prediction and control: make predictions and control phenomena despite lack of full understanding.

    • The text discusses a scientific article related to the instruction of a patient in a proposed stretching technique, using the muscles of the foot as an example.

    • The study involved dry needling techniques, which were demonstrated in two videos and further researched in a scientific article.

    • The article is composed of several sections: Results, Discussion, Conclusion, and References.

    • The Results section presented the total percentage of individual muscle involvement in the sole and toes, including the Soleus (91.6%), Abductor (83.3%), Extensor (41.6%), and other muscles.

    • The Discussion section interpreted the results by comparing theories from other studies, discussing the limitations of the study, and suggesting future research.

    • The Conclusion summarized the main findings of the study.

    • The article is a scientific document with different types, including the original article, review article, meta-analysis, editorial, clinical progress note, and letters to the editor.

    • A review article is a narrative or systematic type that updates current knowledge on a given topic, while a systematic review is a systematic and specific methodology used to search for articles and evaluate their quality.

    • Scientific research is an essential part of scientific documentation, consisting of scientific knowledge, purposes, scientific method, and study designs.

    • Ethical principles apply to scientific research in the health sciences, as outlined in the Nuremberg Code, the Declaration of Helsinki, and ethical committees for original research.

    • Ethical principles include charity (no harm to research subjects, voluntary participation, and informed consent), respect for human dignity (right to self-determination, right to know, and privacy), and the principle of justice (right to fair treatment and compliance with agreements).

    • Ethical dilemmas may arise in scientific research, such as the use of new drugs in people with cancer and the importance of balancing research requirements with the rights of research subjects.

    • Ethical misconduct includes fraudulent data, incomplete data, manipulated images, conflict of interests, and breaches of confidentiality and plagiarism.

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