Scientific Reasoning: Inductive and Deductive
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Questions and Answers

What is the goal common to all forms of science?

  • To develop new technologies
  • To know and understand (correct)
  • To observe and record data
  • To believe in discoveries

    • Which type of logical thinking uses related observations to arrive at a general conclusion?

  • Analytical reasoning
  • Creative thinking
  • Inductive reasoning (correct)
  • Deductive reasoning

    • How do life scientists like biologists make conclusions based on data?

  • By inferring from careful observation and analysis (correct)
  • By making random guesses
  • By conducting controlled experiments only
  • By avoiding data collection

    • Which method involves the process of formulating generalizations based on a large amount of data?

    <p>Inductive reasoning</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of research would involve observing live brains while people are engaged in specific activities?

    <p>Inductive reasoning</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What causes various areas of the brain to 'light up' during brain studies?

    <p>Absorption of radioactive sugar derivatives</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why do scientists use inductive and deductive reasoning in their research?

    <p>To analyze a large amount of data effectively</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of logic is used in hypothesis-based science?

    <p>Deductive reasoning</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which form of logical thinking uses a general principle or law to predict specific results?

    <p>Deductive reasoning</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of logic involves a pattern of thinking that moves in the opposite direction as compared to inductive reasoning?

    <p>Deductive reasoning</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of science aims to observe, explore, and discover?

    <p>Descriptive science</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which type of science is it common to begin with a specific question or problem and a potential answer or solution to test?

    <p>Hypothesis-based science</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of logical thinking uses a general principle to predict specific results valid as long as the general principle is valid?

    <p>Deductive reasoning</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did the gentleman in the 1940s discover about the burr seeds?

    <p>They had a tiny hook structure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did the gentleman eventually invent based on his observation of the burr seeds?

    <p>Velcro</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of logic is used in hypothesis-based science?

    <p>Deductive reasoning</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Explain the difference between descriptive science and hypothesis-based science.

    <p>Descriptive science aims to observe, explore, and discover, while hypothesis-based science begins with a specific question or problem and a potential answer or solution to test.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Give an example of how deductive reasoning is used in scientific study.

    <p>Scientists predict that if the climate becomes warmer in a region, the distribution of plants and animals should change.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How are inductive and deductive reasoning related to the two main pathways of scientific study?

    <p>Inductive reasoning is related to descriptive science, while deductive reasoning is related to hypothesis-based science.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Explain how the boundary between descriptive science and hypothesis-based science can be blurred.

    <p>The boundary is blurred because observation can easily lead to specific questions, blurring the distinction between the two forms of study.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What invention resulted from the gentleman's observation of burr seeds in the 1940s?

    <p>Velcro</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How did the gentleman in the 1940s discover the unique feature of burr seeds?

    <p>He observed that the burr seeds had a tiny hook structure that made them stick to clothes and fur.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why do most scientific endeavors combine both descriptive and hypothesis-based approaches?

    <p>Because the boundary between the two forms of study is often blurred, and observation can lead to specific questions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Explain inductive reasoning and provide an example from the text.

    <p>Inductive reasoning uses related observations to arrive at a general conclusion. An example from the text is brain studies where scientists observe many live brains to predict the part that 'lights up' during a specific activity.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Describe deductive reasoning and provide an example from the text.

    <p>Deductive reasoning uses a general principle or law to predict specific results. An example from the text is predicting brain activity based on the assumption that excess absorption of radioactive sugar derivatives causes active brain areas to 'light up'.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do scientists use inductive reasoning in descriptive science?

    <p>Scientists use inductive reasoning in descriptive science by formulating generalizations based on careful observation and analysis of a large amount of data.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Explain with an example how biologists like life scientists make conclusions based on data.

    <p>Biologists make conclusions based on data by recording observations, whether qualitative or quantitative, and inferring generalizations from these observations. For example, by studying live brains to understand specific brain activities.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do brain studies illustrate the use of inductive reasoning in scientific research?

    <p>Brain studies illustrate inductive reasoning by observing live brains during specific activities and inferring conclusions about brain function based on these observations.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of deductive reasoning in predicting brain activity during brain studies?

    <p>Deductive reasoning is used to predict brain activity during brain studies by applying the general principle that excess absorption of radioactive sugar derivatives causes active brain areas to 'light up'.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why do scientists use both inductive and deductive reasoning in their research?

    <p>Scientists use both inductive and deductive reasoning to complement each other in research. Inductive reasoning helps make generalizations from observations, while deductive reasoning applies general principles to specific cases.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Deductive reasoning in hypothesis-based science involves moving from specific observations to a general conclusion.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Descriptive science typically uses deductive reasoning to formulate general principles.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The boundary between descriptive science and hypothesis-based science is always clear and distinct.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The scientist in the 1940s discovered that the burr seeds had a tiny hook structure which inspired the invention of the zipper.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Both descriptive science and hypothesis-based science are critical components of scientific study but are never combined in research.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

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