Scientific Progress and Historical Psychology

Mo Ti advocated universal love as a solution to social evil.

Yang Chu denied the existence of God and the afterlife, emphasizing that life leaves people to face natural fates.

Mencius proposed a moderate view that emphasized benevolent leadership and individual goodness.

<p>Confucius is significant for his functional approach to morality and social behavior.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Philosophical reactions to Confucius highlighted both the strengths and limitations of his teachings.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Chuang-tze advocated for a society that returned to nature and did not require government.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Chinese philosophy, especially Confucianism, was more central to intellectual activity than science.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Mo Ti's teachings were considered impractical, while Yang Chu's views were seen as extreme.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Kuhn defines scientific progress as a cyclic process involving the acceptance of a paradigm, the emergence of anomalies, a resulting crisis, competition from new theories, and the eventual acceptance of a new paradigm.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Anomalies reveal limitations in the current paradigm, generating a crisis that prompts the search for new theories to explain the unexplainable.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Watson focuses on prescribing dimensions for classifying psychological issues by examining the interaction between scientific findings and cultural forces, rather than a cyclic view of paradigm shifts.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Kuhn introduced the concept of paradigms and paradigm shifts in scientific history.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>An eclectic orientation means that the author does not commit to a specific historical interpretation but instead presents various viewpoints on psychology's history.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Robet I. Watson was instrumental in founding Division 26 of the American Psychological Association.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Classical Greek thought has shaped the foundations and conceptual frameworks of psychology over a span of 2,500 years, contributing to its emergence as a formal discipline.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Kuhn’s theory suggests that the understanding of scientific theories and facts is relative and sensitive to the implicit assumptions held by scientists within their paradigms.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Shapere critiqued the paradigm concept by questioning its limits and implications for understanding scientific histories.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Historical context is significant as it helps in understanding the relationship between scientific findings and the cultural forces that influence theoretical positions in psychology.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Mayr focused on the advances in science and their implications for understanding scientific revolutions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The term 'Zeitgeist' refers to the spirit of the times that influenced the development of American psychology.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The author approaches the history of psychology by describing its antecedents and presenting various interpretations without allegiance to a single narrative.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Wettersen's work contributes insights into the historiography and critical constructs within behavioral sciences.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Kantor's work emphasized a systematic approach to understanding the scientific evolution of psychology.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>'Presentism' refers to the interpretation of past events through the lens of contemporary values and perspectives.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Human activity is intertwined with nature through an evolutionary process that involves change and re-amalgamation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The biological orientation emphasizes the uniqueness of human activity, while the naturalistic orientation views it as part of the natural order.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The mathematical orientation seeks to derive general principles for all life from a material basis, asserting a unity in the world not directly represented in the physical realm.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Pythagoras established a mathematical system and proposed that underlying mathematical relationships explain a deeper reality beyond sensory perception.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Pythagoras believed that sense impressions distort and artificially represent the world, preventing true understanding.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The text suggests that love and strife contribute to the processes of development and decay within life.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Early philosophers primarily relied on physiological means to explain human activity, which later proved inadequate.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Intuitive reasoning is significant as it provides access to a deeper understanding of defined relationships that govern reality, beyond what the senses can perceive.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Pythagoreans asserted that a basic unity to life exists through relationships that transcend physical expressions, unlike the physical explanations of the naturalistic and biological views.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Socrates placed the humanity of people at the center of a system aimed at achieving general and absolute truth.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They aimed to account for intellectual abilities, behavioral manifestations, and the purposeful aspects of human activity.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Through his military conquests, Alexander the Great integrated Greek philosophy and culture into many civilizations, influencing their intellectual foundations.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Plato's theory posited that immaterial, self-existent, and eternal entities serve as perfect prototypes for earthly, imperfect objects.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Mind–body dualism refers to Plato’s assertion of a separation between the mental and physical aspects of human existence.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Sophists denied the possibility of transcendence but contributed a methodological advance through their operational spirit and skepticism.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Aristotle expanded on their ideas by elaborating a comprehensive framework that addressed various dimensions of human knowledge and personality.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>He provided an intricate system for cataloguing and categorizing nature based on general principles.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>His methodology was based on meticulous observation and clarity, which helped define the premises of scientific inquiry.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>He identified material cause, formal cause, efficient cause, and final cause.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Metaphysics focuses on the first principles of nature, including origins, being, and knowing.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The formal cause distinguishes an object by its defining characteristics, such as shape and structure.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>His legacy established a foundation for the organization of scientific inquiry and understanding.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>He examined behaviors like movement, sensation, reproduction, and defense in relation to survival.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>His views evolved through careful observation and an attempt to understand nature's design and purpose.</p> Signup and view all the answers