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Scientific Method and Hypotheses
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Scientific Method and Hypotheses

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Questions and Answers

What is the first step of the scientific method?

  • Draw conclusions
  • Ask a question (correct)
  • Conduct an experiment
  • Analyze the results

    • The scientific method proves hypotheses with absolute certainty.

    False

    What does it mean that the scientific method is probabilistic?

    It means that conclusions are likely to be true but not absolutely certain.

    The scientific method involves generating explanations and determining the probability of _____ .

    <p>truth</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following terms to their definitions:

    <p>Hypothesis = Proposed explanation for a phenomenon Deductive reasoning = Drawing specific conclusions from general principles Empirical investigation = Data collection through observation or experiment Probabilistic method = Technique based on likelihood rather than certainty</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is the scientific method referred to as hypothetico-deductive?

    <p>It tests general hypotheses through specific instances.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the scientific method, generated hypotheses must always be supported.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the two key processes in the scientific method?

    <p>Testing hypotheses and analyzing data.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of a blind review in manuscript evaluation?

    <p>To keep reviewers unaware of the author's identity.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A theory is a simple statement that does not summarize existing knowledge.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are three essential factors used to judge the strength of a theory?

    <p>Accountability, explanatory relevance, testability.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A __________ is a testable version of a theory.

    <p>hypothesis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the theory evaluation factors with their definitions:

    <p>Accountability = Ability to explain most existing data Explanatory relevance = Providing grounds for belief in phenomena Testability = Potential to be falsified Parsimonious = Adopting the simplest assumptions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary difference between research purpose and research question?

    <p>Research purpose outlines what is to be achieved; research question addresses specific concerns.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The best primary source is a peer-reviewed journal.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the PICO elements in research questions?

    <p>Population, Intervention, Comparison, Outcome.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of design did Windsor et al. (1994) utilize?

    <p>Single-subject design</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In a within-subject comparative design study, researchers compare multiple participants to each other.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the minimum number of data points required in a baseline phase?

    <p>3</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In a time series experimental design, repeated measurements of the dependent variable are taken over an extended __________.

    <p>period of time</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following terms to their definitions:

    <p>Experimental control = The process of managing variables in a study Within-subject design = A study where each participant serves as their own control Time series design = A quasi-experimental design with repeated measures ABAB design = A study with alternating treatment and baseline phases</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key reason for wanting to see performance drop in the second A phase of an ABAB design?

    <p>To demonstrate treatment effects</p> Signup and view all the answers

    More data points within phases are beneficial for increasing internal validity in a study.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary difference between time series phases and conditions in a study?

    <p>Time series phases study changes over time, while conditions compare effects of different levels of the independent variable.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary characteristic of objective data?

    <p>It is observable and measurable.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Subjective data can be fully measurable and leaves no room for interpretation.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the main purpose of the focus group in Brandel and Loeb's (2011) study?

    <p>To provide input for modifying the initial questionnaire.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Calibration of an instrument ensures that it measures within specified ________ limits.

    <p>accuracy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following terms with their definitions:

    <p>Objective Data = Observable and measurable Subjective Data = Based on personal opinions Calibration = Ensuring accuracy of instruments Observer Calibration = Reliability of data measurement</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement best describes independent scoring?

    <p>It assesses consistency among raters.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What two measures did Ukrainetz et al. (2009) implement to ensure the reliability of their testing?

    <ol> <li>Testers were blind to conditions at pretesting. 2) Instructors did not carry out mid- and posttesting.</li> </ol> Signup and view all the answers

    Inter-reliability measures are not important in validating research findings.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main focus of consensus scoring?

    <p>Increasing accuracy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Point-by-point agreement is less effective than total score agreement for identifying specific areas of disagreement.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the formula for calculating point-to-point agreement?

    <p>Number of agreements divided by total items</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A minimum level of inter-rater agreement should be greater than __________.

    <p>80%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What can researchers do if scoring reliability is low?

    <p>Retrain and simplify the scoring system</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following concepts of treatment fidelity to their descriptions:

    <p>Content = Judgment of treatment delivery materials and methods Schedule = Judgment of treatment timing and frequency</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is treatment fidelity?

    <p>How closely a treatment is delivered as intended</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Consensus scoring involves having a single rater provide feedback.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Scientific Method and Communication

    • Science seeks to understand by conducting systematic, controlled, empirical, rational, amoral, public, and critical investigations
    • The Scientific method involves recognizing the problem, collecting data through observations or experiments and drawing conclusions through data analysis
    • Science is probabilistic, meaning that the results may not be absolutely true but highly likely and never known for sure
    • Peer-reviewed publications are considered the gold standard for primary sources

    Theories and Hypotheses

    • A theory is a formal representation of data reduced to a minimal number of terms used to identify and outline cause-and-effect relationships
    • Theories help organize existing knowledge and provide a framework for further research
    • Theories are judged by accountability, explanatory relevance, testability, predictability, and parsimony
    • A testable version of a theory is called a hypothesis
    • A research purpose is a clear statement of research goals, whereas a research question is a specific concern or issue to be answered through research

    Question and Control

    • It is important to ask effective questions and control for confounding variables in research
    • Experimental control is a method used to reduce the influence of confounding variables, increasing internal validity
    • An experimental control group is a group that does not receive the treatment condition in an experiment
    • Time series experimental designs, also known as quasi-experiments, are research designs that employ repeated measurements of a dependent variable over an extended period of time

    Single-Subject Experimental Design

    • A single-subject experimental design utilizes a single participant and repeatedly measures the dependent variable
    • The participants are their own controls in single-subject experimental designs.
    • Three or more data points are required in each phase, with more data points leading to greater internal validity and experimental control.
    • An ABAB design consists of baseline (A phase), treatment intervention (B phase), removal of the intervention (A phase), and re-introduction of the intervention (B phase)

    Measurement

    • Ordinal scales have ranked categories with unequal intervals, while interval scales have equal intervals and no meaningful zero
    • Ratio scales have equal intervals, a meaningful zero, and the properties of ordinal and interval scales.
    • Objective data is observable, measurable, and free from subjective interpretation
    • Subjective data is based on opinions, perceptions, and subjective interpretation.
    • Validity is the extent to which a measurement tool truly measures what it is supposed to measure.
    • Reliability refers to the consistency and stability of a measurement tool.

    Reliability

    • Inter-rater reliability assesses the consistency between two or more raters
    • Independent scoring involves independent raters evaluating the data, while consensus scoring involves the collaboration of raters to reach a collective agreement.
    • Point-by-point agreement measures agreement on each individual item or section, whereas total score agreement assesses agreement based on the overall score
    • A rule-of-thumb for inter-rater agreement is an agreement level greater than 80%
    • Treatment fidelity refers to how closely treatment delivery adheres to its intended design
    • Increasing the number of data points, retraining raters, simplifying scoring systems, and providing clear instructions can improve reliability.

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    COMD 6230 Exam 1 Study Guide PDF

    Description

    Explore the foundations of the scientific method, including its importance in structured investigations and the role of peer-reviewed publications. This quiz covers key concepts such as theories, hypotheses, and the criteria for evaluating scientific claims. Test your understanding of how science organizes knowledge and guides research.

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