Questions and Answers
What is the study of how social, political, and cultural values affects scientific research and technological innovation?
Who is credited with the discovery of x-rays?
What is the name of the device used to determine the location and longitude?
What is the study of the origin and development of human societies and cultures?
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What is the study of change over time?
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What is the monograph that introduced the STS key themes?
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What is the scientific study of politics?
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What is the systematic organized knowledge?
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What is sociology?
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What is technology?
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Who is credited for developing the first writing process?
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What was the Sumerians' achievement in agriculture?
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Who was a Greek mathematician and engineer?
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What was the main purpose of the Astrolabe?
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Who is credited for the construction of the famous Hanging Gardens of Babylon?
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What was the achievement of the ancient Egyptians in literature?
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What did Pythagoras create?
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What was the contribution of the Babylonians in law?
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What was the purpose of the Crane in ancient Greece?
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What was the key to many technology inventions of ancient Greece?
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What is the time period of the Babylonian civilization?
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What was Ctesibius of Alexandria known for?
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What was the contribution of Persian scientists to algebra and chemistry?
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What was the Baghdad Battery?
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Study Notes
Science, Technology, and Society (STS)
- Study of how social, political, and cultural values affect scientific research and technological innovation, and how these, in turn, affect society, politics, and culture.
History of STS
- 1925: Ludwig Fleck's monograph "Genesis and Development of a Scientific Fact" introduced key STS themes.
- 1962: Thomas Kuhn's "The Structure of Scientific Revolutions" attributed changes in scientific theories to changes in underlying intellectual paradigms.
Definition of Science and Technology
- Science: a systematic and organized knowledge drawn from various disciplines, including anthropology, history, political science, and sociology.
- Technology: applied science, a body of skills and knowledge that modifies systems, processes, and developments in the world.
Science and Technology During Ancient Times
Sumerian Civilization
- Mesopotamia, inhabited by Sumerians around 3500 BCE.
- Developed the first writing system, cuneiform.
- Irrigated fields by constructing dikes and canals.
- Invented the sailboat.
Babylonian Civilization
- Located in the border of the Euphrates and Tigris rivers in Iraq from 3500 BCE to 500 BCE.
- Notable rulers: Hammurabi (1792-1750 BCE) and Nebuchadnezzar II (604-562 BCE).
- Hammurabi promulgated his code of law.
- Nebuchadnezzar constructed the famous "Hanging Gardens of Babylon".
Egyptian Civilization
- Existed from 3150 BCE to according to conventional Egyptian chronology.
- Achievements: quarrying, surveying, and construction techniques; mathematics, medicine, irrigation systems, agricultural production techniques, faience, glass technology, literature, and the earliest known peace treaty.
Greek Civilization
- Made significant improvements in science and technology.
- Notable figures: Archimedes (mathematician and engineer) and Pythagoras (mathematician and creator of the Pythagorean Theorem and Pythagoreanism Religion).
Other Inventions
- Astrolabe: a device used to determine location and longitude.
- Cannon: created by Ctesibius of Alexandria and first used with compressed air.
- Crane: a device that helped Greece in construction by lifting heavy materials with less work.
- Levers: a simple but smart way of quickly lifting heavy weight using counterweight.
- Gears: key for many technology inventions, leveraging the power of levers.
- Water Pumps: helped carry water to elevated places, dealing with gravity.
Persian Civilization
- Contributed to the current understanding of nature, medicine, mathematics, and philosophy.
- Notable achievements: algebra, chemistry, wind-power machine, and first distillation of water.
- May have created the first batteries, known as the Baghdad Battery.
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Description
Review of key concepts in Science, Technology and Society, including historical figures, inventions, and scientific principles. Covers topics such as the Pythagorean Theorem, Astrolabe, X-ray discovery, and more.
