STS REVIEWER.docx

**SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY AND SOCIETY (REVIEWER)** **I. PRE-TEST** **Pythagorean Theorem** -- [created by] Greek Civilization **Astrolabe** -- a [device that determine the] location and longitude **November 8, 1895** -- [x-ray discovered by] Wilhelm Conrad Roentgen **Persian philosophers and invent...

**SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY AND SOCIETY (REVIEWER)** **I. PRE-TEST** **Pythagorean Theorem** -- [created by] Greek Civilization **Astrolabe** -- a [device that determine the] location and longitude **November 8, 1895** -- [x-ray discovered by] Wilhelm Conrad Roentgen **Persian philosophers and inventors** -- [created the first battery], also known as **Baghdad Battery** **DOST** -- [Department of Science and Technology] **LESSON 1: (SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY AND SOCIETY)** **Science, Technology and Society (STS)** - study of how social, political, and cultural values affects scientific research and technological innovation, and how these, in turn, affect society, politics and culture. **History:** [Ludwig Fleck's] (**1925**) *Genesis and Development of a Scientific fact* - monograph the **STS key themes**. [Thomas Kuhn's] (**1962**) *The Structure of Scientific Revolutions* -- he **attributed changes in scientific theories** to changes in underlying intellectual paradigms, [programs were founded at the] **University of California.** Unify programs for historians of science and philosophers. **DEFINITION OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY** **Science** - [a systematic organized knowledge] and this systematic nature sets science apart from others types of understanding. Drawn from a variety of disciplines, [including anthropology, history, political science, and sociology.] **Anthropology** - is the study of the origin and development of human societies and cultures. Culture is the learned behavior of people, including their languages, belief systems, social structures, institutions, and material goods. **Political Science** -- is the scientific study of politics. It is [a social science dealing with systems of governance and power, and the analysis of political activities, political thought, political behavior, and associated constitutions and laws]. **History** - is the study of change over time, and [it covers all aspects of human society]. Political, social, economic, scientific, technological, medical, cultural, intellectual, religious and military developments are all part of history. **Sociology** - is the scientific study of human society that focuses on society, human social behavior, patterns of social relationships, social interaction, and aspects of culture associated with everyday life.  **Technology** - as simply applied science. As [a body or reservoir of skills and modify its system, processes and developments in the world. ] **SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY DURING THE FOLLOWING PERIODS** **[ANCIENT TIMES]** ***SUMERIAN CIVILIZATION -*** Mesopotamia which is believed to be inhabited by the Sumerians as early as 3500 years before Christ on Earth (B.C.E.). *Credited for developing the first writing process or system called "**cuneiform**"* *[In agriculture], the Sumerians* irrigated their fields by constructing dikes and canals. They are also **credited for invention of the sailboat**. It was during this time or era that the great empire of Babylonia was established. **BABYLONIAN CIVILIZATION** - this placed is located in the border of the famous Euphrates and Tigris rivers in Iraq in 3500B.C.E. until 500 B.C.E[. two prominent ruler of the Babylonian empire,] Hammurabi (1792-1750 B.C.E.) and Nebuchadnezzar II (604-562 B.C.E.). **Hammurabi** promulgated his code of law while **Nebuchadnezzar** is credited for the construction of the famous "***Hanging Gardens of Babylon***" **EGYPTIAN CIVILIZATION** (3150 BC- according to conventional Egyptian chronology). The many achievements of the ancient Egyptians [include the quarrying, surveying, and construction techniques that facilitated the building of monumental pyramids, temples, and obelisk]; [a system of mathematics, a practical and effective system of medicine, irrigation systems and agricultural production techniques.] Egyptian faience (fine tin-glazed pottery), glass technology new forms literature and the earliest known peace treaty. **GREEK CIVILIZATION** - [created many improvements in science and technology]. **[Archimedes]** was a ***Greek mathematician and engineer***. He explained the principle of the lever and worked on mechanics. [He approximates the value of pie and gave the value of the square root of 3.] **[Pythagoras]** was important [Greek mathematician and created the] ***Pythagorean Theorem and the Pythagoreanism Religion.*** **OTHER INVENTIONS** **The Astrolabe** - A **device** [used to determine the] **location and longitude**. **The Cannon** - [Created by] **Ctesibius of Alexandria** and **first used with compressed air.** ***Crane -*** [This **device** helps **Greece** in construction] [by lifting heavy material with less work. ] **Levers** - The lever was simple but smart way of quickly lifting heavy weight [using counterweight. ] **Gears** - The gears were the key for many technology inventions of that times and for the future, lever by them were useless. **Water Pumps** - The water pumps helped to carry water to elevate places [having to deal with gravity.] **PERSIAN CIVILIZATION** - [**Persian scientist** contributed to the current understanding of nature, medicine, mathematics, and philosophy]. **Persian** made important contributions to algebra and chemistry, invented the wind-power machine, and first distillation of water. **Iran** has [made great strides in different sectors, including aerospace, nuclear science, medical development, as well as stem cell and cloning research.] Many of today's concepts in science including the Heliocentric model of solar system, finite speed of light, and gravity [were first proposed by] **Persian scientist**. **Persian philosophers and inventors** [may have] **created the first batteries** (sometimes known as the **Baghdad Battery**). **ROMAN CIVILIZATION** - the **Roman Empire** has the most advance sets of technologies of its time, [some of which was lost during the turbulent eras of **Antiquity and the early Middle Ages**.] [Some inventions were **mechanical reaper, the arch,** have remained untouched to this day], [improvement of the **overshot water wheel** and the improvements in **wagon construction.**]