Science Research Project: Variables and Hypothesis

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Questions and Answers

What process occurs when oceanic crust collides with continental crust, causing the oceanic plate to sink under the continental plate?

Subduction

Which gases contribute to the Greenhouse Effect by trapping heat in the Earth's atmosphere?

Water Vapour (H2O) (correct)

Carbon Dioxide (CO2) (correct)

Nitrous Oxide (N2O) (correct)

Methane (CH4) (correct)

The Greenhouse Effect is a natural process that warms the Earth by trapping heat from the sun in the atmosphere.

True

What is the purpose of the aim in a research study?

The aim defines the overall purpose or goal of the research study. Signup and view all the answers

Define the independent variable in an experiment.

Independent Variable: A variable that is intentionally changed or manipulated by the experimenter. Signup and view all the answers

What does the dependent variable represent in an experiment?

Dependent Variable: A variable that is being measured or observed in response to changes in the independent variable. Signup and view all the answers

Explain the control variable in an experiment.

A control variable is a variable that is not being manipulated or changed by the experimenter. Signup and view all the answers

What is a hypothesis in an experiment?

An educated guess on the results of the experiment Signup and view all the answers

How is the rate of evaporation measured in the student research project?

Rate of evaporation is measured by observing the change in volume of water over time. Signup and view all the answers

What was the significance of Prime Minister Gough Whitlam pouring earth into Vincent Lingiari's hand?

It represented the return of traditional land to the Gurindji people Signup and view all the answers

What was the outcome of the Aboriginal Land Rights Act of 1976?

It granted title to traditional land to the Gurindji and other Aboriginal tribes Signup and view all the answers

What was the significance of the Gurindji people receiving 3,300 square kilometers of land?

It was a recognition of their connection to their traditional land Signup and view all the answers

What was a key outcome of the reconciliation process in Australia?

The recognition of Aboriginal people's connection to their traditional land Signup and view all the answers

What was a key milestone in the recognition of Indigenous Australian rights?

The passage of the Aboriginal Land Rights Act of 1976 Signup and view all the answers

What was the significance of the land handover ceremony between Gough Whitlam and Vincent Lingiari?

It represented the recognition of Aboriginal people's connection to their traditional land Signup and view all the answers

Until what year were Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples denied the right to vote in federal elections?

1962 Signup and view all the answers

What restriction was placed on the movement of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples?

They were restricted to reserves and missions, needing permission to travel. Signup and view all the answers

What was the impact of assimilation policies on Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples' cultural practices?

They were forced to assimilate, and their languages and cultural practices were suppressed. Signup and view all the answers

What was the outcome of the denial of land ownership to Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples?

They were dispossessed of their traditional lands and denied the right to own property. Signup and view all the answers

What was the impact of racial segregation on Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples' wages and working conditions?

They were paid less than non-Indigenous workers and subjected to exploitative labour practices. Signup and view all the answers

What was the goal of assimilation policies towards Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples?

To force them to assimilate into white Australian culture. Signup and view all the answers

What was the impact of restrictions on Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples' freedom of movement?

They were restricted to reserves and missions, and needed permission to travel. Signup and view all the answers

What was the result of the denial of equal wages and working conditions to Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples?

They were subjected to exploitative labour practices and paid less than non-Indigenous workers. Signup and view all the answers

What was a consequence of the dispossession of land for Indigenous Australian peoples?

They were further disconnected from their cultural heritage and livelihoods. Signup and view all the answers

How were Indigenous Australian peoples excluded from the political process?

They were excluded from the political process through voting rights. Signup and view all the answers

What was the purpose of confining Indigenous Australian peoples to reserves and missions?

To restrict their movement and freedom. Signup and view all the answers

What was a consequence of the limited access to education and employment for Indigenous Australian peoples?

They were subjected to economic marginalisation and poverty. Signup and view all the answers

What was a result of the cultural assimilation policies imposed on Indigenous Australian peoples?

They were forced to adopt European customs and practices. Signup and view all the answers

What was a key factor in the marginalisation of Indigenous Australian peoples?

The dispossession of their land and restriction of their movement. Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Student Research Project

A student research project involves:
- Conducting an experiment to investigate a question or problem
- Collecting and analyzing data
- Drawing conclusions and making recommendations

Variables in a Research Project

Independent variable: A variable that is intentionally changed or manipulated by the experimenter
Dependent variable: A variable that is being measured or observed in response to changes in the independent variable
Control variable: A variable that is not being manipulated or changed by the experimenter

Example Research Project: Investigating the Effect of Temperature on the Rate of Evaporation

Title: Investigating the Effect of Temperature on the Rate of Evaporation
Inquiry question: How does temperature affect the rate of evaporation of water?
Aim: To investigate the relationship between temperature and the rate of evaporation of water
Hypothesis: As temperature increases, the rate of evaporation will also increase
Equipment: Thermometer, heat source, container, water, stopwatch, ruler
Independent variable: Temperature
Dependent variable: Rate of evaporation
Control variable: Initial volume of water, air pressure, and humidity

Rules of Graphing

Ensure that the x and y axes are labelled and there is a title
Ensure that there is equal spacing between the different subjects

Motion

An object is in motion if it changes position over time compared to a reference point
Formulas:
- Average speed = distance / elapsed time
- Distance = speed x time
- Displacement = final position - initial position
Speed: A measure of how fast an object moves
Velocity: A measure of the rate of change of displacement

Force and Motion

Newton's First Law of Motion: An object remains in a state of rest or in uniform motion unless compelled to change that state by an applied force
Inertia: The natural tendency of objects to remain in a state of rest or in uniform motion
Formula: Force = Mass x Acceleration
Types of forces:
- Kinetic force: A force acting between two surfaces in motion
- Frictional force: A force that opposes motion
- Gravitational force: A force that attracts any two objects with mass

Layers of the Earth

Inner Core: The dense center of the Earth, composed of iron and nickel
Outer Core: The outer layer of the core, made of liquid iron and nickel
Crust: The outermost solid layer of the Earth, composed of tectonic plates
Mantle: The layer below the crust, divided into the upper mantle and the lower mantle
Lithosphere: The outermost rigid layer of the Earth, including the crust and the upper mantle
Asthenosphere: The layer below the lithosphere, where rock behaves like a plastic solid

Continental Drift

Theory proposed by Alfred Wegener in 1912
Evidence:
- Jigsaw fit of continents
- Fossils of the same prehistoric species found on continents that were once connected
- Glacial striations
- Magnetic striping

Plate Movements

Diverging boundaries: Where tectonic plates are moving apart from each other
Converging boundaries: Where tectonic plates are colliding with each other
Transform boundaries: Where tectonic plates are sliding past each other

Carbon Cycle

Stages:
- Photosynthesis
- Decomposition
- Respiration
- Combustion

Climate Change

Defined as the long-term warming of the planet, primarily caused by the increasing levels of greenhouse gases in the Earth's atmosphere
Greenhouse gases:
- Carbon dioxide (CO2)
- Methane (CH4)
- Nitrous oxide (N2O)
Effects of climate change:
- Rising global temperatures
- More frequent and severe heat waves, droughts, and storms
- Rising sea levels and melting glaciers

Land Rights and Reconciliation

In 1975, Prime Minister Gough Whitlam symbolically handed over 3,300 square kilometers of land to the Gurindji people, marking a significant step towards reconciliation.

Background of Reconciliation

Dispossession of land: Traditional lands were taken away, further disconnecting ATSI peoples from their cultural heritage and livelihoods.
Limited political participation: ATSI peoples were excluded from the political process, denying them a voice in decisions affecting their lives through voting rights.
Restricted movement: Many were confined to reserves and missions, unable to travel.
Economic marginalisation: Limited access to education and employment led to poverty.
Political representation: Denied the right to vote in federal elections until 1962.
Land ownership: Dispossessed of their traditional lands and denied the right to own property.
Freedom of movement: Movement of ATSI peoples was restricted to reserves and missions, needing permission to travel.
Cultural expression: Forced to assimilate, their languages and cultural practices suppressed.
Equal wages and working conditions: Paid less than non-Indigenous workers and subjected to exploitative labour practices.

Land Rights Act of 1976

Granted the Gurindji and other Aboriginal tribes in the Northern Territory title to some of their traditional land.
Recognized the connection of ATSI people to their land for the first time.

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Description

This quiz assesses understanding of qualitative and quantitative data, as well as key terms in a student research project, including independent variable, dependent variable, and control variable. Test your knowledge of the scientific method and research design.