Questions and Answers
What is a dendrite?
Dendrite
What is the function of the cell body with nucleus?
Fiber which carries impulses away from the cell body.
What do Schwann cells produce?
Myelin or fat layer in the PNS.
What is the Myelin Sheath?
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What are Nodes of Ranvier?
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What is an impulse in neural terms?
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What is a synapse?
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What are neurotransmitters?
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What are the major components of the brain?
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What is the spine related to?
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What are the lobes of the cerebrum?
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Which of the following are special regions of the brain?
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What brain wave patterns are associated with alertness?
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Brain waves patterns categorized as alpha are associated with what?
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Delta brain waves are linked to?
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How many pairs of cranial nerves are there?
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How many spinal nerves exist?
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What does the autonomic nervous system regulate?
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Which are major sense organs?
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What are the chemical receptors for taste?
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What senses can skin detect?
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Which disorders affect the nervous system?
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Which effects are related to common drugs?
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What are the basic processes of the digestive system?
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What are the organs of the digestive tract?
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What happens in the mouth during digestion?
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Where does swallowing occur?
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What is the function of the esophagus?
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What is the primary function of the stomach?
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What occurs in the small intestine?
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What is the role of the large intestine?
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Study Notes
Nervous System Components
- Dendrites: Receive stimuli and carry impulses toward the neuron cell body.
- Cell Body: Contains the nucleus; responsible for transmitting impulses away from the cell body.
- Schwann Cells: Produce myelin, a protective fat layer around neuron axons in the peripheral nervous system (PNS).
- Myelin Sheath: Lipid-rich layer that insulates axons, aiding in the speed of impulse transmission.
- Node of Ranvier: Gaps in the myelin sheath that facilitate nerve impulse conduction.
Neuron Functionality
- Impulse: Self-propagating mechanism involving sodium and potassium pumps for action potentials.
- Synapse: Junction between neurons where neurotransmitters are released to propagate impulses to adjacent neurons.
- Neurotransmitters: Chemicals at a synapse that trigger impulses in the postsynaptic neuron.
Brain Anatomy
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Brain Regions:
- Brain Stem: Controls basic life functions.
- Diencephalon: Relays sensory information and controls autonomic functions.
- Cerebellum: Coordinates movement and balance.
- Cerebrum: Responsible for higher brain functions including thought and action.
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Lobes of the Cerebrum:
- Frontal Lobe: Involved in decision-making and problem-solving.
- Parietal Lobe: Processes sensory information.
- Temporal Lobe: Involved in hearing and language comprehension.
- Occipital Lobe: Responsible for visual processing.
Brain Function and Waves
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Brain Wave Patterns:
- Beta Waves: Associated with concentration and alertness; may indicate anxiety at high levels.
- Alpha Waves: Related to relaxation and creativity; occur in pre-sleep and meditative states.
- Theta Waves: Linked to REM sleep and emotional experiences; enhance creativity and memory retention.
- Delta Waves: Characterize deep, dreamless sleep; aid in physical restoration and hormone release.
Nervous System Structure
- Cranial Nerves: 12 pairs responsible for sensory and motor functions of the head and neck.
- Spinal Nerves: 31 pairs that transmit signals between the spinal cord and the rest of the body.
Autonomic Nervous System
- Function: Regulates involuntary bodily functions.
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Divisions:
- Sympathetic: Responds to stress (fight or flight response).
- Parasympathetic: Maintains normal body functions during non-stressful conditions.
Sensory Organs and Reception
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Major Sense Organs:
- Eye (vision), ear (hearing), taste receptors (taste), olfactory system (smell), skin (touch).
- Taste Buds: Highly sensitive receptors located at the top of the nasal cavity; taste is heavily influenced by smell.
- Chemical Receptors: Detect specific tastes like sweet, sour, bitter, salty, and umami (MSG).
Skin Sensations
- Senses in Skin: Includes receptors for heat, cold, light pressure, heavy pressure, and pain.
Nervous System Disorders
- Common disorders include epilepsy, seizures, Alzheimer's disease, multiple sclerosis, Parkinson's disease, shingles, cerebral palsy, glaucoma, and conjunctivitis (pink eye).
Drug Effects on the Nervous System
- Common substances with effects on the nervous system: alcohol, caffeine, nicotine, and marijuana.
Digestive System Overview
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Basic Processes:
- Ingestion: Intake of food.
- Digestion: Breakdown of food into absorbable units, involving mechanical and chemical processes.
- Absorption: Transfer of digested nutrients into the bloodstream.
- Defecation: Elimination of undigested waste.
Digestive Tract Organs
- Components include the mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, and anus.
Digestive Functionality
- Mouth: Mechanical breakdown by teeth and enzymatic breakdown by saliva (amylase).
- Pharynx: Site where swallowing occurs.
- Esophagus: Tube facilitating food transport to the stomach via peristalsis.
- Stomach: Stores food and digests proteins.
- Small Intestine: Main site for digestion and absorption of nutrients.
- Large Intestine: Primarily absorbs water from indigestible food residue.
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