Science Olympiad Anatomy & Physiology Flashcards

Questions and Answers

What is a dendrite?

Dendrite

What is the function of the cell body with nucleus?

Fiber which carries impulses away from the cell body.

What do Schwann cells produce?

Myelin or fat layer in the PNS.

What is the Myelin Sheath?

Lipid layer around the axon. Signup and view all the answers

What are Nodes of Ranvier?

Gaps or nodes in the myelin sheath. Signup and view all the answers

What is an impulse in neural terms?

Self-propagating mechanism involving potassium and sodium pumps. Signup and view all the answers

What is a synapse?

Junction between neurons. Signup and view all the answers

What are neurotransmitters?

Chemicals in the junction which allow impulses to be started in the second neuron. Signup and view all the answers

What are the major components of the brain?

Brain stem, diencephalon, cerebellum, cerebrum. Signup and view all the answers

What is the spine related to?

Spinal cord. Signup and view all the answers

What are the lobes of the cerebrum?

Frontal Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following are special regions of the brain?

Limbic system Signup and view all the answers

What brain wave patterns are associated with alertness?

Beta Signup and view all the answers

Brain waves patterns categorized as alpha are associated with what?

Relaxation Signup and view all the answers

Delta brain waves are linked to?

Deep sleep Signup and view all the answers

How many pairs of cranial nerves are there?

12 pairs. Signup and view all the answers

How many spinal nerves exist?

31 pairs. Signup and view all the answers

What does the autonomic nervous system regulate?

Regulates body's involuntary responses. Signup and view all the answers

Which are major sense organs?

Nose Signup and view all the answers

What are the chemical receptors for taste?

Salty Signup and view all the answers

What senses can skin detect?

Pain Signup and view all the answers

Which disorders affect the nervous system?

Parkinson's disease Signup and view all the answers

Which effects are related to common drugs?

Caffeine Signup and view all the answers

What are the basic processes of the digestive system?

Ingestion, digestion, absorption, defecation. Signup and view all the answers

What are the organs of the digestive tract?

Mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, anus. Signup and view all the answers

What happens in the mouth during digestion?

Mechanically and chemically broken down. Signup and view all the answers

Where does swallowing occur?

Pharynx. Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the esophagus?

A simple tube that aids in swallowing. Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the stomach?

Storage of food and digestion of protein. Signup and view all the answers

What occurs in the small intestine?

Majority of digestion and absorption. Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of the large intestine?

Absorption of water. Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Nervous System Components

Dendrites: Receive stimuli and carry impulses toward the neuron cell body.
Cell Body: Contains the nucleus; responsible for transmitting impulses away from the cell body.
Schwann Cells: Produce myelin, a protective fat layer around neuron axons in the peripheral nervous system (PNS).
Myelin Sheath: Lipid-rich layer that insulates axons, aiding in the speed of impulse transmission.
Node of Ranvier: Gaps in the myelin sheath that facilitate nerve impulse conduction.

Neuron Functionality

Impulse: Self-propagating mechanism involving sodium and potassium pumps for action potentials.
Synapse: Junction between neurons where neurotransmitters are released to propagate impulses to adjacent neurons.
Neurotransmitters: Chemicals at a synapse that trigger impulses in the postsynaptic neuron.

Brain Anatomy

Brain Regions:
- Brain Stem: Controls basic life functions.
- Diencephalon: Relays sensory information and controls autonomic functions.
- Cerebellum: Coordinates movement and balance.
- Cerebrum: Responsible for higher brain functions including thought and action.
Lobes of the Cerebrum:
- Frontal Lobe: Involved in decision-making and problem-solving.
- Parietal Lobe: Processes sensory information.
- Temporal Lobe: Involved in hearing and language comprehension.
- Occipital Lobe: Responsible for visual processing.

Brain Function and Waves

Brain Wave Patterns:
- Beta Waves: Associated with concentration and alertness; may indicate anxiety at high levels.
- Alpha Waves: Related to relaxation and creativity; occur in pre-sleep and meditative states.
- Theta Waves: Linked to REM sleep and emotional experiences; enhance creativity and memory retention.
- Delta Waves: Characterize deep, dreamless sleep; aid in physical restoration and hormone release.

Nervous System Structure

Cranial Nerves: 12 pairs responsible for sensory and motor functions of the head and neck.
Spinal Nerves: 31 pairs that transmit signals between the spinal cord and the rest of the body.

Autonomic Nervous System

Function: Regulates involuntary bodily functions.
Divisions:
- Sympathetic: Responds to stress (fight or flight response).
- Parasympathetic: Maintains normal body functions during non-stressful conditions.

Sensory Organs and Reception

Major Sense Organs:
- Eye (vision), ear (hearing), taste receptors (taste), olfactory system (smell), skin (touch).
Taste Buds: Highly sensitive receptors located at the top of the nasal cavity; taste is heavily influenced by smell.
Chemical Receptors: Detect specific tastes like sweet, sour, bitter, salty, and umami (MSG).

Skin Sensations

Senses in Skin: Includes receptors for heat, cold, light pressure, heavy pressure, and pain.

Nervous System Disorders

Common disorders include epilepsy, seizures, Alzheimer's disease, multiple sclerosis, Parkinson's disease, shingles, cerebral palsy, glaucoma, and conjunctivitis (pink eye).

Drug Effects on the Nervous System

Common substances with effects on the nervous system: alcohol, caffeine, nicotine, and marijuana.

Digestive System Overview

Basic Processes:
- Ingestion: Intake of food.
- Digestion: Breakdown of food into absorbable units, involving mechanical and chemical processes.
- Absorption: Transfer of digested nutrients into the bloodstream.
- Defecation: Elimination of undigested waste.

Digestive Tract Organs

Components include the mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, and anus.

Digestive Functionality

Mouth: Mechanical breakdown by teeth and enzymatic breakdown by saliva (amylase).
Pharynx: Site where swallowing occurs.
Esophagus: Tube facilitating food transport to the stomach via peristalsis.
Stomach: Stores food and digests proteins.
Small Intestine: Main site for digestion and absorption of nutrients.
Large Intestine: Primarily absorbs water from indigestible food residue.

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Test your knowledge on key terms in anatomy and physiology with these flashcards. Each card provides a crucial definition related to cellular structures and functions. Perfect for Science Olympiad preparation or anyone interested in biology.