Anatomy and Physiology Definitions
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Questions and Answers

What are the properties of RNA?

  • It is ribonucleic acid. (correct)
  • It includes adenine, cytosine, guanine, and thymine.
  • It is used directly in translation. (correct)
  • It includes 'transfer' and 'messenger' subgroups. (correct)

    • The steps of the cell cycle include growth and __________.

    mitosis

    What are the phases of the cell cycle?

    G1 Phase, S Phase, G2 Phase, Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase, Cytokinesis.

    The synthesis of messenger RNA is called translation.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a mode of tissue death? (Check all that apply)

    <p>Necrosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following are cells found in connective tissue? (Check all that apply)

    <p>Red blood cell</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Define anatomy.

    <p>Study of structure.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Define physiology.

    <p>Study of function.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Anatomy and dissection both mean '___________', and dissection is essential for study.

    <p>cutting apart</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Comparative anatomy studies what?

    <p>The study of multiple species in order to examine similarities and differences and analyze evolutionary trends.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Radiology is the branch of medicine concerned with _______.

    <p>imaging</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Gross anatomy involves structures that ____ be seen with the naked eye.

    <p>can</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Histology is the observation of what?

    <p>Tissue specimens, thinly sliced and stained, and observed under a microscope.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Define histopathology.

    <p>The microscopic examination of tissue for signs of disease.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Cytology is the study of what?

    <p>The structure and function of individual cells.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Physiology has many subdisciplines that study ______ systems or ____________ in general.

    <p>nervous; mechanisms of disease</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Comparative physiology is the study of what?

    <p>How different species have solved problems of life such as water balance, respiration, and reproduction.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a hypothesis?

    <p>An informed conjecture that is capable of being tested and potentially falsified by experimental or data collection.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is sample size?

    <p>The number of subjects used in a study.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are controls in an experiment?

    <p>Permit comparison with experimental results.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Define placebo.

    <p>A substance with no significant physiological effect on the body.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is peer review?

    <p>A critical evaluation by other experts in that field.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a fact?

    <p>Information that can be independently verified by any trained person.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a law in science?

    <p>Generalization about the predictable ways in which matter and energy behave.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a theory?

    <p>An explanatory statement or set of statements derived from facts, laws, and confirmed hypotheses.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Define hierarchy of complexity.

    <p>Organism, organ systems, organs, tissues, cells, organelles, molecules, atoms.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Define organism.

    <p>A single, complete individual.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Define organ system.

    <p>A group of organs with a unique collective function, such as circulation, respiration, or digestion.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    List the 11 organ systems.

    <p>Integumentary, skeletal, muscular, nervous, endocrine, cardiovascular, lymphatic, respiratory, digestive, urinary, reproductive.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Define organ.

    <p>A structure composed of two or more tissue types that work together to carry out a particular function.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The _____ is the body's largest organ, but contains thousands of smaller organs such as glands, hairs, nerves, etc.

    <p>skin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Define tissue.

    <p>A mass of similar cells and cell products that forms a discrete region of an organ and performs a specific function.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the 4 primary classes of tissue?

    <p>Epithelial, connective, nervous, muscular.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    ______ are the smallest units of an organism that carry out basic functions of life.

    <p>Cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Organelles are microscopic structures in a ____ that carry out its ___________ _____________.

    <p>cell; individual functions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Give examples of organelles.

    <p>Mitochondria, centrioles, and lysosomes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Define molecule.

    <p>A particle composed of at least two atoms.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Smallest particles of matter that have unique chemical identities are called _______.

    <p>atoms</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Life is characterized by several properties, what are they?

    <p>Organization, cellular composition, metabolism, responsiveness and movement, homeostasis, development, reproduction, and evolution.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Living things exhibit a higher level of ____________ than the nonliving world around them.

    <p>organization</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Living matter is composed of _______.

    <p>cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Define metabolism.

    <p>Living things take in molecules from the environment and chemically change them into molecules that form their own structure, control their physiology, or provide them with energy.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is anabolism?

    <p>The building up in the body of complex chemical compounds from smaller simpler compounds, usually with the use of energy.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is catabolism?

    <p>Destructive metabolism involving the release of energy and resulting in the break down of complex materials within the organism.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Excretion is required to remove the ________ molecules produced by metabolism.

    <p>waste</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Organisms react to _______ and are capable of ___________.

    <p>stimuli; movement</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the ability to sense and react to stimuli called?

    <p>Responsiveness, irritability, or excitability.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Define homeostasis.

    <p>Ability to maintain internal stability.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is development?

    <p>Any change in form or function over the lifetime of the organism.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Differentiation is the ____________ of generalized cells into cells with specialized tasks.

    <p>transformation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Define growth.

    <p>An increase in size and occurs via chemical change.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    All living things are capable of producing copies of themselves (offspring) and passing on their ________.

    <p>genes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are mutations?

    <p>Changes in DNA structure.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Physiological variables differ depending on what?

    <p>Sex, age, weight, diet, degree of physical activity, genetics, and environment.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Physiology is largely a group of mechanisms for maintaining ___________.

    <p>homeostasis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Loss of homeostatic control can lead to _______ or ______.

    <p>illness; death</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does pathophysiology study?

    <p>Unstable conditions that result when our homeostatic controls go awry.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The internal state of the body is best described as ___________ ____________.

    <p>dynamic equilibrium</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Feedback mechanisms are often called ______ _______ because they alter the changes that triggered them.

    <p>feedback loops</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How is body temperature regulated?

    <p>A group of nerve cells in the base of the brain that monitor the temperature of the blood.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens when the body is overheated?

    <p>The body's internal 'thermostat' in the brain triggers vasodilation (widening of blood vessels) in the skin to lose heat to the air, and activates sweating for evaporative cooling.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What occurs when the body is chilled?

    <p>The body's thermostat triggers vasoconstriction (narrowing of blood vessels) in the skin to retain heat, and activates shivering to generate heat from muscles.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What regulates blood pressure?

    <p>Baroreceptors.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is not an example of a physiological variation?

    <p>A spleen on the right side of the body.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Define ilium.

    <p>Portion of the small intestine to a hip bone.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Define zygomatic.

    <p>Face muscle to a bony process.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Define malleolus.

    <p>Middle-ear bone to protuberance of the ankle.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Define trapezium.

    <p>Back muscle to wrist bone.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Dynamic equilibrium can be described as having a certain set point for a given variable where internal conditions remain constant at this point.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Place the descriptions into the proper order to represent positive feedback to regain homeostasis.

    <p>The head of the fetus pushes against the cervix. = 1 Nerve impulses from the cervix are transmitted to the brain. = 2 The brain stimulates the pituitary gland to secrete oxytocin. = 3 Oxytocin stimulates uterine contractions and pushes the fetus toward the cervix. = 4</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Label the following parts of the human body's structural hierarchy.

    <p>Atom = 1 Molecule = 2 Organelle = 3 Macromolecule = 4 Cell = 5 Tissue = 6 Organ = 7 Organ system = 8 Organism = 9</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Choose the singular noun form that is correctly paired to its plural form.

    <p>-is and -ides</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Most anatomical terms can be traced back to _________ and ___________.

    <p>Greek; Latin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Every member of the same species has the exact same anatomical structure.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements is/are true regarding living organisms? Check all that apply.

    <p>They maintain relatively stable internal conditions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The theory that a large, complex system, such as the human body, can be understood by studying its simpler components is called reductionism.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Select the true statements regarding ions, electrolytes, and free radicals. Check all that apply.

    <p>Electrolytes are important for their chemical reactivity, osmotic effects, and electrical effects (which are essential to nerve and muscle function).</p> Signup and view all the answers

    RNA plays a role in which of the following? Check all that apply.

    <p>Synthesizing proteins and copying instructions from DNA.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A mixture consists of substances that are physically blended but not chemically combined.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a decomposition reaction?

    <p>AB ---&gt; A + B</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a synthesis reaction?

    <p>A + B --&gt; AB</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is an exchange reaction?

    <p>AB + CD --&gt; AC + BD</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Select each of the statements that correctly states the role or function of minerals in the human body. Check all that apply.

    <p>Minerals contribute significantly to body structure.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Define decomposition.

    <p>Large molecule breaks down into two or more smaller ones.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Define synthesis.

    <p>Two or more small molecules combine to form a larger one.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Define exchange.

    <p>Two molecules exchange atoms or groups of atoms.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Identify the correct statement(s) regarding mixtures. Check all that apply.

    <p>The most common colloids in the body are mixtures of protein and water, such as the albumin in blood plasma.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a function of cAMP?

    <p>It acts as a 'second messenger' to activate metabolic effects within the cell.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Identify true statements regarding polymers. Check all that apply.

    <p>Starch is a polymer of about 3,000 glucose monomers and provides a tremendous source of fuel to the body.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of phosphorus?

    <p>Major component of nucleic acids.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of sulfur?

    <p>Found in proteins.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of iodine?

    <p>A component of thyroid hormone.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the functions of zinc?

    <p>Some enzymes only function when it is present.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of sodium?

    <p>Needed for muscle and nerve function.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of mitochondria?

    <p>Produces most of the ATP in the cell via cellular respiration.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The amino acids carried by the tRNA are eventually joined to one another by _______ bonds.

    <p>peptide</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Name the phases in the mitotic phase.

    <p>Prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase, and cytokinesis.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Name the phases in interphase.

    <p>G1, S, and G2.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The three base sequence on the transfer RNA is the codon.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Transcription occurs when _________.

    <p>A messenger RNA molecule is synthesized from DNA in the nucleus.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the properties of DNA?

    <p>Deoxyribonucleic acid, double stranded, contains genes, includes adenine, cytosine, guanine, and thymine, relatively larger, and duplicated prior to mitosis.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Anatomy and Physiology Definitions

    • Anatomy: Study of structure in living organisms.
    • Physiology: Study of function and processes of living organisms.

    Dissection and Comparative Studies

    • Dissection: Cutting apart; essential for studying anatomy.
    • Comparative Anatomy: Examines similarities and differences across multiple species to analyze evolutionary trends.
    • Comparative Physiology: Studies how different species solve biological challenges like respiration and reproduction.

    Imaging and Tissue Studies

    • Radiology: Branch of medicine focused on medical imaging technologies.
    • Gross Anatomy: Involves structures visible to the naked eye.
    • Histology: Observes tissue specimens under microscopic examination.
    • Histopathology: Microscopic examination of tissues to identify diseases.
    • Cytology: Study of individual cell structure and function.

    Research Methodology

    • Hypothesis: Testable conjecture, potentially falsifiable through experimentation.
    • Sample Size: Number of subjects in a study impacting reliability.
    • Controls: Control groups help compare results and assess experimental variables.
    • Placebo: Inactive substance with no physiological effect.
    • Peer Review: Evaluation by experts to ensure research quality.

    Scientific Facts and Laws

    • Fact: Verified information independent of personal beliefs.
    • Law: Generalization on predictable behaviors of matter and energy.
    • Theory: Explanatory set of statements from facts, laws, and confirmed hypotheses.

    Biological Hierarchy

    • Hierarchy of Complexity: Ranges from atoms to organisms.
    • Organism: Complete individual capable of life processes.
    • Organ System: Group of organs functioning collectively (e.g., respiratory system).
    • Tissue: Group of similar cells performing specific functions.
    • Cell: Smallest unit of life, carrying out basic functions.

    Cellular and Molecular Structures

    • Organelles: Microscopic structures in cells with individual functions (e.g., mitochondria, lysosomes).
    • Molecules: Combinations of at least two atoms forming specific substances.
    • Atoms: Fundamental particles of matter with unique chemical identities.

    Characteristics of Living Organisms

    • Properties of Life: Include organization, cellular composition, metabolism, responsiveness, homeostasis, growth, reproduction, and evolution.
    • Metabolism: Chemical transformations for energy and structure.
    • Anabolism: Synthesis of complex substances from simpler ones.
    • Catabolism: Breakdown of complex materials releasing energy.

    Homeostasis and Feedback Mechanisms

    • Homeostasis: Maintenance of stable internal conditions.
    • Feedback Mechanisms: Regulate changes to maintain homeostasis; can be positive or negative.
    • Dynamic Equilibrium: Internal state of balance where conditions adjust rather than remain constant.

    Physiological Variations

    • Physiological variations are affected by factors such as sex, age, weight, diet, activity level, genetics, and environment.
    • Specific physiological variations can include changes like increased red blood cells in pregnancy.

    Cell Cycle and Division

    • Phases in Mitosis: Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase, and Cytokinesis.
    • Interphase Phases: G1, S, and G2 phases preceding cell division.

    Molecular Biology

    • RNA Functions: Synthesizes proteins and copies instructions from DNA.
    • DNA vs. RNA: DNA is double-stranded; RNA is single-stranded and includes uracil instead of thymine.

    Types of Chemical Reactions

    • Decomposition Reaction: Larger molecules break down into smaller components.
    • Synthesis Reaction: Smaller molecules combine to form larger ones.
    • Exchange Reaction: Atoms or groups are exchanged between molecules.

    Roles of Minerals

    • Minerals are vital for various biological processes, such as enzyme activity, hormone composition, and structural support in tissues.

    Tissue Types and Cell Types

    • Four primary tissue classes: Epithelial, Connective, Nervous, Muscular.
    • Connective tissue cells include leukocytes, red blood cells, and chondrocytes, but not muscle fibers or neurons.

    Tissue Death

    • Modes of tissue death include apoptosis (programmed cell death), necrosis (cell injury), and infarction (tissue death due to insufficient blood supply).

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    Description

    Test your knowledge on key terms and concepts in anatomy and physiology. This quiz covers definitions, dissection techniques, imaging studies, and research methodology. Perfect for students and enthusiasts looking to solidify their understanding of these essential biological sciences.

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