Science Class Elements and Compounds Quiz

<p>The protein's binding affinity to the drug (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A rise in the number of approved protein drugs (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Storage of genetic information (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>By lowering the activation energy required (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The orderly arrangement of their atoms (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Currently, there are over 255 approved biologics. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Dehydration reaction (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Monomers are the building blocks of polymers. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Gene regulatory proteins (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Serving as a primary energy source (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It inhibits the action of elastase. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Hereditary deficiency of antitrypsin. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To screen and synthesize tighter binding inhibitors. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To catalyze chemical reactions. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Destruction of alveolar tissue. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>More than 50% (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To evaluate drug safety and effectiveness. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A proteolytic enzyme involved in inflammatory processes. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Elevated levels of destructive elastase (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Antitrypsin inhibits elastase activity (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>€28.5 billion in productivity losses (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Familial emphysema due to AAT deficiency (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Atomic-level 3D structural information (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They release elastase, leading to lung destruction (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They decrease due to safety and effectiveness issues (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To facilitate breakdown of elastin in lung tissue (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>An ionic bond (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Anion (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It results in uneven charge distribution, enabling hydrogen bonding. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It contributes to high surface tension. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Water absorbs or releases heat with minimal temperature change. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They occur between a hydrogen atom bonded to one electronegative atom and another electronegative atom. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Cohesion of water molecules due to hydrogen bonding (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Significantly increased boiling temperature (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They offer support and shape to cells and tissues. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Proteins speed up reactions, provide structural support, and signal cellular processes. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Recognition and development of biologics, notably protein pharmaceuticals. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The positions of its atoms’ orbitals (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Studies identifying safety and effectiveness problems with candidates. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Myoglobin (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To participate in chemical reactions (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Polymers can form complex structures from repeating units (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Dehydration reactions create bonds, while hydrolysis breaks bonds (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Carbohydrates and proteins (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They bind to identical receptors in the brain (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Formation of monomers from the polymer (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They can have thousands of different structures (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A compound consists of two or more elements in a fixed ratio. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>20–25% (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Both are measured in daltons and electrons are negligible in mass. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The distribution of electrons in the electron shells. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They dictate the atom's chemical reactivity. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They become chemically inert. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They are essential but required in very minute quantities. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The establishment of chemical bonds that hold atoms together. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Enlargement of the alveoli (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Elastase breaks down elastin while antitrypsin protects lung tissue from excessive elastase. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Absence of normal inhibition by antitrypsin against elastase (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>€28.5 billion annually (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Smoking and exposure to cigarette smoke (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To synthesize tighter binding inhibitors for elastase (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>3rd (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They can lead to reduced levels of antitrypsin. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Proteins perform diverse tasks, including speeding up chemical reactions (enzymes), providing defense, storage, transport, communication, movement, and structural support.

Proteins have a wide variety of shapes and sizes, which directly relates to the wide range of functions they perform.

Proteins make up over 50% of the dry mass of most cells.

The biopharmaceutical industry heavily focuses on protein-based drugs, with a market value of $141 billion.

As drugs progress through development, the number of potential candidates decreases due to safety and/or effectiveness issues.

A specialized protein that speeds up chemical reactions, including those that make or break down polymers.

A long molecule consisting of many similar subunits (monomers).

The repeating units that form polymers.

The process where two monomers bond together by losing a water molecule.

The process of breaking down polymers to monomers by adding a water molecule.

Large biological molecules including carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids.

Proteins make up a large portion (about 50%) of a cell's dry weight, and play a crucial role in its various functions, making them essential for life.

A proteolytic enzyme that breaks down elastin, a structural component of lung tissue.

A protein that protects the lungs from elastase, preventing lung damage.

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; a lung disease.

An enzyme found in human neutrophils that plays a role in lung inflammation.

A genetic condition where there is insufficient amount of AAT. It can result to lung damage, creating a risk of emphysema.

An enzyme that breaks down proteins.

Proteins have a wide variety of structures that allow them to perform many diverse jobs.

A type of chemical bond formed between oppositely charged ions, which are created when atoms gain or lose electrons.

A positively charged ion, formed when an atom loses electrons.

A negatively charged ion, formed when an atom gains electrons.

A weak bond formed between a hydrogen atom covalently linked to a highly electronegative atom (like oxygen or nitrogen) and another electronegative atom.

The tendency of water molecules to stick together due to hydrogen bonds.

The attraction between different substances, like water molecules sticking to plant cell walls.

Water can absorb or release a lot of heat without changing its own temperature much due to its strong hydrogen bonds.

A molecule with unevenly distributed charges, like water, due to its polar covalent bonds.

The three-dimensional arrangement of atoms in a molecule, determined by the positions of their orbitals.

The mixing of atomic orbitals to create new hybrid orbitals that are more stable and suitable for bonding.

Groups of atoms within organic molecules that are responsible for their chemical reactivity and properties.

A proteolytic enzyme that breaks down elastin, a structural component of lung tissue.

A protein that protects the lungs from elastase, preventing lung damage.

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; a lung disease characterized by airflow obstruction and inflammation.

COPD can be caused by a combination of factors, including cigarette smoke, genetic predisposition, and environmental pollutants.

Deficiency of AAT, a protective protein against elastase, leads to uncontrolled elastase activity, causing lung damage and eventually COPD.

An enzyme found in neutrophils, a type of white blood cell, which plays a role in lung inflammation.

Drug design can utilize structural information about enzymes like elastase to create inhibitors that block its activity, potentially treating COPD.

Drug development involves multiple stages, with each stage eliminating potential candidates due to safety, effectiveness, or other issues, creating a funnel-like process.

Proteins make up over 50% of the dry weight of most cells, playing a vital part in their structure and function.

Proteins have many structures and sizes, each tailored for specific tasks within the cell.

Biologics are protein-based drugs, representing a large and rapidly growing sector in the pharmaceutical industry.

Proteins perform diverse roles, such as speeding up chemical reactions (enzymes), defending against invaders, transporting molecules, enabling communication, and providing structural support.

Elastase is a powerful enzyme that breaks down elastin, a protein that gives structure to lung tissue. It's like a 'scissors' for lung tissue.

Alpha-1 Antitrypsin (AAT) is a protein that acts like a bodyguard for your lungs, protecting them from harmful enzymes like elastase.

When elastase is not controlled by AAT, it breaks down too much elastin, leading to the destruction of lung tissue and the development of COPD.

Smoking releases harmful chemicals that damage the lungs, causing an increase in elastase activity and inflammation, leading to COPD.

Knowing the 3D structure of an enzyme, like elastase, allows scientists to design drugs that precisely fit the enzyme's active site, blocking its activity.

Inhibitors are molecules that bind to an enzyme and block its activity. In the case of COPD, scientists are looking for inhibitors that block elastase.

A pure substance that cannot be broken down into simpler substances by chemical reactions.

A substance composed of two or more elements in a fixed ratio.

Characteristics of a compound that are different from the properties of its individual elements.

Elements required by living organisms for survival.

Elements needed by living organisms in very small amounts.

The dense, positively charged center of an atom, composed of protons and neutrons.

Electrons in the outermost shell of an atom, which are involved in chemical bonding.