Chemistry of Matter and Water Properties PDF
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This document provides an introduction to elements and compounds, discussing subatomic particles and their properties, electron distribution, and the behaviors of atoms and molecules. It also includes a detailed lesson on water, including hydrogen bonds, cohesion, and temperature moderation.
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Elements and Compounds Matter is made up of elements An element is a substance that cannot be broken down to other substances by chemical reactions A compound is a substance consisting of two or more elements in a fixed ratio A compound has characteristics (emergent properties) different fro...
Elements and Compounds Matter is made up of elements An element is a substance that cannot be broken down to other substances by chemical reactions A compound is a substance consisting of two or more elements in a fixed ratio A compound has characteristics (emergent properties) different from those of its elements Table 2.1 The Elements of Life About 20–25% of the 92 natural elements are required for life (essential elements) Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen make up 96% of living matter Most of the remaining 4% consists of calcium, phosphorus, potassium, and sulfur Trace elements are required by an organism in only minute quantities Figure 2.4 Subatomic Particles Atoms are composed of subatomic particles Relevant subatomic particles include: – Neutrons (no electrical charge) – Protons (positive charge) – Electrons (negative charge) Neutrons and protons form the atomic nucleus Electrons form a “cloud” of negative charge around the nucleus Neutron mass and proton mass are almost identical and are measured in daltons Electrons are so small they are ignored when calculating the total mass of an atom Animation: Atomic Number and Atomic Mass Electron Distribution and Chemical Properties Thechemicalbehaviorofanatomisdeterminedby the distribution of electrons in the electron shells Theperiodictableoftheelementsshowsthe electron distribution for each element Theleft-to-rightsequenceofelementsineachrow corresponds to the sequential addition of electrons and protons © 2021 Pearson Education Ltd. Figure 2.7 © 2021 Pearson Education Ltd. Valenceelectronsarethoseintheoutermost shell, or valence shell Thechemicalbehaviorofanatomismostly determined by the number of valence electrons Elementswithafullvalenceshellare chemically inert © 2021 Pearson Education Ltd. CONCEPT 2.3: The formation and function of molecules and ionic compounds depend on chemical bonding between atoms Atomswithincompletevalenceshellscanshareor transfer valence electrons with certain other atoms Theseinteractionsusuallyresultinatomsstaying close together, held by attractions called chemical bonds © 2021 Pearson Education Ltd. Animation: Covalent Bonds © 2021 Pearson Education Ltd. Figure 2.10 © 2021 Pearson Education Ltd. Figure 2.11 © 2021 Pearson Education Ltd. Ionic Bonds Atomssometimesstripelectronsfromtheirbonding partners Thetworesultingoppositelychargedatomsor molecules are called ions Apositivelychargedioniscalledacation Anegativelychargedioniscalledananion Anionsandcationsattracteachother;this attraction is called an ionic bond © 2021 Pearson Education Ltd. Figure 2.12 © 2021 Pearson Education Ltd. Hydrogen Bonds Ahydrogenbondformswhenahydrogenatom covalently bonded to one electronegative atom is also attracted to another electronegative atom Inlivingcells,theelectronegativepartnersare usually oxygen or nitrogen atoms © 2021 Pearson Education Ltd. Animation: Hydrogen Bonds © 2021 Pearson Education Ltd. Figure 2.14 © 2021 Pearson Education Ltd. Figure 3.1b © 2021 Pearson Education Ltd. CONCEPT 3.1: Polar covalent bonds in water molecules result in hydrogen bonding Inthewatermolecule,theelectronsofthepolar covalent bonds spend more time near the oxygen than the hydrogen Thewatermoleculeisthusapolarmolecule; the overall charge is unevenly distributed Polarityallowswatermoleculestoformhydrogen bonds with each other © 2021 Pearson Education Ltd. Figure 3.2 © 2021 Pearson Education Ltd. CONCEPT 3.2: Four emergent properties of water contribute to Earth’s suitability for life Cohesion of Water Molecules Collectively,hydrogenbondsholdwatermolecules together, a phenomenon called cohesion Cohesionresultsinhighsurfacetension,a measure of how difficult it is to stretch or break the surface of a liquid Cohesion contributes to the transport of water and dissolved nutrients against gravity in plants Adhesion is an attraction between different substances, for example, between water and plant cell walls This helps to counter the downward pull of gravity © 2021 Pearson Education Ltd. Moderation of Temperature by Water Waterabsorbsheatfromwarmerairandreleases stored heat to cooler air Watercanabsorborreleasealargeamountofheat with only a slight change in its own temperature © 2021 Pearson Education Ltd. Water’s High Specific Heat Thespecificheatofasubstanceistheamountof heat that must be absorbed or lost for 1 g of that substance to change its temperature by 1oC Thespecificheatofwateris1cal/(g oC) Waterresistschangingitstemperaturebecauseof its high specific heat Water’s high specific heat can be traced to hydrogen bonding – Heat is absorbed when hydrogen bonds break – Heat is released when hydrogen bonds form The high specific heat of water minimizes temperature fluctuations to within limits that permit life © 2021 Pearson Education Ltd. Figure 3.6 © 2021 Pearson Education Ltd. Evaporative Cooling Evaporation(orvaporization)istransformationofa substance from liquid to gas Heatofvaporizationistheheataliquidmust absorb for 1 g to be converted to gas Asaliquidevaporates,itsremainingsurfacecools, through a process called evaporative cooling Evaporativecoolingofwaterhelpsstabilize temperatures in organisms and bodies of water © 2021 Pearson Education Ltd. Water: The Solvent of Life Asolutionisaliquidthatisacompletely homogeneous mixture of substances Thesolventisthedissolvingagentofasolution Thesoluteisthesubstancethatisdissolved Anaqueoussolutionisoneinwhichwateristhe solvent Water is a versatile solvent due to its polarity When an ionic compound is dissolved in water, each ion is surrounded by a sphere of water molecules called a hydration shell © 2021 Pearson Education Ltd. Figure 3.8 © 2021 Pearson Education Ltd. Hydrophilic and Hydrophobic Substances Ahydrophilicsubstanceisonethathasan affinity for water Ahydrophobicsubstanceisonethatdoesnot have an affinity for water Oilmoleculesarehydrophobicbecausethey have relatively nonpolar bonds Hydrophobicmoleculesrelatedtooilsarethemajor ingredients of cell membranes © 2021 Pearson Education Ltd. Possible Evolution of Life on Other Planets Biologistsseekinglifeonotherplanetshave concentrated their search on planets that might have water Morethan800planetshavebeenfoundoutside our solar system; there is evidence that a few of them have water vapor Inoursolarsystem,Marshasbeenfoundto have water © 2021 Pearson Education Ltd. Molecular Shape and Function Amolecule’ssizeandshapearekeytoitsfunction Amolecule’sshapeisdeterminedbythepositions of its atoms’ orbitals Inacovalentbond,thesandporbitalsmay hybridize, creating specific molecular shapes Molecular shape determines how biological molecules recognize and respond to one another Opiates, such as morphine, and naturally produced endorphins have similar effects because their shapes are similar and they bind the same receptors in the brain © 2021 Pearson Education Ltd. Figure 2.16 © 2021 Pearson Education Ltd. Figure 4.1a © 2021 Pearson Education Ltd. Forms of pure Carbon Chemistry of Life – Lecture 1 Semester 1 KH Mok © 2021 Pearson Education Ltd. Figure 4.5 © 2021 Pearson Education Ltd. – Carbon atoms can also be linked into chains as shown for C3H8 © 2021 Pearson Education Ltd. Functionalgroupsarethecomponentsoforganic molecules that are most commonly involved in chemical reactions Thenumberandarrangementoffunctionalgroups give each molecule its unique properties The$Molecules$of$Life ! All#living#things#are#made#up#of#four#classes#of#large# biological#molecules:#carbohydrates,#lipids,#proteins,# and#nucleic#acids ! Macromolecules are#large#molecules#and#are# complex ! Large#biological#molecules#have#unique#properties# that#arise#from#the#orderly#arrangement#of#their# atoms ©#2018#Pearson#Education#Ltd. Concept(5.1:(Macromolecules(are(polymers,( built(from(monomers ! A"polymer is"a"long"molecule"consisting"of"many" similar"building"blocks" ! The"repeating"units"that"serve"as"building"blocks"are" called"monomers ! Carbohydrates,"proteins,"and"nucleic"acids"are" polymers ©"2018"Pearson"Education"Ltd. The$Synthesis$and$Breakdown$of$Polymers ! Enzymes are$specialized$macromolecules$that$ speed$up$chemical$reactions$such$as$those$that$ make$or$break$down$polymers ! A$dehydration$reaction occurs$when$two$ monomers$bond$together$through$the$loss$of$a$ water$molecule ! Polymers$are$disassembled$to$monomers$by$ hydrolysis,$a$reaction$that$is$essentially$the$reverse$ of$the$dehydration$reaction ©$2018$Pearson$Education$Ltd. Figure"5.2 (a)$Dehydration$reaction:$synthesizing$a$polymer ©"2018"Pearson"Education"Ltd. 123 Short$polymer Dehydration$removes$a$water molecule,$forming$a$new$bond. 1234 Longer$polymer (b)$Hydrolysis:$breaking$down$a$polymer 1234 Hydrolysis$adds$a$water molecule,$breaking$a$bond. H2O 123 H Unlinked monomer H2O The$Diversity$of$Polymers ! A"cell"has"thousands"of"different"macromolecules" ! Macromolecules"vary"among"cells"of"an"organism," vary"more"within"a"species,"and"vary"even"more" between"species ! A"huge"variety"of"polymers"can"be"built"from"a"small" set"of"monomers ©"2018"Pearson"Education"Ltd. Four%Classes%of%Biological%Macromolecules 1. Carbohydrates. Serve1as1fuel1and1building1material. Include1sugars1and1their1polymers. Monosaccharides1/1Disaccharides1/1Polysaccharides 1. Carbohydrates. Monosaccharides3/3Disaccharides 1. Carbohydrates. Polysaccharides 2.##Lipids ) Diverse#group#of#hydrophobic#molecules ) DO#NOT form#polymers ) Highly#diverse#in#forms#and#function Hydrocarbons Hydrocarbonsare"organic"molecules"consisting"of" only"carbon"and"hydrogen Many"organic"molecules,"such"as"fats,"have" hydrocarbon"components Hydrocarbons"can"undergo"reactions"that"release"a" large"amount"of"energy ©"2021"Pearson"Education"Ltd. Figure"4.6 ©"2021"Pearson"Education"Ltd. ©"2021"Pearson"Education"Ltd. 2.##Lipids 2.##Lipids######) Cholesterol The$Chemical$Groups$Most$Important$in$the$ Processes$of$Life Estradiol"and"testosterone"are"both"steroids"with a"common"carbon"skeleton,"in"the"form"of"four" fused"rings These"sex"hormones"differ"only"in"the"chemical" groups"attached"to"the"rings"of"the"carbon"skeleton ©"2021"Pearson"Education"Ltd. – Carbon"atoms"can"also"be"linked"into"chains"as" shown"for"C3H8 ©"2021"Pearson"Education"Ltd. 3.##Nucleic#Acids - Store,#transmit,#and#help#express#hereditary#information. - Nucleic#acids#are#made#of#monomers#called#nucleotides. - A#gene#consists#of#DNA. 3.##Nucleic#Acids 3.##Nucleic#Acids 3.##Nucleic#Acids ATP:(An(Important(Source(of(Energy(for(Cellular( Processes An"important"organic"phosphate"is"adenosine( triphosphate (ATP) ATP"consists"of"an"organic"molecule"called" adenosine"attached"to"a"string"of"three"phosphate" groups ATP"stores"the"potential"to"react"with"water This"reaction"releases"energy"that"can"be"used"by" the"cell ©"2021"Pearson"Education"Ltd. UNF04907 ©"2021"Pearson"Education"Ltd. UNF04908 ©"2021"Pearson"Education"Ltd. Proteins Proteins)* Lectures)12,)14,)15 Semester)1))))))) KH)Mok 1. Chronic(Obstructive(Pulmonary(Disease( (COPD) Definition * The-enlargement-of-the-alveoli-(tiny-air- sacs-in-the-lungs)-accompanied-by- destruction- of-the-cell-walls (“Emphysema”). * 3rd commonest-cause-of-death-in-middle* aged-elderly-men-in-the-western-world- (200,000~300,000-deaths-in-EU-due-to- COPD;-Mortality-rate:-Approx 2000-deaths--- per- million;-64-Mill-deaths-worldwide). * Productivity-losses-due-to-COPD-amount- to-€-28.5-billion-in-Europe. Proteins)– Lectures)12,)14,)15 Semester)1))))))) KH)Mok 2. Causes ( Absence-of-normal-inhibition-of-human& neutrophil&(leukocyte)&elastase,-a-proteolytic enzyme-in-our-bodies. ( Elastase breaks-down-elastin,-a-normal structural-component-of-lung-tissue,-but the- inhibitor-!41&antitrypsin&(AAT) protects-the-lung-from-the-enzyme. ( Patients-have-a-self(perpetuating-inflammation-of-the-alveoli-and-exhibit-an- imbalance- between-destructive-elastase and-protective-AAT. ( The&reason&for&uncontrolled&levels&of&circulating&elastase: Cigarette&smoke ( Also-a-hereditary-disease-( Familial-emphysema (Hereditary-deficiency-of-AAT) Proteins)– Lectures)12,)14,)15 Semester)1))))))) KH)Mok Elastase ! A#serine#protease ! X!ray#crystallographic#snapshots#of# the#enzyme#in#action: Structural#changes#within#the#peptide# binding#pocket#during#catalysis# (stereoview) Proteins'– Lecture'12,'14,'15 Semester'1''''''' KH'Mok Wilmouth RC,#Edman K,#Neutze R,#Wright#PA,#Clifton#IJ,#Schneider#TR, Schofield#CJ,#Hajdu J,#Nature'Struc Biol 8(8)#689!94,#2001. !!1#Antitrypsin########(An$inhibitor$of$elastase) 1 X1ray$crystallographic$structure$of$an$enzyme1inhibitor$complex (stereoview)$: Dementiev A,$Dobó J,$Gettins PGW,$J"Biol Chem 281(6)$345217,$2006. Proteins)– Lectures)12,)14,)15 Semester)1))))))) KH)Mok !!1#Antitrypsin########(An$inhibitor$of$elastase) 1 X1ray$crystallographic$structure$of$an$enzyme1inhibitor$complex (stereoview)$: Electron$density$map$for$the$ catalytic$residues$of$the$ complex Dementiev A,$Dobó J,$Gettins PGW,$J"Biol Chem 281(6)$345217,$2006. Proteins)– Lectures)12,)14,)15 Semester)1))))))) KH)Mok Drug%Design%%%%%%%% ! Utilizing)atomic!level)3D)structural) information to)screen/synthesize)tighter!binding) inhibitors Human)Neutrophil)Elastase Proteins)– Lectures)12,)14,)15 Hansen)G,)Gielen!Haertwig H,)Reinemer P,) Schomburg D, Harrenga A,)Niefind K,)J"Mol Biol 409 681!91,)2011. HNE)in)complex)with)a)dihydropyrimidone!based)inhibitor) (DHPI))) Semester)1))))))) KH)Mok The Drug Development Funnel000000000 As#drugs#travel#through#the# funnel,#their#number# decreases#as#studies#indicate# problems#with#safety#and/or# effectiveness. Proteins)– Lectures)12,)14),15 Semester)1))))))) KH)Mok Concept(5.4: Proteins(include(a(diversity(of(structures, resulting(in(a(wide(range(of(functions ! Proteins)account)for)more)than)50%)of)the)dry)mass)of) most)cells ! Some)proteins)speed)up)chemical)reactions ! Other)protein)functions)include)defense,)storage,) transport,)cellular)communication,)movement,)and) structural)support ©)2018)Pearson)Education)Ltd. Proteins,*proteins,*and*more* proteins*(1)*...... Transport1Proteins Enzymes Hemoglobin Ca2+ pump Elastase Pepsin DNA1polymerase Alcohol1/1aldehyde1dehydrogenase Structural1Proteins Elastin Collagen Keratin Actin Motor1Proteins Myosin Kinesin Dynein Gene1Regulatory Proteins Lactose1Repressor Homeodomain Storage1Proteins Ferritin Ovalbumin Myoglobin Receptor1Proteins Rhodopsin Insulin1receptor Special1Purpose Proteins Antifreeze Green1fluorescent1protein Thaumatin,1Monellin Glue1proteins Signaling1Proteins Hormones Insulin Nerve1Growth1Factor Proteins, proteins, and-more proteins-(2)... (Schematic-view of-what’s-inside a-cell) ["Goodsell"DS,"TIBS 16:"20326,"1991;" Structure 13:"347254,"2005."] Proteins ! >"50%"dry"weight"of"a"cell. ! “proteios”""(="primary;"Greek) ! Cell’s"building"blocks"and"molecular"tools. ! In"the"functional"scheme"of"life:""More*important*than*genes. ! A"large"variety"of"functions"I a"large"variety"of"shapes"and"sizes. The"Biopharmaceutical"Industry"""""(“Biologics”;"$141"B""market) I Only"30"years"since"the"first"product"(“Humulin”) I Currently"255"approved;"Of"them,"38"individual"blockbuster"products I All"except"4"are"proteins I More"than"2000"are"currently"in"development" The$Molecules$of$Life ! All#living#things#are#made#up#of#four#classes#of#large# biological#molecules:#carbohydrates,#lipids,#proteins,# and#nucleic#acids ! Macromolecules are#large#molecules#and#are# complex ! Large#biological#molecules#have#unique#properties# that#arise#from#the#orderly#arrangement#of#their# atoms ©#2018#Pearson#Education#Ltd. Concept(5.1:(Macromolecules(are(polymers,( built(from(monomers ! A"polymer is"a"long"molecule"consisting"of"many" similar"building"blocks" ! The"repeating"units"that"serve"as"building"blocks"are" called"monomers ! Carbohydrates,"proteins,"and"nucleic"acids"are" polymers ©"2018"Pearson"Education"Ltd. The$Synthesis$and$Breakdown$of$Polymers ! Enzymes are$specialized$macromolecules$that$ speed$up$chemical$reactions$such$as$those$that$ make$or$break$down$polymers ! A$dehydration$reaction occurs$when$two$ monomers$bond$together$through$the$loss$of$a$ water$molecule ! Polymers$are$disassembled$to$monomers$by$ hydrolysis,$a$reaction$that$is$essentially$the$reverse$ of$the$dehydration$reaction ©$2018$Pearson$Education$Ltd. Figure"5.2 (a)$Dehydration$reaction:$synthesizing$a$polymer ©"2018"Pearson"Education"Ltd. 123 Short$polymer Dehydration$removes$a$water molecule,$forming$a$new$bond. 1234 Longer$polymer (b)$Hydrolysis:$breaking$down$a$polymer 1234 Hydrolysis$adds$a$water molecule,$breaking$a$bond. H2O 123 H Unlinked monomer H2O The$Diversity$of$Polymers ! A"cell"has"thousands"of"different"macromolecules" ! Macromolecules"vary"among"cells"of"an"organism," vary"more"within"a"species,"and"vary"even"more" between"species ! A"huge"variety"of"polymers"can"be"built"from"a"small" set"of"monomers ©"2018"Pearson"Education"Ltd. Four%Classes%of%Biological%Macromolecules 1. Carbohydrates. Serve1as1fuel1and1building1material. Include1sugars1and1their1polymers. Monosaccharides1/1Disaccharides1/1Polysaccharides 1. Carbohydrates. Monosaccharides3/3Disaccharides 1. Carbohydrates. Polysaccharides 2.##Lipids ) Diverse#group#of#hydrophobic#molecules ) DO#NOT form#polymers ) Highly#diverse#in#forms#and#function Hydrocarbons Hydrocarbonsare"organic"molecules"consisting"of" only"carbon"and"hydrogen Many"organic"molecules,"such"as"fats,"have" hydrocarbon"components Hydrocarbons"can"undergo"reactions"that"release"a" large"amount"of"energy ©"2021"Pearson"Education"Ltd. Figure"4.6 ©"2021"Pearson"Education"Ltd. ©"2021"Pearson"Education"Ltd. 2.##Lipids 2.##Lipids######) Cholesterol The$Chemical$Groups$Most$Important$in$the$ Processes$of$Life Estradiol"and"testosterone"are"both"steroids"with a"common"carbon"skeleton,"in"the"form"of"four" fused"rings These"sex"hormones"differ"only"in"the"chemical" groups"attached"to"the"rings"of"the"carbon"skeleton ©"2021"Pearson"Education"Ltd. – Carbon"atoms"can"also"be"linked"into"chains"as" shown"for"C3H8 ©"2021"Pearson"Education"Ltd. 3.##Nucleic#Acids - Store,#transmit,#and#help#express#hereditary#information. - Nucleic#acids#are#made#of#monomers#called#nucleotides. - A#gene#consists#of#DNA. 3.##Nucleic#Acids 3.##Nucleic#Acids 3.##Nucleic#Acids ATP:(An(Important(Source(of(Energy(for(Cellular( Processes An"important"organic"phosphate"is"adenosine( triphosphate (ATP) ATP"consists"of"an"organic"molecule"called" adenosine"attached"to"a"string"of"three"phosphate" groups ATP"stores"the"potential"to"react"with"water This"reaction"releases"energy"that"can"be"used"by" the"cell ©"2021"Pearson"Education"Ltd. UNF04907 ©"2021"Pearson"Education"Ltd. UNF04908 ©"2021"Pearson"Education"Ltd. Proteins Proteins)* Lectures)12,)14,)15 Semester)1))))))) KH)Mok 1. Chronic(Obstructive(Pulmonary(Disease( (COPD) Definition * The-enlargement-of-the-alveoli-(tiny-air- sacs-in-the-lungs)-accompanied-by- destruction- of-the-cell-walls (“Emphysema”). * 3rd commonest-cause-of-death-in-middle* aged-elderly-men-in-the-western-world- (200,000~300,000-deaths-in-EU-due-to- COPD;-Mortality-rate:-Approx 2000-deaths--- per- million;-64-Mill-deaths-worldwide). * Productivity-losses-due-to-COPD-amount- to-€-28.5-billion-in-Europe. Proteins)– Lectures)12,)14,)15 Semester)1))))))) KH)Mok 2. Causes ( Absence-of-normal-inhibition-of-human& neutrophil&(leukocyte)&elastase,-a-proteolytic enzyme-in-our-bodies. ( Elastase breaks-down-elastin,-a-normal structural-component-of-lung-tissue,-but the- inhibitor-!41&antitrypsin&(AAT) protects-the-lung-from-the-enzyme. ( Patients-have-a-self(perpetuating-inflammation-of-the-alveoli-and-exhibit-an- imbalance- between-destructive-elastase and-protective-AAT. ( The&reason&for&uncontrolled&levels&of&circulating&elastase: Cigarette&smoke ( Also-a-hereditary-disease-( Familial-emphysema (Hereditary-deficiency-of-AAT) Proteins)– Lectures)12,)14,)15 Semester)1))))))) KH)Mok Elastase ! A#serine#protease ! X!ray#crystallographic#snapshots#of# the#enzyme#in#action: Structural#changes#within#the#peptide# binding#pocket#during#catalysis# (stereoview) Proteins'– Lecture'12,'14,'15 Semester'1''''''' KH'Mok Wilmouth RC,#Edman K,#Neutze R,#Wright#PA,#Clifton#IJ,#Schneider#TR, Schofield#CJ,#Hajdu J,#Nature'Struc Biol 8(8)#689!94,#2001. !!1#Antitrypsin########(An$inhibitor$of$elastase) 1 X1ray$crystallographic$structure$of$an$enzyme1inhibitor$complex (stereoview)$: Dementiev A,$Dobó J,$Gettins PGW,$J"Biol Chem 281(6)$345217,$2006. Proteins)– Lectures)12,)14,)15 Semester)1))))))) KH)Mok !!1#Antitrypsin########(An$inhibitor$of$elastase) 1 X1ray$crystallographic$structure$of$an$enzyme1inhibitor$complex (stereoview)$: Electron$density$map$for$the$ catalytic$residues$of$the$ complex Dementiev A,$Dobó J,$Gettins PGW,$J"Biol Chem 281(6)$345217,$2006. Proteins)– Lectures)12,)14,)15 Semester)1))))))) KH)Mok Drug%Design%%%%%%%% ! Utilizing)atomic!level)3D)structural) information to)screen/synthesize)tighter!binding) inhibitors Human)Neutrophil)Elastase Proteins)– Lectures)12,)14,)15 Hansen)G,)Gielen!Haertwig H,)Reinemer P,) Schomburg D, Harrenga A,)Niefind K,)J"Mol Biol 409 681!91,)2011. HNE)in)complex)with)a)dihydropyrimidone!based)inhibitor) (DHPI))) Semester)1))))))) KH)Mok The Drug Development Funnel000000000 As#drugs#travel#through#the# funnel,#their#number# decreases#as#studies#indicate# problems#with#safety#and/or# effectiveness. Proteins)– Lectures)12,)14),15 Semester)1))))))) KH)Mok Concept(5.4: Proteins(include(a(diversity(of(structures, resulting(in(a(wide(range(of(functions ! Proteins)account)for)more)than)50%)of)the)dry)mass)of) most)cells ! Some)proteins)speed)up)chemical)reactions ! Other)protein)functions)include)defense,)storage,) transport,)cellular)communication,)movement,)and) structural)support ©)2018)Pearson)Education)Ltd. Proteins,*proteins,*and*more* proteins*(1)*...... Transport1Proteins Enzymes Hemoglobin Ca2+ pump Elastase Pepsin DNA1polymerase Alcohol1/1aldehyde1dehydrogenase Structural1Proteins Elastin Collagen Keratin Actin Motor1Proteins Myosin Kinesin Dynein Gene1Regulatory Proteins Lactose1Repressor Homeodomain Storage1Proteins Ferritin Ovalbumin Myoglobin Receptor1Proteins Rhodopsin Insulin1receptor Special1Purpose Proteins Antifreeze Green1fluorescent1protein Thaumatin,1Monellin Glue1proteins Signaling1Proteins Hormones Insulin Nerve1Growth1Factor Proteins, proteins, and-more proteins-(2)... (Schematic-view of-what’s-inside a-cell) ["Goodsell"DS,"TIBS 16:"20326,"1991;" Structure 13:"347254,"2005."] Proteins ! >"50%"dry"weight"of"a"cell. ! “proteios”""(="primary;"Greek) ! Cell’s"building"blocks"and"molecular"tools. ! In"the"functional"scheme"of"life:""More*important*than*genes. ! A"large"variety"of"functions"I a"large"variety"of"shapes"and"sizes. The"Biopharmaceutical"Industry"""""(“Biologics”;"$141"B""market) I Only"30"years"since"the"first"product"(“Humulin”) I Currently"255"approved;"Of"them,"38"individual"blockbuster"products I All"except"4"are"proteins I More"than"2000"are"currently"in"development"
