Podcast
Questions and Answers
What is the primary characteristic that defines matter?
What is the primary characteristic that defines matter?
- Matter has mass and occupies space. (correct)
- Matter is made of molecules only.
- Matter can only exist in solid form.
- Matter has no mass and does not occupy space.
Which of the following correctly identifies how many atoms of hydrogen combine with how many atoms of oxygen to form water?
Which of the following correctly identifies how many atoms of hydrogen combine with how many atoms of oxygen to form water?
- 1 hydrogen and 1 oxygen
- 1 hydrogen and 2 oxygen
- 2 hydrogen and 1 oxygen (correct)
- 2 hydrogen and 2 oxygen
According to the particle theory of matter, what happens to particles as temperature increases?
According to the particle theory of matter, what happens to particles as temperature increases?
- Particles combine to form larger molecules.
- Particles move faster and have more spaces between them. (correct)
- Particles slow down and become more tightly packed.
- Particles attract each other more strongly.
How can mixtures be categorized according to their visibility?
How can mixtures be categorized according to their visibility?
What can be stated about an alloy?
What can be stated about an alloy?
What describes the physical property of malleability?
What describes the physical property of malleability?
What type of mixture is a double double coffee classified as?
What type of mixture is a double double coffee classified as?
Which of the following elements is symbolized by the letter 'O'?
Which of the following elements is symbolized by the letter 'O'?
What is one of the consequences of tree harvesting on soil health?
What is one of the consequences of tree harvesting on soil health?
How do natural fires contribute to ecosystems?
How do natural fires contribute to ecosystems?
Which gas is considered the most important greenhouse gas responsible for trapping heat in the atmosphere?
Which gas is considered the most important greenhouse gas responsible for trapping heat in the atmosphere?
What is a notable effect of climate change on global weather patterns?
What is a notable effect of climate change on global weather patterns?
What impact does climate change have on Indigenous people?
What impact does climate change have on Indigenous people?
What is one proposed solution for combating climate change?
What is one proposed solution for combating climate change?
What is a major consequence of rising ocean temperatures due to climate change?
What is a major consequence of rising ocean temperatures due to climate change?
Which activity contributes significantly to the production of greenhouse gases?
Which activity contributes significantly to the production of greenhouse gases?
What is an expected impact of climate change specifically in Arctic regions?
What is an expected impact of climate change specifically in Arctic regions?
What is a local consequence of climate change affecting urban areas?
What is a local consequence of climate change affecting urban areas?
What is the proper way to write H2O?
What is the proper way to write H2O?
Which charge does Magnesium carry when combined with Fluorine?
Which charge does Magnesium carry when combined with Fluorine?
What is the formula for Sodium Chloride?
What is the formula for Sodium Chloride?
What is the term for the breakdown of a metal due to reactions with environmental chemicals?
What is the term for the breakdown of a metal due to reactions with environmental chemicals?
Which of the following prefixes represents the number 4?
Which of the following prefixes represents the number 4?
Which of the following is NOT a clue indicating a chemical change?
Which of the following is NOT a clue indicating a chemical change?
What describes the physical property that determines the mass per unit volume of a substance?
What describes the physical property that determines the mass per unit volume of a substance?
Which metals can have a +2 and +4 charge?
Which metals can have a +2 and +4 charge?
Which gas constitutes the majority of Earth's atmosphere?
Which gas constitutes the majority of Earth's atmosphere?
What is the atomic number of sodium (Na)?
What is the atomic number of sodium (Na)?
What is the purpose of the atmosphere for life on Earth?
What is the purpose of the atmosphere for life on Earth?
How many neutrons are present in sodium (Na)?
How many neutrons are present in sodium (Na)?
What is the consequence of incomplete combustion of a fuel?
What is the consequence of incomplete combustion of a fuel?
What is the biosphere?
What is the biosphere?
If an atom gains electrons, what charge does it acquire?
If an atom gains electrons, what charge does it acquire?
Which combination describes what a community is?
Which combination describes what a community is?
Which of the following statements about physical changes is true?
Which of the following statements about physical changes is true?
Which of the following correctly states the maximum number of electrons in the third orbit?
Which of the following correctly states the maximum number of electrons in the third orbit?
Which of the following describes a biotic component of an ecosystem?
Which of the following describes a biotic component of an ecosystem?
What is the process called when steel is coated with zinc to prevent rusting?
What is the process called when steel is coated with zinc to prevent rusting?
What type of compound is formed by the combination of a metal and a non-metal?
What type of compound is formed by the combination of a metal and a non-metal?
How many protons are in a fluorine atom?
How many protons are in a fluorine atom?
Which of the following gases is considered pollution but is helpful in protecting the Earth from UV rays?
Which of the following gases is considered pollution but is helpful in protecting the Earth from UV rays?
Which physical property would you use to identify a substance's unique freezing and boiling points?
Which physical property would you use to identify a substance's unique freezing and boiling points?
What does the Gaia Hypothesis suggest?
What does the Gaia Hypothesis suggest?
What is indicated when a charge is written as + or - without a number?
What is indicated when a charge is written as + or - without a number?
What occurs during combustion when oxygen supply is limited?
What occurs during combustion when oxygen supply is limited?
What does a molecular compound consist of?
What does a molecular compound consist of?
What charge does Chlorine have?
What charge does Chlorine have?
What effect does adding salt to ice have at low temperatures?
What effect does adding salt to ice have at low temperatures?
Which of the following is an example of an ionic compound?
Which of the following is an example of an ionic compound?
What type of formula results from the combination of two non-metals?
What type of formula results from the combination of two non-metals?
In a neutral atom, the number of protons is equal to what?
In a neutral atom, the number of protons is equal to what?
What is the primary product of complete combustion of methane?
What is the primary product of complete combustion of methane?
What kind of exception does water present compared to most substances when it freezes?
What kind of exception does water present compared to most substances when it freezes?
How many electrons does aluminum have based on its atomic number of 13?
How many electrons does aluminum have based on its atomic number of 13?
What type of particles are ions?
What type of particles are ions?
Which group on the periodic table contains elements with one electron in the outer shell?
Which group on the periodic table contains elements with one electron in the outer shell?
What type of element primarily forms molecular elements?
What type of element primarily forms molecular elements?
How many total electrons are shown in the Bohr diagram of fluorine?
How many total electrons are shown in the Bohr diagram of fluorine?
What charge does a sodium ion carry after losing an electron?
What charge does a sodium ion carry after losing an electron?
What is the charge of a chloride ion after gaining an electron?
What is the charge of a chloride ion after gaining an electron?
Sodium chloride is an example of which type of compound?
Sodium chloride is an example of which type of compound?
What does the suffix ‘-ide’ signify when naming ionic compounds?
What does the suffix ‘-ide’ signify when naming ionic compounds?
What term describes the closest distance of stable electron arrangement achieved by atoms?
What term describes the closest distance of stable electron arrangement achieved by atoms?
Which statement accurately describes photosynthesis?
Which statement accurately describes photosynthesis?
In molecular compounds, electrons are typically:
In molecular compounds, electrons are typically:
Which of the following prefixes corresponds to the number four in molecular naming?
Which of the following prefixes corresponds to the number four in molecular naming?
What is the primary role of consumers in an ecosystem?
What is the primary role of consumers in an ecosystem?
In a food chain, what is the function of primary consumers?
In a food chain, what is the function of primary consumers?
Which of the following best describes an ionic bond?
Which of the following best describes an ionic bond?
How does energy flow in an ecosystem according to the trophic levels?
How does energy flow in an ecosystem according to the trophic levels?
Which of the following molecular compound names is correctly formatted?
Which of the following molecular compound names is correctly formatted?
What are ecological pyramids primarily used to illustrate?
What are ecological pyramids primarily used to illustrate?
What happens to the charge of a metal when it loses electrons?
What happens to the charge of a metal when it loses electrons?
What distinguishes a molecular compound from an ionic compound?
What distinguishes a molecular compound from an ionic compound?
Which statement best depicts a characteristic of herbivores?
Which statement best depicts a characteristic of herbivores?
What is a significant consequence of burning fossil fuels?
What is a significant consequence of burning fossil fuels?
When naming molecular compounds, which prefix is used for two atoms?
When naming molecular compounds, which prefix is used for two atoms?
Which of the following is a correct chemical formula for the oxide of magnesium?
Which of the following is a correct chemical formula for the oxide of magnesium?
What is the primary difference between carnivores and omnivores?
What is the primary difference between carnivores and omnivores?
Which of the following statements is true about energy and matter cycles?
Which of the following statements is true about energy and matter cycles?
How is sodium typically represented when it forms an ion?
How is sodium typically represented when it forms an ion?
Which organisms are referred to as producers in an ecosystem?
Which organisms are referred to as producers in an ecosystem?
What is one example of how the nitrogen cycle is altered by human activity?
What is one example of how the nitrogen cycle is altered by human activity?
How do food webs contribute to ecosystem stability?
How do food webs contribute to ecosystem stability?
Which type of ecological pyramid illustrates the total mass of organisms at each trophic level?
Which type of ecological pyramid illustrates the total mass of organisms at each trophic level?
What is a primary cause of coral reef destruction?
What is a primary cause of coral reef destruction?
Which practice can enhance soil quality and reduce erosion?
Which practice can enhance soil quality and reduce erosion?
What is meant by 'dynamic equilibrium' in ecosystems?
What is meant by 'dynamic equilibrium' in ecosystems?
Which of the following is a consequence of overhunting?
Which of the following is a consequence of overhunting?
What is the process called that follows a disturbance in an ecosystem?
What is the process called that follows a disturbance in an ecosystem?
What effect does climate change have on coral reefs?
What effect does climate change have on coral reefs?
What is an example of a cultural service provided by ecosystems?
What is an example of a cultural service provided by ecosystems?
How does agroforestry benefit ecosystems?
How does agroforestry benefit ecosystems?
What does species richness refer to?
What does species richness refer to?
Which factor is a contributor to the destruction of freshwater aquifers?
Which factor is a contributor to the destruction of freshwater aquifers?
Which of the following is NOT a sustainable agricultural practice?
Which of the following is NOT a sustainable agricultural practice?
What occurs during secondary succession?
What occurs during secondary succession?
How do invasive species typically affect local ecosystems?
How do invasive species typically affect local ecosystems?
What is a major consequence of habitat destruction?
What is a major consequence of habitat destruction?
What term describes a species that may become threatened or endangered due to a combination of factors?
What term describes a species that may become threatened or endangered due to a combination of factors?
What describes species that spread aggressively and negatively impact their environment?
What describes species that spread aggressively and negatively impact their environment?
Which method of controlling introduced species involves the use of pesticides?
Which method of controlling introduced species involves the use of pesticides?
Which of the following is NOT a potential impact of acid precipitation on aquatic ecosystems?
Which of the following is NOT a potential impact of acid precipitation on aquatic ecosystems?
What is one method to clean up an oil spill?
What is one method to clean up an oil spill?
Which practice involves removing all or most of the trees in a specific area?
Which practice involves removing all or most of the trees in a specific area?
What is a direct contributor to global warming that accumulates in the atmosphere?
What is a direct contributor to global warming that accumulates in the atmosphere?
What term is used for species that no longer exist in a particular area?
What term is used for species that no longer exist in a particular area?
Which of the following pollutants is NOT typically produced by vehicles burning fossil fuels?
Which of the following pollutants is NOT typically produced by vehicles burning fossil fuels?
Which approach to pollution reduction directly removes sulphur from fuels?
Which approach to pollution reduction directly removes sulphur from fuels?
What is a common environmental risk associated with pesticide use in controlling invasive species?
What is a common environmental risk associated with pesticide use in controlling invasive species?
What effect does acidic groundwater have on soil health?
What effect does acidic groundwater have on soil health?
Which species group is particularly affected by pollutants that lower water pH levels?
Which species group is particularly affected by pollutants that lower water pH levels?
What term describes factors that restrict the size of a population?
What term describes factors that restrict the size of a population?
Which of the following is NOT considered a biotic factor influencing ecosystems?
Which of the following is NOT considered a biotic factor influencing ecosystems?
What is the carrying capacity of an ecosystem?
What is the carrying capacity of an ecosystem?
Which aquatic ecosystem type contains less than 1% salt concentration?
Which aquatic ecosystem type contains less than 1% salt concentration?
What type of symbiotic relationship exists when both organisms benefit?
What type of symbiotic relationship exists when both organisms benefit?
What is one effect of deforestation on ecosystems?
What is one effect of deforestation on ecosystems?
What can change the carrying capacity of an ecosystem?
What can change the carrying capacity of an ecosystem?
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of the open ocean?
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of the open ocean?
Which human activity is responsible for dispersing waste plastics in ecosystems?
Which human activity is responsible for dispersing waste plastics in ecosystems?
What is a characteristic of wetlands like bogs and marshes?
What is a characteristic of wetlands like bogs and marshes?
Which biome is referred to as the area between low-tide and high-tide lines?
Which biome is referred to as the area between low-tide and high-tide lines?
Which type of competition occurs within the same species?
Which type of competition occurs within the same species?
Which ecosystem covers more than 70% of the Earth’s surface?
Which ecosystem covers more than 70% of the Earth’s surface?
What is a significant consequence of overconsumption in human societies?
What is a significant consequence of overconsumption in human societies?
What is a significant environmental consequence of not recycling products effectively?
What is a significant environmental consequence of not recycling products effectively?
Which of the following factors is NOT considered in the sustainable product life cycle?
Which of the following factors is NOT considered in the sustainable product life cycle?
What is a common toxic element found in many consumer products?
What is a common toxic element found in many consumer products?
How can lithium ion batteries create potential environmental hazards?
How can lithium ion batteries create potential environmental hazards?
What is a negative impact of traditional battery types compared to lithium ion batteries?
What is a negative impact of traditional battery types compared to lithium ion batteries?
Which material is mentioned as a toxic compound often found in construction products?
Which material is mentioned as a toxic compound often found in construction products?
What is the primary by-product of hydrogen technology when combined with oxygen?
What is the primary by-product of hydrogen technology when combined with oxygen?
Which of these is NOT a characteristic feature of lithium ion batteries?
Which of these is NOT a characteristic feature of lithium ion batteries?
What are microplastics primarily a result of?
What are microplastics primarily a result of?
What is a crucial limitation for the further development of hydrogen technology?
What is a crucial limitation for the further development of hydrogen technology?
Why are emerging sustainable building materials considered advantageous?
Why are emerging sustainable building materials considered advantageous?
Which compound is known to disrupt hormones and is commonly found in food can linings?
Which compound is known to disrupt hormones and is commonly found in food can linings?
Which process is often responsible for releasing CO2 when producing hydrogen?
Which process is often responsible for releasing CO2 when producing hydrogen?
What is one effect of using unfair pay in the lifecycle of consumer products?
What is one effect of using unfair pay in the lifecycle of consumer products?
What is a characteristic of metals?
What is a characteristic of metals?
Which of the following elements is categorized as a noble gas?
Which of the following elements is categorized as a noble gas?
What defines a compound?
What defines a compound?
Which of the following describes non-metals?
Which of the following describes non-metals?
The elements in the same group of the periodic table typically have what in common?
The elements in the same group of the periodic table typically have what in common?
Which of the following is a heavy metal?
Which of the following is a heavy metal?
What is one property of alkali metals?
What is one property of alkali metals?
How does the periodic table arrange elements?
How does the periodic table arrange elements?
What did Democritus propose about atoms?
What did Democritus propose about atoms?
What distinguishes metalloids from metals and non-metals?
What distinguishes metalloids from metals and non-metals?
Which metallic element is used for light bulb filaments?
Which metallic element is used for light bulb filaments?
What main conclusion can be drawn from the evolution of atomic theory?
What main conclusion can be drawn from the evolution of atomic theory?
Which group comprises very reactive elements that can form compounds with alkali metals?
Which group comprises very reactive elements that can form compounds with alkali metals?
Which factor is NOT listed as responsible for the development of technologies?
Which factor is NOT listed as responsible for the development of technologies?
What was the primary goal of alchemists during their experiments?
What was the primary goal of alchemists during their experiments?
Which scientist introduced the modern definition of an element as a pure substance that cannot be chemically broken down?
Which scientist introduced the modern definition of an element as a pure substance that cannot be chemically broken down?
What was John Dalton's contribution to atomic theory?
What was John Dalton's contribution to atomic theory?
What did the gold foil experiment conducted by Ernest Rutherford reveal?
What did the gold foil experiment conducted by Ernest Rutherford reveal?
What did James Chadwick discover about atomic structure?
What did James Chadwick discover about atomic structure?
Electrons in an atom can jump to higher energy levels when they absorb energy. What is the state called when they are in this elevated position?
Electrons in an atom can jump to higher energy levels when they absorb energy. What is the state called when they are in this elevated position?
What is the atomic number of an element based on?
What is the atomic number of an element based on?
How can the number of neutrons in an atom be calculated?
How can the number of neutrons in an atom be calculated?
What did J.J. Thomson's 'plum pudding' model propose about the structure of an atom?
What did J.J. Thomson's 'plum pudding' model propose about the structure of an atom?
What unique feature differentiates electrons from protons and neutrons?
What unique feature differentiates electrons from protons and neutrons?
Which of the following statements is true about an atom in its ground state?
Which of the following statements is true about an atom in its ground state?
What happens when electrons return to their ground state from an excited state?
What happens when electrons return to their ground state from an excited state?
What model of the atom did Nagaoka propose after J.J. Thomson?
What model of the atom did Nagaoka propose after J.J. Thomson?
The periodic table of elements is organized by which numerical value?
The periodic table of elements is organized by which numerical value?
Flashcards
What is an atom?
What is an atom?
The smallest unit of an element, consisting of a nucleus with protons and neutrons, surrounded by electrons.
What is a molecule?
What is a molecule?
Two or more atoms chemically bonded together.
What is an element?
What is an element?
A pure substance containing only one type of atom. For example, hydrogen (H) or oxygen (O).
What is a compound?
What is a compound?
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What is the particle theory of matter?
What is the particle theory of matter?
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What is the state of matter?
What is the state of matter?
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What is a homogeneous mixture?
What is a homogeneous mixture?
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What is a heterogeneous mixture?
What is a heterogeneous mixture?
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Ductility
Ductility
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Brittleness
Brittleness
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Boiling Point
Boiling Point
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Melting Point
Melting Point
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Solubility
Solubility
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Viscosity
Viscosity
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Density
Density
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Physical Change
Physical Change
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Chemical Change
Chemical Change
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Combustion
Combustion
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Complete Combustion
Complete Combustion
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Incomplete Combustion
Incomplete Combustion
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Corrosion
Corrosion
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Galvanizing
Galvanizing
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Rusting
Rusting
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Limiting Factor
Limiting Factor
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Tolerance Range
Tolerance Range
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Mutualism
Mutualism
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Parasitism
Parasitism
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Commensalism
Commensalism
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Carrying Capacity
Carrying Capacity
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Freshwater Ecosystems
Freshwater Ecosystems
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Marine Ecosystems
Marine Ecosystems
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Watershed
Watershed
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Estuaries
Estuaries
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Intertidal zone
Intertidal zone
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Deforestation
Deforestation
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Overconsumption
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Pollution
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Climate Change
Climate Change
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Atomic Number
Atomic Number
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Atomic Mass
Atomic Mass
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Number of Neutrons
Number of Neutrons
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Electrons
Electrons
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Standard Atomic Notation
Standard Atomic Notation
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Ion
Ion
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Bohr Diagram
Bohr Diagram
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Bohr-Rutherford Diagram
Bohr-Rutherford Diagram
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Outer Shell
Outer Shell
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Group (Periodic Table)
Group (Periodic Table)
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Molecule
Molecule
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Molecular Element
Molecular Element
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Molecular Compound
Molecular Compound
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Ionic Compound
Ionic Compound
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Cation
Cation
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Element
Element
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Compound
Compound
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Metals
Metals
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Non-metals
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Metalloids
Metalloids
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Malleability
Malleability
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Heavy Metals
Heavy Metals
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Alkali Metals
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Alkaline Earth Metals
Alkaline Earth Metals
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Noble Gases
Noble Gases
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Halogens
Halogens
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Hydrogen
Hydrogen
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Metalloids
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Theory
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What is Dalton's Atomic Theory?
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What are electrons?
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What is the nucleus of an atom?
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What are protons?
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What are neutrons?
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What is the atomic number?
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What is the atomic mass?
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What is an ion?
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What is an excited state?
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What is the ground state?
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How do atoms emit light?
How do atoms emit light?
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What is chemistry?
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What is the plum pudding model of the atom?
What is the plum pudding model of the atom?
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What is the Rutherford model of the atom?
What is the Rutherford model of the atom?
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Product Life Cycle
Product Life Cycle
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Sustainable Product Life Cycle
Sustainable Product Life Cycle
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Non-Monetary Costs
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Greenhouse Gas Emissions
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Plastic Pollution
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Microplastics
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Product Analysis
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Durability in Product Design
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Recycling
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Repurposing
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End-of-Life Disposal
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Toxic Compounds
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Lithium-Ion Battery Technology
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New Building Materials
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Subscript in chemical formulas
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Prefixes in molecular compounds
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Writing chemical formulas
Writing chemical formulas
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Mono in chemical formulas
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Di in chemical formulas
Di in chemical formulas
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Tri in chemical formulas
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Tetra in chemical formulas
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Penta in chemical formulas
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Ionic bond
Ionic bond
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Covalent bond
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Atmosphere
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Lithosphere
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Biosphere
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Energy Flow
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Producers
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Photosynthesis
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Cellular Respiration
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Food Web
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Ecological Niche
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Herbivore
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Carnivore
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Omnivore
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Scavenger
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Food Chain
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Trophic Level
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Ecological Pyramid
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Cycling of Matter
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Water Cycle
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Alloy
Alloy
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Chemical formula
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Valence shell
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Octet rule
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Prefixes in naming molecular compounds
Prefixes in naming molecular compounds
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Periodic table showing ionic charges
Periodic table showing ionic charges
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Ionic symbol
Ionic symbol
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Writing chemical formulas properly
Writing chemical formulas properly
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Ecosystem Equilibrium
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Ecological Succession
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Primary Succession
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Secondary Succession
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Biodiversity
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Extinction
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Sustainable Practices
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Cultural Services
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Other Ecosystem Services
Other Ecosystem Services
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Monetary Value of Ecosystem Services
Monetary Value of Ecosystem Services
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Sustainable Agriculture Practices
Sustainable Agriculture Practices
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What is a species of special concern?
What is a species of special concern?
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What is a threatened species?
What is a threatened species?
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What is an endangered species?
What is an endangered species?
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What is an extirpated species?
What is an extirpated species?
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What is an extinct species?
What is an extinct species?
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What are invasive species?
What are invasive species?
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What is chemical control?
What is chemical control?
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What is mechanical control?
What is mechanical control?
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What is biological control?
What is biological control?
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What causes acid rain?
What causes acid rain?
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How does acid rain affect aquatic ecosystems?
How does acid rain affect aquatic ecosystems?
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How does acid rain affect soils?
How does acid rain affect soils?
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How does acid rain affect forests?
How does acid rain affect forests?
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What are the consequences of oil spills?
What are the consequences of oil spills?
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What is the Great Pacific Garbage Patch?
What is the Great Pacific Garbage Patch?
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Global Warming
Global Warming
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Greenhouse Gases
Greenhouse Gases
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Fossil Fuel Burning
Fossil Fuel Burning
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Methane (CH4)
Methane (CH4)
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Nitrous Oxide (N2O)
Nitrous Oxide (N2O)
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Renewable Energy
Renewable Energy
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Carbon Tax
Carbon Tax
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Sea Level Rise
Sea Level Rise
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Study Notes
Matter and Atoms
- Matter is anything with mass that occupies space.
- Atoms are tiny particles that make up all matter.
- Molecules are formed when atoms bond together.
- Elements are different kinds of atoms, each having a unique symbol (e.g., Hydrogen – H, Oxygen – O).
- The periodic table organizes elements.
- Water (H₂O) is a molecule formed by two hydrogen atoms and one oxygen atom.
- The particle theory describes matter as tiny particles with spaces, constant motion, and attraction depending on state (solid, liquid, gas).
Particle Theory
- All matter consists of tiny particles.
- Different substances have different kinds of particles.
- Particles are always in motion.
- Particle speed increases with temperature.
- Particles attract each other, stronger in solids than liquids or gases.
- Gases are easily compressed due to the large spaces between particles.
Classification of Matter
- Pure substances are either elements (single atom type) or compounds (multiple atoms combined).
- Mixtures can be homogeneous (uniform composition, like coffee) or heterogeneous (distinct parts, like soup).
- Alloys are mixtures of metals (homogeneous). Brass (zinc + copper) and stainless steel (iron + other metals) are examples.
Properties of Matter
- Physical properties describe a substance's characteristics (measurable, like color, boiling point).
- Chemical properties describe a substance's behavior when it changes into a new substance.
- Examples of physical properties*: states of matter, hardness, malleability, ductility, melting/boiling points, crystal form, solubility and viscosity.
- Examples of chemical properties*: combustibility, reaction with acid.
- Matter is classified into metals and nonmetals.
Physical vs. Chemical Changes
- Physical changes do not alter the substance's identity. Dissolving is a physical change.
- Clues for physical changes*: no new color, no heat/light, no gas bubbles, no solid formation, and reversible.
- Chemical changes create new substances with different properties.
- Clues for chemical changes*: new color, heat/light given off, bubbles (gas produced), solid (precipitate forms), and difficult to reverse.
Combustion
- Combustion is the rapid reaction of a fuel with oxygen forming oxides and energy.
- Complete combustion (abundant oxygen) produces carbon dioxide, water, and energy.
- Example (equation):* CH₄ + 2O₂ → CO₂ + 2H₂O + energy
- Incomplete combustion (limited oxygen) produces carbon monoxide (CO), carbon (soot), water, and energy, causing pollution and is dangerous.
- Example (equation):* CH₄ + O₂ → CO₂ + H₂O + CO + C + energy
Corrosion
- Corrosion is breakdown of a metal (often from reacting with oxygen).
- Beneficial corrosion forms protective oxide layers (e.g., aluminum, copper).
- Iron rusts rapidly in water and with electrolytes (like salt).
- Corrosion prevention includes protective coatings and corrosion-resistant materials.
Gases in the Atmosphere
- Air is a mixture of gases, primarily Nitrogen (78%) and Oxygen (21%).
- Argon (Ar), ozone (O₃), carbon monoxide (CO), and carbon dioxide (CO₂) are also present.
- Ozone protects from harmful UV rays in the upper atmosphere but is harmful in the lower atmosphere.
- CO is highly toxic and produced by incomplete combustion.
- CO₂ contributes to global warming.
Physical Properties for Identification
- Physical properties, like density, melting point, freezing point and boiling point are unique and can be used to identify substances.
- Density is the ratio of mass to volume.
- Freezing/melting/boiling points depend on the substance's composition and structure.
Unusual Water Behavior
- Water expands when it freezes, making it less dense than liquid water.
Life Cycle of Consumer Products
- Product life cycles affect the environment.
- Sustainability means minimizing negative impacts.
- Costs include examples like underpaying employees, greenhouse gas emissions and plastic pollution.*
Emerging Chemical Technologies
- Lithium-ion batteries and new building materials are examples.
- Note that there are toxic chemicals involved in some technologies, along with human rights issues with extraction of some of these elements, like cobalt*
- Examples of hydrogen technologies are being developed which are carbon-neutral and may prevent climate change, but currently still require an expensive infrastructure.
Periodic Table
- Elements are pure substances that cannot be broken down into simpler substances.
- Element symbols use a capital letter followed by lowercase letters if needed.
- Compounds are combinations of different types of elements.
- Metals are located on the left and center of the periodic table, they are usually solid and shiny.
- Nonmetals are located on the right side of the periodic table, they can be solid, liquid or gas and they are usually dull.
- Metalloids have properties of both metals and nonmetals.
- Alkali metals are reactive metals found in the first column.
- Alkaline Earth metals are reactive metals found in the second column.
- Noble gases are unreactive and located in the right column.
- Halogens are reactive nonmetals found in the second-to-last column.
- Hydrogen does not fit neatly into these groups.
Theories of Atom
- Early theories proposed matter was composed of four elements (Empedocles) or indivisible atoms (Democritus).
- Aristotle's more popular theory led to a delay in acceptance of the Atom model.
- Modern conceptions of elements, which define elements, were not completely agreed upon until more modern times.
- Dalton's atomic theory (billiard ball model) proposed indivisible atoms and that atoms could rearrange and not be created or destroyed.
- Thomson's plum pudding and Nagaoka models proposed electrons within a positive charge cloud.
- Rutherford's gold foil experiment showed a dense nucleus (positive) and empty space.
- Bohr's model showed electrons orbiting around the nucleus.
- Chadwick later discovered neutrons in the nucleus.
###Producing Light
- Atoms emit light when electrons move to higher and then lower energy levels.
- Different electron arrangements in atoms result in different colors.
###Structure of the Atom
- Atoms consist of electrons, protons (positive), and neutrons.
- Atomic number is the number of protons.
- Atomic mass is the number of protons plus neutrons.
- Number of electrons equals the number of protons in neutral atoms.
###Standard Atomic Notation
- Standard atomic notation shows the element symbol, atomic number, atomic mass, and charge (if any).
- The charge, if any, is written as a superscript
###Bohr Diagrams
- Bohr diagrams show electron positions in orbits around the nucleus.
- The first orbit holds a maximum of 2 electrons.
- Subsequent orbits hold a maximum of 8 electrons.
###Atomic Charges
- Atoms can gain or lose electrons to become ions (charged atoms).
###How Atoms Combine
- Atoms combine to become more stable.
- Metals lose electrons, nonmetals gain electrons to achieve a filled outer orbit (octet rule).
- Ionic bonds form from the attraction between oppositely charged ions.
- Molecular compounds form from the sharing of electrons.
###Naming Compounds
- Ionic compounds (metal + nonmetal) names end in "-ide" (e.g., NaCl = sodium chloride).
- Molecular compounds (nonmetal + nonmetal) names use prefixes to indicate the number of each atom (e.g., CO₂ = carbon dioxide).
###Writing Formulas
- To write formulas, know the charges of atoms.
- Ionic compounds have a zero overall charge.
- Molecular compounds use prefixes to indicate the number of atoms in the formula.
###Writing Formulas with Charges
- Some metals have multiple possible charges. This is written using Roman numerals in the compound name (modern) or using "-ous" and "-ic" endings (older). Copper forms two compounds: Cu₂O (copper(I) or cuprous oxide), CuO (copper(II) or cupric oxide).
###Biology
###Spheres of Earth
- Atmosphere: gaseous layer moderating temperatures.
- Lithosphere: rocky outer shell (crust).
- Hydrosphere: all water on Earth (oceans, lakes etc...).
- Biosphere: regions where life exists within these spheres.
###Gaia Hypothesis
- Earth acts like a living organism, maintaining conditions for life.
###Ecosystems
- Ecosystem is a complex environment involving living (biotic) and non-living (abiotic) features.
- Populations: individuals of a species.
- Communities: all populations in an area.
- Sustainability: maintaining ecological balance.
###Energy Flow
- Sun is the primary source of energy for most life.
- Photosynthesis: light energy converted to chemical energy (sugar). Producers such as plants carry out this process.
- Cellular respiration: chemical energy (sugar) converted to usable energy for life.
- Food webs: show the feeding relationships in a community.
- Trophic levels: organisms' feeding positions in a food chain or web (producers, herbivores, carnivores, etc).
###Cycling of Matter
- Water cycle involves evaporation, precipitation, and transpiration.
- Carbon cycle involves photosynthesis, respiration, and combustion.
- Nitrogen cycle involves nitrogen fixation and the recycling of nitrogen.
###Influences on Ecosystems
- Limiting factors restrict population size.
- Abiotic factors (temperature, light) influence where species live and their tolerance range (and thus the size of their population).
- Biotic factors (competition, predation) influence population size.
- Carrying capacity is the maximum population size for a given ecosystem.
###Aquatic Ecosystems
- Freshwater (less than 1% salt) and Marine (about 3% salt).
- Wetlands are nutrient-rich freshwater areas.
- Watersheds drain into rivers and lakes, and can be easily polluted.
- In marine ecosystems, coral reefs support a wide variety of life but these are under increasing pressures with pollution and climate change.
###Human Activities and Ecosystem Impacts
- Various human activities have negative impacts on ecosystems (agriculture, deforestation, overconsumption, pollution, greenhouse gases, destruction of reefs and freshwater aquifers).
###Sustainable Practices
- Sustainable practices aim at minimizing these impacts and promoting biodiversity.
- Examples include: reducing pollution, utilizing renewable resources, planting trees, implementing better farming practices*
###Ecosystem Services
- Ecosystems provide various cultural, products and other services to humans.
- Cultural services: recreational, aesthetic, and spiritual experiences. Ecotourism.
- Ecosystem products: hunted animals, harvested plants, forestry etc. .
- Other services: soil protection, absorbing excess water.
- Monetary value of these ecosystem services is often high (cleaning air, moderating climate, providing resources).
###Equilibrium and Disturbances
- Ecosystems are usually in a state of dynamic equilibrium (relatively constant conditions).
- Succession: process of recovering after a disturbance (primary and secondary succession). Ecological succession allows for long-term sustainability.
###Biodiversity
- Biodiversity is the variety of life in an area.
- Species richness (number of species).
- Extinction: loss of species.
- Non-native species sometimes become invasive.
- Controlling invasive species (chemical, mechanical, biological).
###Issues (Pollution and Acid Precipitation)
- Pollution (oil spills, plastics) harm ecosystems, requiring cleanup methods like skimming, bioremediation and dispersal agents.
- Acid precipitation (from sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxides) harms aquatic life, soils, and forests. Mitigation involves using cleaner fuels.
###Resource Management (Forestry, Wildlife)
- Forestry practices include clear cutting, shelterwood cutting, and selective cutting, with varying ecological impacts.
- Wildlife management often involves regulated hunting.
###Climate Change
- Global warming results from the greenhouse effect (trapping heat).
- Greenhouse gases (CO2, methane, nitrous oxide, ozone, water vapor), most significantly CO2 are being produced by human activities, including burning of fossil fuels and deforestation.
- Climate change impacts include warmer temperatures, more severe storms, rising seas, and loss of species, affecting food security, health, and natural resources.
###Indigenous People
- Climate change disproportionately impacts indigenous communities in terms of accessing food, water and traditional practices.
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Description
Test your knowledge on the characteristics of matter and the properties of mixtures. This quiz covers key concepts including the particle theory, elemental symbols, and the unique attributes of alloys and mixtures. Perfect for reinforcing understanding of fundamental science principles.
