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Questions and Answers
Which statement best describes a chemical property of matter?
Which statement best describes a chemical property of matter?
What is a characteristic of compounds?
What is a characteristic of compounds?
Which of the following elements is NOT one of the most common elements found on Earth?
Which of the following elements is NOT one of the most common elements found on Earth?
What does the Law of Conservation of Matter state?
What does the Law of Conservation of Matter state?
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Which of the following is an example of a physical change?
Which of the following is an example of a physical change?
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What is the primary goal of writing effective multiple choice questions?
What is the primary goal of writing effective multiple choice questions?
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Which characteristic should distractors have to be effective?
Which characteristic should distractors have to be effective?
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What is an essential aspect of phrasing the stem of a question?
What is an essential aspect of phrasing the stem of a question?
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Why should all options in a multiple choice question be mutually exclusive?
Why should all options in a multiple choice question be mutually exclusive?
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What should be avoided in the options of multiple choice questions?
What should be avoided in the options of multiple choice questions?
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What is the primary factor that contributes to the formation of metamorphic rocks?
What is the primary factor that contributes to the formation of metamorphic rocks?
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In which scenario does regional metamorphism primarily occur?
In which scenario does regional metamorphism primarily occur?
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Which type of metamorphic rock is characterized by having distinct layers?
Which type of metamorphic rock is characterized by having distinct layers?
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What is a defining characteristic of non-foliated metamorphic rocks?
What is a defining characteristic of non-foliated metamorphic rocks?
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How does contact metamorphism differ from regional metamorphism?
How does contact metamorphism differ from regional metamorphism?
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What is the primary difference between intrusive and extrusive rocks?
What is the primary difference between intrusive and extrusive rocks?
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Which process is NOT part of lithification in sedimentary rock formation?
Which process is NOT part of lithification in sedimentary rock formation?
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How do igneous rocks classify based on their formation?
How do igneous rocks classify based on their formation?
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What type of rock can commonly contain fossils?
What type of rock can commonly contain fossils?
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What characterizes extrusive rocks in terms of cooling and grain size?
What characterizes extrusive rocks in terms of cooling and grain size?
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What is sediment in the context of sedimentary rocks?
What is sediment in the context of sedimentary rocks?
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Which of the following statements about igneous rocks is true?
Which of the following statements about igneous rocks is true?
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What occurs first in the process of lithification to form sedimentary rocks?
What occurs first in the process of lithification to form sedimentary rocks?
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What type of weathering is most prevalent in warm and dry climates?
What type of weathering is most prevalent in warm and dry climates?
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Which type of rock is more prone to weathering based on composition?
Which type of rock is more prone to weathering based on composition?
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How does surface area affect the rate of weathering in rocks?
How does surface area affect the rate of weathering in rocks?
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Which phase of matter has a definite shape and volume?
Which phase of matter has a definite shape and volume?
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Which topographical feature leads to increased weathering due to gravitational effects?
Which topographical feature leads to increased weathering due to gravitational effects?
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During which phase change does a liquid become a gas?
During which phase change does a liquid become a gas?
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What is the primary reason sedimentary rocks weather more than igneous rocks?
What is the primary reason sedimentary rocks weather more than igneous rocks?
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What is the process called when a gas turns into a liquid?
What is the process called when a gas turns into a liquid?
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Which phase of matter has particles that glow due to being superheated?
Which phase of matter has particles that glow due to being superheated?
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What phase change occurs when a solid turns into a liquid?
What phase change occurs when a solid turns into a liquid?
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What is the process through which rocks break down and change?
What is the process through which rocks break down and change?
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Which of the following statements is true regarding mechanical weathering?
Which of the following statements is true regarding mechanical weathering?
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Which agent is NOT associated with mechanical weathering?
Which agent is NOT associated with mechanical weathering?
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Chemical weathering primarily occurs in which type of climate?
Chemical weathering primarily occurs in which type of climate?
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What is the result of the oxidation of iron in rocks?
What is the result of the oxidation of iron in rocks?
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Which process involves the transport and deposition of weathered materials?
Which process involves the transport and deposition of weathered materials?
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Which of these processes can form caves within limestone?
Which of these processes can form caves within limestone?
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What happens to rocks as they undergo weathering over millions of years?
What happens to rocks as they undergo weathering over millions of years?
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What is the primary force responsible for both erosion and deposition?
What is the primary force responsible for both erosion and deposition?
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Which agent of erosion is considered the least effective when compared to others?
Which agent of erosion is considered the least effective when compared to others?
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What is meant by 'deflation' in relation to wind erosion?
What is meant by 'deflation' in relation to wind erosion?
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What are dunes primarily formed from?
What are dunes primarily formed from?
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Which factor increases the power of erosion by water?
Which factor increases the power of erosion by water?
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What distinguishes glaciers as the most powerful agents of erosion?
What distinguishes glaciers as the most powerful agents of erosion?
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What are kettle lakes formed by?
What are kettle lakes formed by?
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Which areas are most severely affected by wind erosion?
Which areas are most severely affected by wind erosion?
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Which type of glacier covers large areas and can be found in regions like Greenland and Antarctica?
Which type of glacier covers large areas and can be found in regions like Greenland and Antarctica?
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What is the primary process by which glaciers form?
What is the primary process by which glaciers form?
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Which of the following erosion agents is considered the strongest?
Which of the following erosion agents is considered the strongest?
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How do the flow rates of glaciers typically change based on the slope of the terrain?
How do the flow rates of glaciers typically change based on the slope of the terrain?
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Which of the following statements is true regarding the movement of glaciers?
Which of the following statements is true regarding the movement of glaciers?
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What is the primary factor that contributes to the formation of sedimentary rocks?
What is the primary factor that contributes to the formation of sedimentary rocks?
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What characterizes clastic sedimentary rocks?
What characterizes clastic sedimentary rocks?
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What is the primary agent of metamorphism in contact metamorphism?
What is the primary agent of metamorphism in contact metamorphism?
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What type of metamorphic rock typically contains aligned mineral grains?
What type of metamorphic rock typically contains aligned mineral grains?
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In which environment would you expect to find chemical sedimentary rocks forming?
In which environment would you expect to find chemical sedimentary rocks forming?
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Study Notes
Matter
- Matter is anything that has mass and volume.
- Matter is made up of substances called elements.
- Elements cannot be broken down into simpler substances.
- Oxygen and silicon are the two most common elements on Earth.
- Other common elements include aluminum, iron, calcium, sodium, and potassium.
Elements
- Hydrogen and Helium are elements.
Compounds
- Compounds are substances made up of two or more elements combined together.
- Carbon dioxide ($CO_2$) is a compound made up of carbon and oxygen.
Properties of Matter
- A chemical property describes how a substance can change into a new substance.
- Flammability and oxidation (reaction with oxygen) are examples of chemical properties.
- A physical property describes a substance's characteristics without changing its identity.
- Color, shape, size, and state of matter are examples of physical properties.
- A chemical change (chemical reaction) changes one substance into another.
- A physical change changes the physical properties of matter but not its chemical composition.
- Phase changes (ice, water, and steam are all chemically $H_2O$) are physical changes.
- The Law of Conservation of Matter states that matter cannot be created or destroyed, only changed in form.
Phase Changes
- The four phases of matter are solid, liquid, gas, and plasma.
- Adding or removing heat causes a substance to change phases.
States of Matter
- Solids have a definite shape and volume.
- Liquids have a definite volume but take the shape of their container.
- Gases take the shape and volume of their container.
- Plasma is a superheated gas with temperatures exceeding 5000°C.
- Examples of plasma include stars, lightning, and neon lights.
Phase Changes
- The diagram illustrates the transitions between the phases of matter with the following labels:
- Sublimation
- Condensation
- Evaporation
- Melting
- Freezing
Three Main Types of Rocks
Igneous Rocks
- Igneous rocks form from the cooling and crystallization of magma or lava.
- Examples of igneous rocks include granite, basalt, and rhyolite.
- Magma is molten rock below Earth's surface.
- Lava is molten rock above Earth's surface.
- Igneous rocks are classified by their mineral composition and grain size.
Intrusive Rocks
- Intrusive rocks form from magma deep within the Earth.
- Magma is very hot (2200°F), so intrusive rocks cool slowly, resulting in large coarse grains.
Extrusive Rocks
- Extrusive rocks form from lava on Earth's exterior.
- Lava cools quickly on the surface, resulting in very small fine grains.
Sedimentary Rocks
- Sedimentary rocks form when sediments (small pieces of broken-down rocks) solidify into a solid rock.
- Examples of sedimentary rocks include sandstone, limestone, and shale.
- Lithification is the process of sediments turning into sedimentary rocks.
- Burial: New layers of sediment fall on top of older layers.
- Compaction: The weight of the new layers presses down on the bottom layers, filling in the spaces between the sediments.
- Cementation: Substances fill in the spaces between the sediments, cementing them together.
- Bedding refers to the horizontal layering of sedimentary rocks.
- Dead organisms can become buried by new layers of sediment and eventually turn into fossils.
- Sedimentary rocks are the only type of rock where fossils can be found.
Metamorphic Rocks
- Metamorphic rocks form from pre-existing rocks subjected to extreme heat and pressure.
Regional Metamorphism
- Regional metamorphism occurs when rocks are deeply buried in a large area.
- Formed from high temperatures and intense pressures deep inside the Earth.
Contact Metamorphism
- Contact metamorphism occurs when metamorphic rocks are formed near high temperature bodies like magma.
- This only happens in specific locations (near volcanoes or other high heat sources).
Summary Table
| Type of Rock | Summary | Forms From |
|---|---|---|
| Foliated | Metamorphic rocks with layers. | Intense heat and pressure |
| Non-foliated | Metamorphic rocks with no distinct layers or bands of minerals. | Intense heat and pressure |
| Igneous | Formed from cooling and crystallization of magma. | Cooling and crystallization of magma |
| Sedimentary | Formed from the lithification of sediments like burial, compaction, and cementation | Lithification (burial, compaction, and cementation) of sediments |
Rock Cycle
- The rock cycle is a continuous process where rocks can change from one type to another.
- There is no fixed path; any rock can transform into another.
Weathering
- Sediment is small pieces of broken-down rock.
- Sediment is created through the processes of weathering, erosion, and deposition (WED).
- Weathering is the process where rocks break down and change.
- Erosion is the transport of weathered material from one location to another.
- Deposition is when the movement of erosion slows and the weathered material drops.
- Weathered sediments have been happening for millions of years, constantly changing Earth's surface.
- The more a rock has weathered, the smoother and rounder it will be.
- Two types of weathering are mechanical (physical) and chemical.
Mechanical Weathering
- Mechanical (physical) weathering breaks down rocks into smaller pieces; changes the rock's appearance (size and shape).
- Mechanical weathering occurs mostly in cool and dry climates.
Mechanical Weathering Agents
-
Freezing:
- Frost Wedging: When water freezes and expands in rock cracks, it breaks open the rock.
- Tree and Plant roots: Wedge into rock cracks, causing them to split.
Chemical Weathering
- Chemical weathering breaks down rocks into new substances through chemical reactions; changes the rock's chemical composition.
- Chemical weathering occurs mostly in warm and wet climates.
Chemical Weathering Agents
- Hydrolysis: The chemical reaction of water with many minerals in rocks.
- Water: Dissolves many minerals in rocks.
-
Oxidation: The chemical reaction of oxygen with other substances.
- Example: Oxidation of iron produces rust.
- Carbon Dioxide: Turns into carbonic acid.
- Carbonic Acid: Dissolves calcite, a mineral found in limestone, which can create caves (where the rock has been eaten away).
Factors that Affect Weathering
- Climate: Mechanical weathering occurs mostly in cool climates. Chemical weathering occurs mostly in warm and dry climates.
- Rock Type and Composition: Sedimentary rocks are more likely to weather than igneous or metamorphic rocks because they are loosely layered and cemented together. Igneous and metamorphic rocks are forged together by high heat and/or pressure.
- Surface Area: As a rock breaks down into smaller pieces, its surface area increases, increasing the rate of weathering.
- Topography: Materials on sloped surfaces are more likely to weather and erode due to gravity.
Erosion and Deposition
- Gravity is the underlying force of all erosion and deposition.
- The three main agents of erosion are wind, water, and glaciers.
Wind Erosion
- Wind can move particles uphill (against gravity) or downhill (with gravity).
- Wind can only pick up small particles.
- Wind is the least effective erosion agent compared to water or glaciers.
- Wind erosion is most severe in arid and coastal areas.
- Plants roots help hold soil down and prevent erosion, so wind erosion is more prevalent in areas with little plant life.
- Smaller particles blow away in the wind, staying suspended in the air, while larger particles are left behind.
- Deflation: The sinking of land as small particles are eroded away.
- Abrasion: The rubbing of wind-blown sediments against the surface of other rocks (e.g., sandblasting).
- Ventifacts: Rocks shaped by wind-blown sediments.
Wind Deposition
- Dunes: Large deposits of sand particles that shift with the wind.
- Plants help anchor dunes to prevent erosion.
Water Erosion
- Water is able to move larger particles than wind.
- The more water, the more material can be eroded.
- The steeper the slope, the more erosion can occur.
Glacial Erosion
- A glacier is a large, slow-moving mass of ice that forms near the poles and on mountains.
- Glaciers only cover about 10% of the Earth, but they covered as much as 1/3 of the Earth during the last ice age, which ended about 10,000 years ago.
- Glaciers are the most powerful erosion agent because of their size, weight, and density.
- As glaciers move, they pick up large rocks, which scrape the landscape as they move.
- Kettle lakes: Lakes formed when glaciers scraped the landscape and then filled with melted ice or rainwater.
- Examples of glacial erosion include the Great Lakes.
Glaciers
- Glaciers are large bodies of ice that cover broad, continent-sized areas.
- They are found in Greenland, Antarctica, and northern Canada.
Types of Glaciers
- Continental glaciers: These glaciers cover large areas.
- Valley glaciers: These glaciers form in mountain areas and flow down the slopes.
How Glaciers Form
- Glaciers form when snow accumulates over time and compresses into ice.
Ranking Erosion Agents
| Agent | Rank |
|---|---|
| Wind | Weakest |
| Water | Middle |
| Glaciers | Strongest |
Studying That Suits You
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Description
Explore the fundamental concepts of matter, elements, and compounds in this quiz. Test your understanding of physical and chemical properties, and the difference between chemical and physical changes. Perfect for students looking to grasp the basics of chemistry!
