Science and Technology in the Philippines
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Questions and Answers

What is a primary reason for the dismal economic growth in the Philippines over the last 35 years?

  • Excessive foreign investment
  • Gaps in research and development (correct)
  • Sufficient budget allocations for science and technology
  • High levels of technological adaptation

How do corporations primarily use high technologies, according to the content?

  • For profit-driven production (correct)
  • For international collaboration
  • To support developing countries
  • To enhance social progress

Which of the following describes a major issue faced by developing countries in terms of technology?

  • They have advanced scientific capabilities.
  • They create their own innovative technologies.
  • They are often excluded from technological development. (correct)
  • They dominate the high-tech market.

What is a common practice among Philippine firms regarding technology, as highlighted in the content?

<p>Importing foreign technology (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What has been a notable failure of past government policies concerning science and technology in the Philippines?

<p>Improving economic productivity effectively (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following plans does NOT fall under the S&T development plans mentioned?

<p>The Green Technology Initiative (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What contributes to the backwardness of science and technology in developing countries, according to the content?

<p>Inefficiency in institutional arrangements (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which aspect of the Philippine science and technology situation did several studies focus on?

<p>Indicators in relation to economic productivity (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What percentage of the total export did food products represent in 2003?

<p>4.47% (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which industry group employed the highest number of persons in January 2003?

<p>Services (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How many priority sectors did the Department of Trade and Industry identify to boost industry productivity?

<p>10 (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT considered part of the food products manufacturing industry?

<p>Electronics (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the manufacturing sector, which category had the least number of employees in thousands?

<p>Medium (100-199) (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How many persons were employed in the agriculture sector in January 2003?

<p>11,146 thousand (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the employment figure for the construction sector in thousands?

<p>1,578 (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is identified as a priority sector in the country?

<p>Electronics manufacturing (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one primary issue in the Philippines' use of science and technology?

<p>Overreliance on foreign investments (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which sector is largely absent in underdeveloped countries, contributing to their problems?

<p>Manufacturing Sector (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of the export-oriented nature of the Philippines' agriculture and mining?

<p>Dependence on foreign markets (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What financial trend was observed from developing to developed countries between 1998 and 2002?

<p>Increase in net capital transfer (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does the lack of basic industries affect the development of science and technology manpower in the Philippines?

<p>It leads to an inadequate number of skilled personnel. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the concentration of control and ownership of existing firms in the Philippines indicate?

<p>Limited local advancements in technology (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a discussed problem related to S&T in the Philippines?

<p>High technology exports (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why is agriculture and mineral production in the Philippines described as geared for export?

<p>It prioritizes raw product exports. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the percentage of GNP allocated to R&D expenditures in the Philippines in 1998?

<p>0.3% (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which sector accounted for more than 70% of total R&D expenditures in the Philippines from 1989 to 1992?

<p>Government agencies (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What trend was observed in the R&D focus in the Philippines from 1989 to 1995?

<p>Increased emphasis on applied research (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the contribution percentage of private industries to R&D expenditures from 1989 to 1992?

<p>10% to 20% (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the minimum percentage of GNP for R&D spending that UNESCO recommends for developing countries?

<p>1% (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How much did the Philippine government spend on R&D in 1998 in US dollars?

<p>P931.1 million (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the range of R&D expenditure as a percentage of GNP in the US from 1979 to 1984?

<p>0.12% to 0.26% (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the trend in private industry expenditures on R&D from 1993 to 1996?

<p>Hardly changed (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was one of the primary industries before Spanish colonization in the Philippines?

<p>Production of liquors and vinegars (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following was NOT an import to early Filipino communities?

<p>Gunpowder (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What technological achievement is attributed to early Filipino societies?

<p>Building of the Banawe Rice Terraces (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which factor contributed to the shift of control over local production systems during Spanish colonization?

<p>Colonizers taking control of land and resources (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was one consequence of the Spanish appropriation of Philippine resources?

<p>Minimization of local investment in technology (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What types of products were early Filipino communities trading?

<p>Betel nuts, pearls, and tortoise shells (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the nature of early Filipino societies before colonization?

<p>Societies with elements of slavery and serfdom (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which system was largely impacted by Spanish colonization in the Philippines?

<p>Political and economic production systems (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the total estimated national R&D expenditure in 1992?

<p>2,940.55 million pesos (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of research had the highest expenditure in 1992?

<p>Total Research (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In 2003, how many patent applications were submitted by Filipinos?

<p>125 (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the average number of scientists and engineers involved in R&D per million population from 1987 to 1997?

<p>152 (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which country had the highest number of patents granted to nationals in 2000 according to the data?

<p>S.Korea (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How many technicians were estimated to be involved in R&D per million population?

<p>22 (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is indicated by the submission of more foreign patent applications compared to local ones?

<p>Stronger technological innovation capacity (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the combined R&D expenditure for Basic and Applied Research in 1990?

<p>1,491.82 million pesos (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Underdeveloped countries' technology gap

Underdeveloped countries are often disadvantaged by limited access to science and technology. This hinders social progress and economic growth.

Corporate appropriation of technology

High technology is primarily used by corporations for profit, neglecting the needs of the people and hindering development in other countries.

Developing countries' disadvantage

Developing countries, often serving as markets and raw material sources for corporations, are disadvantaged in their ability to develop science and technology capability.

Philippine S&T situation

Studies indicate a weak correlation between research and development (R&D) and economic productivity in the Philippines.

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Research & Development Gap (R&D)

Insufficient research and development (R&D) is a major contributor to the low economic growth of the Philippines (and potentially many other countries).

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Import of foreign tech

Philippine companies frequently import foreign technology, instead of developing their own, further hindering domestic innovation.

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Ineffective S&T policies

Past and present science and technology (S&T) policies in the Philippines have not effectively addressed the persistent challenges to economic growth and R&D.

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S&T development plans

Various science and technology development plans have been implemented in the Philippines since 1986, including the S&T Master Plan (1991-2000), STAND, DMTP, and the 2002-2020 plan, yet there are still issues.

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Advances in S&T not solving problems

Technological advancements are not being used effectively to address global issues like poverty, disease, and environmental problems.

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Underdeveloped countries' issue

Lack of basic industries and manufacturing sectors hinders the use of scientific and technological advances for improvement.

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Export-oriented production

Agricultural and mineral production primarily focuses on exporting raw materials, not finished products.

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Foreign control of industries

Foreign companies own and manage many industrial enterprises in the country.

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Lack of technology transfer

Foreign investment does not lead to the transfer of technology or industrial growth.

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Capital transfer (developing to developed)

Significant capital flow from developing countries to developed economies.

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Basic industries for development

Basic industries provide the foundation for a thriving economy and create a need for skilled science and technology workers.

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S&T manpower development

The availability of skilled scientific and technological manpower is driven by existing industries.

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Philippine Manufacturing Employment (2003)

Total employment in the Philippine manufacturing sector was 4,560,000 in January 2003.

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Cottage Industry Size (1993)

In 1993, there were 78,530 workers in the cottage manufacturing sector, classified as having less than 10 employees.

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Small Manufacturing (1993)

The small manufacturing sector (10-99 employees) had 9,761 workers in 1993.

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Medium Manufacturing (1993)

Medium-sized manufacturing companies (100-199 employees) employed 818 workers in 1993.

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Large Manufacturing (1993)

The 1993 large manufacturing sector (200+ employees) employed 945 workers.

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Philippine Export Food Products (2003)

Food product exports accounted for 4.47% of the total Philippine exports in 2003, valued at Php1.3 billion.

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DTI Priority Sectors

The Department of Trade and Industry (DTI) identified 10 priority sectors for boosting industry productivity in the Philippines.

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Food Products Manufacturing

This includes processing both fresh and processed food products, like coffee, meat, and beverages.

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National R&D Expenditures

The total amount spent on research and development (R&D) in a country.

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Basic Research

Fundamental research aimed at expanding the base of scientific knowledge.

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Applied Research

Research focused on practical application of the scientific knowledge.

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Experimental Development

Research and testing aimed at creating new products or processes.

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Patent Applications (Filipino)

Number of patent applications submitted by Filipino citizens.

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Patent Applications (Foreign)

Number of patent applications submitted by foreign citizens.

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S&T Manpower (Philippines)

The number of scientists/engineers in the Philippines engaged in R&D.

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R&D Manpower Gap

The difference between the number of scientists/engineers needed and available in the country.

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R&D expenditure in industrialized countries

Industrialized countries typically allocate 3-5% of their Gross National Product (GNP) to scientific research and development.

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R&D expenditure in Philippines (1998)

In 1998, the Philippines allocated P931.1 million (0.3% of GNP) to research and development, falling short of UNESCO's 1% minimum for developing countries.

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Applied research trend in Philippines

From 1989 to 1995, research in the Philippines focused more on applied research (solving market problems) than on basic research (fundamental knowledge).

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Private industry R&D share (1989-1996)

Private sector R&D spending in the Philippines remained around 26% of the total R&D budget from 1989 to 1996.

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Government R&D spending (1989-1996)

Government agencies in the Philippines dominated R&D spending (over 70%) in the late 1980s and early 1990s, but their contribution slightly decreased later.

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R&D spending economic impact

Innovations in R&D lead to improved production efficiencies, resulting in economies of scale.

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R&D and GNP relationship

Advanced economies invest a significant portion of their Gross National Product(GNP) in R&D.

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R&D characteristics

Research and development (R&D) activities are typically capital-intensive.

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Pre-colonial Philippine Industries

Before Spanish colonization, Filipinos engaged in various industries like producing liquors, hides, gunpowder, wax, and cotton stockings. These goods were traded locally and internationally.

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Pre-colonial Trade Networks

Filipinos traded with neighboring countries like China, Japan, Vietnam, Malaysia, Indonesia, India, and Arab states. They exchanged goods like betel nuts, pearls, and tortoise shells.

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Spanish Colonization's Impact

Spanish colonization interrupted the development of Filipino society. The Spanish imposed their political and economic systems, exploiting Philippine resources for their own benefit.

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Galleon Trade

The Spanish used Philippine raw materials for the Galleon trade, a system that transported goods between the Philippines and Mexico. This benefited Spain but limited local development.

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Limited Technology Introduction

The Spanish introduced technology in the Philippines, but it was mostly basic and limited. They didn't invest significantly to develop further manufacturing, as this could drain their resources.

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Pre-colonial Technological Achievements

The Banawe Rice Terraces, crafted into mountain slopes, illustrate pre-colonial Filipinos’ advanced knowledge of agriculture, hydrology, and meteorology. This is a significant technological feat.

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Shift in Production Control

Under Spanish rule, control over production systems shifted from Filipinos to Spanish colonizers. The Spanish appropriated resources and dictated how they were used.

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Impact on Filipino Development

Spanish colonization had a lasting impact on Filipino development. It stifled local innovation and limited economic growth, setting a course for the Philippines' future.

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Study Notes

State of Science and Technology in the Philippines

  • The report, titled "Prometheus Bound," analyzes the state of science and technology (S&T) in the Philippines.
  • The report was produced by the Advocates of Science and Technology for the People (AGHAM) in 2005.
  • The report highlights the backward and stunted state of S&T in the Philippines.
  • It emphasizes the gap between scientific advancements and their tangible impact on improving the lives of Filipinos.
  • The report explores the relationship between science, technology, and society in the Philippines.
  • The report aims to understand the reasons why scientific knowledge and technologies developed globally don't translate to meaningful benefits for the majority of Filipinos.
  • It examines basic industries, manufacturing, agriculture, and other relevant sectors to understand the S&T landscape.
  • The document also includes a table of contents, list of tables, and a list of references.

Backward and Stunted State of S&T

  • The Philippines experiences significant gaps in research and development (R&D).
  • The country has limited industrial activity, with a majority of the workforce engaged in agriculture.
  • Its industrial sector relies heavily on foreign ownership and technology, resulting in limited technology transfer.
  • The export-oriented nature of the country's economy prioritizes the extraction and export of raw materials instead of in-country processing.
  • This creates a cycle where the nation's S&T development doesn't improve the majority of people's lives.
  • The report details the low levels of S&T indicators, despite the presence of skilled scientists and engineers in the country.
  • These skilled individuals find it difficult to apply their expertise and innovate within the current system.

S&T Education

  • The report notes a lack of skilled technical and scientific workforce.
  • Despite the high number of graduates in science and engineering, many are employed in non-technical fields or abroad.
  • Further, the educational system is a major factor because of mismatch between the needs of the industrial sector and what the system produces.
  • The number of skilled S&T professionals is insufficient to drive meaningful industrialization.

Research and Development

  • Basic research is underdeveloped, while applied research is slightly better.
  • There is a greater emphasis on applied research over basic research.
  • The involvement of private firms in R&D is limited compared to government-funded initiatives.
  • This deficiency contributes to the inability of scientists to address the nation's specific needs.
  • Foreign technology is more commonly used, highlighting a dependence on external resources.

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Related Documents

Prometheus Bound: The State of Science and Technology in the Philippines (2005) PDF

Description

This quiz explores the state of science and technology (S&T) in the Philippines, as analyzed in the report 'Prometheus Bound' by AGHAM. It discusses the challenges and gaps between global scientific advancements and their impacts on Filipino society. The content covers various sectors including manufacturing and agriculture, aiming to understand the overall S&T landscape in the country.

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