exam 2 application 5

Scapular Movers

• Rhomboids originate at the spinous processes of C7-T5 and insert at the medial border of the scapula
• Rhomboids facilitate adduction, elevation, and downward rotation of the scapula
• Serratus Anterior originates at ribs 1-9 and inserts at the anterior surface of the medial scapular border
• Serratus Anterior causes abduction and upward rotation
• Pectoralis Minor originates at ribs 3-5 and inserts at the coracoid process of the scapula
• Pectoralis Minor causes abduction, depression, and downward rotation

Glenohumeral Movers

• Supraspinatus originates at the supraspinous fossa of the scapula and inserts at the greater tubercle of the humerus
• Supraspinatus is responsible for abduction
• Latissimus Dorsi originates at the spinous processes of T6-L5, iliac crest, and ribs 9-12 and inserts at the intertubercular groove of the humerus
• Latissimus Dorsi is responsible for extension, adduction, horizontal abduction, and internal rotation
• Pectoralis Major originates at the clavicle, sternum, and ribs 1-6 and inserts at the intertubercular groove of the humerus
• Pectoralis Major causes flexion, adduction, internal rotation, horizontal adduction, abduction, and extension from a flexed position
• Coracobrachialis originates at the coracoid process of the scapula and inserts at the medial mid-humerus
• Coracobrachialis is responsible for horizontal adduction
• Subscapularis originates at the subscapular fossa of the scapula and inserts at the lesser tubercle of the humerus
• Subscapularis causes internal rotation, adduction, and extension

Elbow and Radioulnar Movers

• Brachialis originates at the distal anterior humerus and inserts at the coronoid process of the ulna
• Brachialis causes elbow flexion
• Brachioradialis originates at the lateral supracondylar ridge of the humerus and inserts at the styloid process of the radius
• Brachioradialis causes elbow flexion and assists with supination/pronation
• Pronator Teres originates at the medial epicondyle of the humerus and the coronoid process of the ulna and inserts at the lateral surface of the radius
• Pronator Teres causes forearm pronation and weak elbow flexion
• Supinator originates at the lateral epicondyle of the humerus and ulna, inserting at the lateral surface of the radius
• Supinator allows for forearm supination

Wrist Movers

• Flexor Carpi Radialis originates at the medial epicondyle of the humerus and inserts at the base of the 2nd and 3rd metacarpals
• Flexor Carpi Radialis causes wrist flexion and radial deviation
• Flexor Digitorum Superficialis originates at the medial epicondyle of the humerus and inserts at the middle phalanges of fingers 2-5
• Flexor Digitorum Superficialis causes finger flexion and wrist flexion
• Extensor Digitorum originates at the lateral epicondyle of the humerus and inserts at the distal phalanges of fingers 2-5
• Extensor Digitorum causes finger extension and wrist extension

Shoulder Girdle

• Scapular movements should be identified from slides
• Sternoclavicular (SC) joint is the primary joint responsible for motion in the shoulder girdle
• Scapular movements should be recognized in video demonstrations
• Shoulder girdle movers do not cause glenohumeral movement, but they stabilize the scapula for efficient arm movement
• Glenohumeral movers do not cause shoulder girdle movement but the motion is dependent on scapular positioning

Shoulder/Glenohumeral Joint

• Glenohumeral movements should be identified from slides; diagonal abduction/adduction can be ignored
• Shoulder joint vs. Shoulder girdle movements:
  • Abduction causes Upward rotation
  • Adduction causes Downward rotation
  • Flexion causes Upward rotation
  • Extension causes Downward rotation
  • Horizontal abduction causes Protraction
  • Horizontal adduction causes Retraction
• Rotator cuff muscles:
  • Supraspinatus allows for shoulder abduction
  • Infraspinatus allows for external rotation
  • Teres Minor allows for external rotation
  • Subscapularis allows for internal rotation

Elbow and Radioulnar Joints

• Difference between elbow and radioulnar joints:
  • Elbow joint is a hinge joint for flexion/extension
  • Radioulnar joint is a pivot joint for pronation/supination
• Most movable forearm bone is the Radius

Hand and Wrist

• Carpal tunnel describes the passageway in the wrist where the median nerve and tendons pass through
• Bones forming the wrist joint are the radius and proximal carpals (scaphoid, lunate, triquetrum)
• Wrist movements include flexion, extension, radial deviation, and ulnar deviation, which should be identified from slides
• Most wrist extensors originate? Lateral epicondyle of the humerus
• Most wrist flexors originate? Medial epicondyle of the humerus

General Movement Analysis Study Tips

• Concentric vs. Eccentric Phases:
  • Concentric phase involves the muscle shortening during the lifting phase
  • Eccentric phase involves the muscle lengthening during the lowering phase
• Review joint movements from lecture slides
• Complex movement scenarios:
  • Recognize shoulder movement when not in anatomical position
  • Identify joint movement when multiple joints are moving (e.g., shoulder + elbow)