exam 2 application 2

Scapular Movers

• The rhomboids originate at the spinous processes of C7-T5.
• The rhomboids insert on the medial border of the scapula.
• The rhomboids cause adduction, elevation, and downward rotation of the scapula.
• The serratus anterior originates on ribs 1-9.
• The serratus anterior inserts on the anterior surface of the medial scapular border.
• The serratus anterior causes abduction and upward rotation of the scapula.
• The pectoralis minor originates on ribs 3-5.
• The pectoralis minor inserts on the coracoid process of the scapula.
• The pectoralis minor causes abduction, depression, and downward rotation of the scapula.

Glenohumeral Movers

• The supraspinatus originates at the supraspinous fossa of the scapula.
• The supraspinatus inserts on the greater tubercle of the humerus.
• The supraspinatus causes abduction.
• The latissimus dorsi originates at the spinous processes of T6-L5, iliac crest, and ribs 9-12.
• The latissimus dorsi inserts on the intertubercular groove of the humerus.
• The latissimus dorsi causes extension, adduction, horizontal abduction, and internal rotation.
• The pectoralis major originates on the clavicle, sternum, and ribs 1-6.
• The pectoralis major inserts on the intertubercular groove of the humerus.
• The pectoralis major causes flexion, adduction, internal rotation, horizontal adduction, abduction, and extension from flexed position.
• The coracobrachialis originates on the coracoid process of the scapula.
• The coracobrachialis inserts on the medial mid-humerus.
• The coracobrachialis causes horizontal adduction.
• The subscapularis originates at the subscapular fossa of the scapula.
• The subscapularis inserts on the lesser tubercle of the humerus.
• The subscapularis causes internal rotation, adduction, and extension.

Elbow and Radioulnar Movers

• The brachialis originates on the distal anterior humerus.
• The brachialis inserts on the coronoid process of the ulna.
• The brachialis causes elbow flexion.
• The brachioradialis originates on the lateral supracondylar ridge of the humerus.
• The brachioradialis inserts on the styloid process of the radius.
• The brachioradialis causes elbow flexion, and assists with supination/pronation.
• The pronator teres originates on the medial epicondyle of the humerus and the coronoid process of the ulna.
• The pronator teres inserts on the lateral surface of the radius.
• The pronator teres causes forearm pronation and weak elbow flexion.
• The supinator originates on the lateral epicondyle of the humerus and the ulna.
• The supinator inserts on the lateral surface of the radius.
• The supinator causes forearm supination.

Wrist Movers

• The flexor carpi radialis originates on the medial epicondyle of the humerus.
• The flexor carpi radialis inserts on the base of the 2nd and 3rd metacarpals.
• The flexor carpi radialis causes wrist flexion and radial deviation.
• The flexor digitorum superficialis originates on the medial epicondyle of the humerus.
• The flexor digitorum superficialis inserts on the middle phalanges of fingers 2-5.
• The flexor digitorum superficialis causes finger flexion and wrist flexion.
• The extensor digitorum originates on the lateral epicondyle of the humerus.
• The extensor digitorum inserts on the distal phalanges of fingers 2-5.
• The extensor digitorum causes finger extension and wrist extension.

Chapter 4 – Shoulder Girdle

• Scapular movements should be identified from slides.
• The sternoclavicular (SC) joint is the primary joint responsible for motion in the shoulder girdle.
• Scapular movements should be recognized in video demonstrations.
• Shoulder girdle movers do not cause glenohumeral movement.
• Shoulder girdle movers stabilize the scapula for efficient arm movement.
• Glenohumeral movers do not cause shoulder girdle movement.
• Glenohumeral movers' motion depends on scapular positioning.

Chapter 5 – Shoulder/Glenohumeral Joint

• Glenohumeral movements should be identified from slides, ignoring diagonal abduction/adduction.
• Abduction of the shoulder joint corresponds with upward rotation of the shoulder girdle.
• Adduction of the shoulder joint corresponds with downward rotation of the shoulder girdle.
• Flexion of the shoulder joint corresponds with upward rotation of the shoulder girdle.
• Extension of the shoulder joint corresponds with downward rotation of the shoulder girdle.
• Horizontal abduction of the shoulder joint corresponds with protraction of the shoulder girdle.
• Horizontal adduction of the shoulder joint corresponds with retraction of the shoulder girdle.
• The supraspinatus is a rotator cuff muscle that causes shoulder abduction.
• The infraspinatus is a rotator cuff muscle that causes external rotation.
• The teres minor is a rotator cuff muscle that causes external rotation.
• The subscapularis is a rotator cuff muscle that causes internal rotation.

Chapter 6 – Elbow and Radioulnar Joints

• The elbow joint is a hinge joint that allows for flexion/extension.
• The radioulnar joint is a pivot joint that allows for pronation/supination.
• The radius is the most movable forearm bone.

Chapter 7 – Hand and Wrist

• The carpal tunnel is a passageway in the wrist where the median nerve and tendons pass through.
• The bones forming the wrist joint include the radius and proximal carpals (scaphoid, lunate, triquetrum).
• Wrist movements: Flexion, extension, radial deviation, and ulnar deviation.
• Wrist extensors mostly originate from the lateral epicondyle of the humerus.
• Wrist flexors mostly originate from the medial epicondyle of the humerus.

General Movement Analysis Study Tips

• The concentric phase involves muscle shortening (lifting phase).
• The eccentric phase involves muscle lengthening (lowering phase).
• Joint movements from lecture slides should be reviewed.
• Recognize shoulder movement when not in anatomical position.
• Identify joint movement when multiple joints are moving (e.g., shoulder + elbow).