exam 2 application 3

Scapular Movers

• Rhomboids originate at the spinous processes of C7-T5.
• Rhomboids insert at the medial border of the scapula.
• Rhomboids cause adduction, elevation, and downward rotation.
• The serratus anterior originates at ribs 1-9.
• The serratus anterior inserts at the anterior surface of the medial scapular border.
• The serratus anterior causes abduction and upward rotation.
• The pectoralis minor originates at ribs 3-5.
• The pectoralis minor inserts at the coracoid process of the scapula.
• The pectoralis minor causes abduction, depression, and downward rotation.

Glenohumeral Movers

• The supraspinatus originates at the supraspinous fossa of the scapula.
• The supraspinatus inserts at the greater tubercle of the humerus.
• The supraspinatus causes abduction.
• The latissimus dorsi originates at the spinous processes of T6-L5, iliac crest, and ribs 9-12.
• The latissimus dorsi inserts at the intertubercular groove of the humerus.
• The latissimus dorsi causes extension, adduction, horizontal abduction, and internal rotation,.
• The pectoralis major originates at the clavicle, sternum, and ribs 1-6.
• The pectoralis major inserts at the intertubercular groove of the humerus.
• The pectoralis major causes flexion, adduction, internal rotation, horizontal adduction, abduction, and extension from flexed position.
• The coracobrachialis originates at the coracoid process of the scapula.
• The coracobrachialis inserts at the medial mid-humerus.
• The coracobrachialis causes horizontal adduction.
• The subscapularis originates at the subscapular fossa of the scapula.
• The subscapularis inserts at the lesser tubercle of the humerus.
• The subscapularis causes internal rotation, adduction, and extension.

Elbow and Radioulnar Movers

• The brachialis originates at the distal anterior humerus.
• The brachialis inserts at the coronoid process of the ulna.
• The brachialis causes elbow flexion.
• The brachioradialis originates at the lateral supracondylar ridge of the humerus.
• The brachioradialis inserts at the styloid process of the radius.
• The brachioradialis causes elbow flexion and assists with supination/pronation.
• The pronator teres originates at the medial epicondyle of the humerus and the coronoid process of the ulna.
• The pronator teres inserts at the lateral surface of the radius.
• The pronator teres causes forearm pronation and weak elbow flexion.
• The supinator originates at the lateral epicondyle of the humerus and the ulna.
• The supinator inserts at the lateral surface of the radius.
• The supinator causes forearm supination.

Wrist Movers

• The flexor carpi radialis originates at the medial epicondyle of the humerus.
• The flexor carpi radialis inserts at the base of the 2nd and 3rd metacarpals.
• The flexor carpi radialis causes wrist flexion and radial deviation.
• The flexor digitorum superficialis originates at the medial epicondyle of the humerus.
• The flexor digitorum superficialis inserts at the middle phalanges of fingers 2-5.
• The flexor digitorum superficialis causes finger flexion and wrist flexion.
• The extensor digitorum originates at the lateral epicondyle of the humerus.
• The extensor digitorum inserts at the distal phalanges of fingers 2-5.
• The extensor digitorum causes finger extension and wrist extension.

Chapter 4 – Shoulder Girdle

• Scapular movements can be identified from slides.
• The sternoclavicular (SC) joint is the primary joint for motion in the shoulder girdle.
• Scapular movements can be recognized in video demonstrations.
• Shoulder girdle movers do not cause glenohumeral movement, but they stabilize the scapula for efficient arm movement.
• Glenohumeral movers do not cause shoulder girdle movement, but their motion depends on scapular positioning.

Chapter 5 – Shoulder/Glenohumeral Joint

• Glenohumeral movements can be identified from slides, but ignore diagonal abduction/adduction.
• Shoulder joint and shoulder girdle movements are related in the following ways: Abduction is paired with upward rotation, adduction with downward rotation, flexion with upward rotation, extension with downward rotation, horizontal abduction with protraction, and horizontal adduction with retraction.
• The rotator cuff muscles include the supraspinatus (shoulder abduction), infraspinatus (external rotation), teres minor (external rotation), and subscapularis (internal rotation).

Chapter 6 – Elbow and Radioulnar Joints

• The elbow joint and radioulnar joint differ: the elbow joint is a hinge joint for flexion/extension, while the radioulnar joint is a pivot joint for pronation/supination.
• The radius is the most movable forearm bone.

Chapter 7 – Hand and Wrist

• The carpal tunnel is a passageway in the wrist where the median nerve and tendons pass through.
• Bones forming the wrist joint include the radius and proximal carpals (scaphoid, lunate, triquetrum).
• Wrist movements include flexion, extension, radial deviation, and ulnar deviation.
• Most wrist extensors originate at the lateral epicondyle of the humerus.
• Most wrist flexors originate at the medial epicondyle of the humerus.

General Movement Analysis Study Tips

• During concentric phases, the muscle shortens (lifting phase).
• During eccentric phases, the muscle lengthens (lowering phase).
• Joint movements should be reviewed from lecture slides.
• Complex movement scenarios should be identified. This includes recognizing shoulder movement when not in anatomical position and identifying joint movement when multiple joints are moving (e.g., shoulder + elbow).