exam 2 application 4

Scapular Movers

• Rhomboids originate at the spinous processes of C7-T5.
• Rhomboids insert at the medial border of the scapula.
• Rhomboids cause adduction, elevation, and downward rotation.
• The Serratus Anterior originates at ribs 1-9.
• The Serratus Anterior inserts at the anterior surface of the medial scapular border.
• The Serratus Anterior is responsible for abduction and upward rotation.
• The Pectoralis Minor originates at ribs 3-5.
• The Pectoralis Minor inserts at the coracoid process of the scapula.
• The Pectoralis Minor's actions include abduction, depression, and downward rotation.

Glenohumeral Movers

• The Supraspinatus originates at the supraspinous fossa of the scapula.
• The Supraspinatus inserts at the greater tubercle of the humerus.
• The Supraspinatus causes abduction.
• The Latissimus Dorsi originates at spinous processes of T6-L5, iliac crest, and ribs 9-12.
• The Latissimus Dorsi inserts at the intertubercular groove of the humerus.
• The Latissimus Dorsi's actions include extension, adduction, horizontal abduction, and internal rotation.
• The Pectoralis Major originates at the clavicle, sternum, and ribs 1-6.
• The Pectoralis Major inserts at the intertubercular groove of the humerus.
• The Pectoralis Major causes flexion, adduction, internal rotation, horizontal adduction, abduction, and extension from flexed position.
• The Coracobrachialis originates at the coracoid process of the scapula.
• The Coracobrachialis inserts at the medial mid-humerus.
• The Coracobrachialis causes horizontal adduction.
• The Subscapularis originates at the subscapular fossa of the scapula.
• The Subscapularis inserts at the lesser tubercle of the humerus.
• The Subscapularis causes internal rotation, adduction, and extension.

Elbow and Radioulnar Movers

• The Brachialis originates at the distal anterior humerus.
• The Brachialis inserts at the coronoid process of the ulna.
• The Brachialis causes elbow flexion.
• The Brachioradialis originates at the lateral supracondylar ridge of the humerus.
• The Brachioradialis inserts at the styloid process of the radius.
• The Brachioradialis causes elbow flexion, and assists with supination/pronation.
• The Pronator Teres originates at the medial epicondyle of the humerus, and the coronoid process of the ulna.
• The Pronator Teres inserts at the lateral surface of the radius.
• The Pronator Teres' actions include forearm pronation, and weak elbow flexion.
• The Supinator originates at the lateral epicondyle of the humerus, and the ulna.
• The Supinator inserts at the lateral surface of the radius.
• The Supinator causes forearm supination.

Wrist Movers

• The Flexor Carpi Radialis originates at the medial epicondyle of the humerus.
• The Flexor Carpi Radialis inserts at the base of the 2nd and 3rd metacarpals.
• The Flexor Carpi Radialis causes wrist flexion, and radial deviation.
• The Flexor Digitorum Superficialis originates at the medial epicondyle of the humerus.
• The Flexor Digitorum Superficialis inserts at the middle phalanges of fingers 2-5.
• The Flexor Digitorum Superficialis causes finger flexion, and wrist flexion.
• The Extensor Digitorum originates at the lateral epicondyle of the humerus.
• The Extensor Digitorum inserts at the distal phalanges of fingers 2-5.
• The Extensor Digitorum causes finger extension, and wrist extension.

Shoulder Girdle Notes

• Scapular movements can be identified.
• The Sternoclavicular (SC) joint is the primary joint responsible for motion in the shoulder girdle.
• Scapular movements can be recognized during video demonstrations.
• Shoulder girdle movers do not cause glenohumeral movement.
• Shoulder girdle movers stabilize the scapula for efficient arm movement.
• Glenohumeral movers do not cause shoulder girdle movement.
• Glenohumeral motion is dependent on scapular positioning.

Glenohumeral Movements

• Glenohumeral movements can be identified (excluding diagonal abduction/adduction).
• Abduction corresponds to upward rotation.
• Adduction corresponds to downward rotation.
• Flexion corresponds to upward rotation.
• Extension corresponds to downward rotation.
• Horizontal abduction corresponds to protraction.
• Horizontal adduction corresponds to retraction.
• The rotator cuff muscles include the Supraspinatus, Infraspinatus, Teres Minor, and Subscapularis.
• The Supraspinatus causes shoulder abduction.
• The Infraspinatus causes external rotation.
• The Teres Minor causes external rotation.
• The Subscapularis causes internal rotation.

Elbow and Radioulnar Joints

• The elbow joint facilitates hinge joint movement for flexion/extension.
• The radioulnar joint supports pivot joint movement for pronation/supination.
• The Radius is the most movable forearm bone

Hand and Wrist

• The carpal tunnel is a passageway in the wrist where the median nerve and tendons pass through.
• Bones forming the wrist joint: Radius, scaphoid, lunate, and triquetrum.
• Wrist movements include Flexion, extension, radial deviation, and ulnar deviation.
• Most wrist extensors originate at the lateral epicondyle of the humerus.
• Most wrist flexors originate at the medial epicondyle of the humerus.

Movement Analysis

• Concentric phase = Muscle shortens (lifting phase)
• Eccentric phase = Muscle lengthens (lowering phase)
• Joint movements can be reviewed.
• Shoulder movement recognition should be possible even outside of anatomical position.
• Joint movement identification should be possible even when multiple joints are moving (e.g., shoulder + elbow).