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Questions and Answers
A researcher is conducting an in-depth investigation into the types of cases handled by a local legal aid clinic. Which qualitative research approach is most suitable for this study?
A researcher is conducting an in-depth investigation into the types of cases handled by a local legal aid clinic. Which qualitative research approach is most suitable for this study?
- Ethnography
- Grounded theory
- Phenomenological study
- Case study (correct)
A researcher aims to understand the shared political beliefs of working-class individuals through interactive discussions. Which data collection method aligns best with this research goal?
A researcher aims to understand the shared political beliefs of working-class individuals through interactive discussions. Which data collection method aligns best with this research goal?
- Purposive sampling
- Stratified random sampling
- Focus group study (correct)
- Systematic sampling
A marketing firm is studying fashion trends and decides to analyze a leading women's magazine known for setting trends. Which sampling technique is most appropriate for selecting this magazine?
A marketing firm is studying fashion trends and decides to analyze a leading women's magazine known for setting trends. Which sampling technique is most appropriate for selecting this magazine?
- Simple random sampling
- Convenience sampling
- Purposive sampling (correct)
- Snowball sampling
In a study examining the satisfaction levels of library users, a researcher decides to survey every 15th person entering the library. Which sampling method is being used?
In a study examining the satisfaction levels of library users, a researcher decides to survey every 15th person entering the library. Which sampling method is being used?
A researcher is investigating the income of street vendors in a large city and wants to ensure representation from different areas of the city. What sampling method should the researcher use?
A researcher is investigating the income of street vendors in a large city and wants to ensure representation from different areas of the city. What sampling method should the researcher use?
A researcher plans to survey tourists at a major attraction by interviewing every tenth visitor entering the site. Which sampling method is being employed?
A researcher plans to survey tourists at a major attraction by interviewing every tenth visitor entering the site. Which sampling method is being employed?
A researcher is studying a sensitive topic, and the target population is difficult to access directly. Which sampling technique is most appropriate?
A researcher is studying a sensitive topic, and the target population is difficult to access directly. Which sampling technique is most appropriate?
A researcher is studying the demographic distribution across different neighborhoods within a city. What sampling method would be most suitable?
A researcher is studying the demographic distribution across different neighborhoods within a city. What sampling method would be most suitable?
A researcher is conducting a survey on consumer preferences with a need to obtain a specific number of respondents from various income brackets. Which sampling technique should be employed?
A researcher is conducting a survey on consumer preferences with a need to obtain a specific number of respondents from various income brackets. Which sampling technique should be employed?
A researcher uses the snowball sampling technique to find people for their study by asking the current participants for referrals. What kind of sampling is this research using?
A researcher uses the snowball sampling technique to find people for their study by asking the current participants for referrals. What kind of sampling is this research using?
A researcher wants to assess the potential impact of a new recreational facility. The study is limited to individuals residing in the immediate vicinity. Which sampling method is being employed?
A researcher wants to assess the potential impact of a new recreational facility. The study is limited to individuals residing in the immediate vicinity. Which sampling method is being employed?
A sociologist is exploring how perceptions of race have evolved. Which data analysis technique is suitable for analyzing historical documents and media?
A sociologist is exploring how perceptions of race have evolved. Which data analysis technique is suitable for analyzing historical documents and media?
A linguist is analyzing a collection of texts to understand how word meanings are constructed based on their relationships. Which data analysis approach is most appropriate?
A linguist is analyzing a collection of texts to understand how word meanings are constructed based on their relationships. Which data analysis approach is most appropriate?
A researcher aims to understand the lived experiences of individuals undergoing a specific event from the participants' perspectives. Which research design is most appropriate?
A researcher aims to understand the lived experiences of individuals undergoing a specific event from the participants' perspectives. Which research design is most appropriate?
A researcher is collecting data through observations and textual analysis, with the primary goal of developing a new theory. Which qualitative research method is being employed?
A researcher is collecting data through observations and textual analysis, with the primary goal of developing a new theory. Which qualitative research method is being employed?
A researcher is attempting to extract a general abstract theory of a process. Which qualitative research approach would be suitable?
A researcher is attempting to extract a general abstract theory of a process. Which qualitative research approach would be suitable?
A researcher wants to explore the essence of the central underlying meaning of the research participant’s experience. Which qualitative research design is suitable?
A researcher wants to explore the essence of the central underlying meaning of the research participant’s experience. Which qualitative research design is suitable?
In which type of research design does the report typically include lessons learned or patterns found that connect with theories?
In which type of research design does the report typically include lessons learned or patterns found that connect with theories?
A researcher is studying a group by systematically observing, interviewing, and recording processes in their natural setting over time. Which research design is the researcher employing?
A researcher is studying a group by systematically observing, interviewing, and recording processes in their natural setting over time. Which research design is the researcher employing?
A researcher meticulously examines the contexts of various written materials. What is the purpose of this research design?
A researcher meticulously examines the contexts of various written materials. What is the purpose of this research design?
When conducting content analysis, what is the most basic technique for analyzing data?
When conducting content analysis, what is the most basic technique for analyzing data?
A researcher is using software to replace the manual methods of coding and labeling qualitative data. What type of analysis is the researcher using?
A researcher is using software to replace the manual methods of coding and labeling qualitative data. What type of analysis is the researcher using?
In qualitative research, what type of analysis is performed when datasets are summarized?
In qualitative research, what type of analysis is performed when datasets are summarized?
When a research analyst reads the data and marks segments within the data, and labeled it with “codes”. What analytical procedure is being applied?
When a research analyst reads the data and marks segments within the data, and labeled it with “codes”. What analytical procedure is being applied?
Which of the following may take the form of photographs, art objects, videotapes, or any forms of sound?
Which of the following may take the form of photographs, art objects, videotapes, or any forms of sound?
In what method does the researcher take field notes on the behavior and activities of research participants in their natural setting?
In what method does the researcher take field notes on the behavior and activities of research participants in their natural setting?
What is the term for public documents or private documents which are all collected during the research process?
What is the term for public documents or private documents which are all collected during the research process?
What offers great information or evidence that helps shed light or provide tentative answers to research questions?
What offers great information or evidence that helps shed light or provide tentative answers to research questions?
A researcher immerses themselves in the natural setting of the research participant. What kind of observation is this?
A researcher immerses themselves in the natural setting of the research participant. What kind of observation is this?
A researcher uses an interview approach that combines both closed and open-ended questions to gather data from participants. What type of interview is the researcher conducting?
A researcher uses an interview approach that combines both closed and open-ended questions to gather data from participants. What type of interview is the researcher conducting?
Flashcards
Systematic Sampling
Systematic Sampling
Involves selecting every nth member after randomly selecting the first, serving as the starting point, and then proceeding through the population.
Sample
Sample
A smaller group that are selected to represent the characteristics of a larger population.
Quota Sampling
Quota Sampling
A sampling method where the population is divided into subgroups or classes and samples are taken from each category.
Simple Random Sampling
Simple Random Sampling
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Content Analysis
Content Analysis
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Phenomenological
Phenomenological
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Grounded Theory
Grounded Theory
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Case Study
Case Study
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Ethnography
Ethnography
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Computer-Assisted Qualitative Data Analysis Software
Computer-Assisted Qualitative Data Analysis Software
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Recursive Abstraction
Recursive Abstraction
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Coding
Coding
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Audio and Visual Materials
Audio and Visual Materials
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Observation
Observation
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Documents
Documents
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Biographies and Autobiographies
Biographies and Autobiographies
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Observational Evaluation
Observational Evaluation
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Participant Observation
Participant Observation
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Semi-Structured
Semi-Structured
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Unstructured
Unstructured
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Structured
Structured
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Interview
Interview
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Qualitative Research
Qualitative Research
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Trend setting for study
Trend setting for study
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Survey for students
Survey for students
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Popular choices for study
Popular choices for study
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Stratified samples
Stratified samples
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Survey of tourists
Survey of tourists
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Difficult Selection of members
Difficult Selection of members
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Age Distribution
Age Distribution
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Study Notes
- Focus group studies explore the attitudes of working-class individuals toward politics.
- Researchers sometimes study popular clothing choices, especially when they are trendy.
Sampling Techniques
- Systematic sampling is used when surveying students entering a top university library, by sampling every 15th visitor.
- Purposive sampling involves selecting a specific popular women's magazine for study due to its trend-setting nature.
- Stratified random sampling involves stratifying samples by barangays when determining the average income earned by vendors in a city.
- Systematic sampling is used when surveying tourists entering a top destination in a country, by sampling every 10th visitor.
- Subjective information is used when selecting members who are difficult to reach, like prostitutes.
- Cluster sampling is used when measuring the age distribution of persons residing in a given locality.
- Quota sampling is used in a survey where researchers want to obtain a certain number of respondents from various income categories.
- Convenience sampling includes people-in-the-street interviews and snowballing.
- Judgmental sampling includes study of potential users of a new recreational facility that is limited to those persons who live within the vicinity.
Research in Sociology
- Sociology frequently explores relationships, like changes in race perceptions over time (Morning, 2008) or temporal contractions (Evans, et al., 2004).
- Content analysis focuses on the relationship between words and their meanings.
Qualitative Research Approaches
- In phenomenology, Leedy and Omrod (2001) emphasizes understanding an experience from the research participant's perspective.
- Grounded theory is based on data collected for discovering new theory.
- The objective of grounded theory is to extract a general abstract theory from research participants' views.
- Cresswell (1998) states the essence of phenomenology is the search for the central underlying meaning of a research participant's experience.
Research Designs
- Case studies include lessons learned or patterns that connect with theories.
- Ethnography involves being interactive and requires extensive time to systematically observe, interview, and record processes naturally. According to Macmillan (1993),
- Some research designs involve detailed, systematic examinations of the contexts of materials to identify patterns, themes, or biases.
- The most basic technique is counting words, phrases, or tokens within the data.
- Computer-assisted qualitative data analysis software has replaced detailed hand coding and labeling.
- Recursive abstraction summarizes datasets.
- The research analyst reads the data, and marks segments within the data and labeled it with “codes", this is Coding.
Data Collection Methods
- Audio and visual materials can be photographs, art objects, videotapes, or forms of sound.
- Observation involves researchers taking field notes on the behavior and activities of research participants.
- Documents can be public or private and are collected during the research process.
- Biographies and autobiographies offer a data source that can shed light or provide tentative answers to research questions.
- Observational evaluation involves the researcher who may or may not participate in the activities.
- Participant observation involves the researcher immersing themselves in the natural setting of the research participant.
Interview types
- Semi-structured interviews use both closed and open-ended questions.
- Unstructured interviews use open-ended questions, which the interviewee or research participant answers freely.
- Structured interviews use a set of questions prepared by the researcher.
- Interviews can involve prodding research participants to discuss their experiences, feelings, beliefs, and outlooks.
Sampling and Populations
- Systematic sampling involves a researcher selecting every nth member after a random start.
- A sample is a smaller group that is selected from a large group and generalizes to the population.
- Quota sampling involves a population has been subdivided into classes or categories.
- Simple random sampling requires a list of all members of the population of interest.
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