Sampling Techniques

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Questions and Answers

A researcher is conducting an in-depth investigation into the types of cases handled by a local legal aid clinic. Which qualitative research approach is most suitable for this study?

  • Ethnography
  • Grounded theory
  • Phenomenological study
  • Case study (correct)

A researcher aims to understand the shared political beliefs of working-class individuals through interactive discussions. Which data collection method aligns best with this research goal?

  • Purposive sampling
  • Stratified random sampling
  • Focus group study (correct)
  • Systematic sampling

A marketing firm is studying fashion trends and decides to analyze a leading women's magazine known for setting trends. Which sampling technique is most appropriate for selecting this magazine?

  • Simple random sampling
  • Convenience sampling
  • Purposive sampling (correct)
  • Snowball sampling

In a study examining the satisfaction levels of library users, a researcher decides to survey every 15th person entering the library. Which sampling method is being used?

<p>Systematic sampling (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A researcher is investigating the income of street vendors in a large city and wants to ensure representation from different areas of the city. What sampling method should the researcher use?

<p>Stratified random sampling (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A researcher plans to survey tourists at a major attraction by interviewing every tenth visitor entering the site. Which sampling method is being employed?

<p>Systematic sampling (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A researcher is studying a sensitive topic, and the target population is difficult to access directly. Which sampling technique is most appropriate?

<p>Snowball Sampling (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A researcher is studying the demographic distribution across different neighborhoods within a city. What sampling method would be most suitable?

<p>Cluster Sampling (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A researcher is conducting a survey on consumer preferences with a need to obtain a specific number of respondents from various income brackets. Which sampling technique should be employed?

<p>Quota Sampling (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A researcher uses the snowball sampling technique to find people for their study by asking the current participants for referrals. What kind of sampling is this research using?

<p>Convenience sampling (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A researcher wants to assess the potential impact of a new recreational facility. The study is limited to individuals residing in the immediate vicinity. Which sampling method is being employed?

<p>Judgmental Sampling (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A sociologist is exploring how perceptions of race have evolved. Which data analysis technique is suitable for analyzing historical documents and media?

<p>Content analysis (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A linguist is analyzing a collection of texts to understand how word meanings are constructed based on their relationships. Which data analysis approach is most appropriate?

<p>Content analysis (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A researcher aims to understand the lived experiences of individuals undergoing a specific event from the participants' perspectives. Which research design is most appropriate?

<p>Phenomenological (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A researcher is collecting data through observations and textual analysis, with the primary goal of developing a new theory. Which qualitative research method is being employed?

<p>Grounded Theory (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A researcher is attempting to extract a general abstract theory of a process. Which qualitative research approach would be suitable?

<p>Grounded Theory (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A researcher wants to explore the essence of the central underlying meaning of the research participant’s experience. Which qualitative research design is suitable?

<p>Phenomenology (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In which type of research design does the report typically include lessons learned or patterns found that connect with theories?

<p>Case study (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A researcher is studying a group by systematically observing, interviewing, and recording processes in their natural setting over time. Which research design is the researcher employing?

<p>Ethnography (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A researcher meticulously examines the contexts of various written materials. What is the purpose of this research design?

<p>Identifying patterns, themes, or biases (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

When conducting content analysis, what is the most basic technique for analyzing data?

<p>Counting words and phrases (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A researcher is using software to replace the manual methods of coding and labeling qualitative data. What type of analysis is the researcher using?

<p>Computer-assisted qualitative data analysis (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In qualitative research, what type of analysis is performed when datasets are summarized?

<p>Recursive abstraction (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

When a research analyst reads the data and marks segments within the data, and labeled it with “codes”. What analytical procedure is being applied?

<p>Coding (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following may take the form of photographs, art objects, videotapes, or any forms of sound?

<p>Audio and visual materials (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In what method does the researcher take field notes on the behavior and activities of research participants in their natural setting?

<p>Observation (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for public documents or private documents which are all collected during the research process?

<p>Documents (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What offers great information or evidence that helps shed light or provide tentative answers to research questions?

<p>Personal biographies (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A researcher immerses themselves in the natural setting of the research participant. What kind of observation is this?

<p>Participant observation (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A researcher uses an interview approach that combines both closed and open-ended questions to gather data from participants. What type of interview is the researcher conducting?

<p>Semi-structured (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Systematic Sampling

Involves selecting every nth member after randomly selecting the first, serving as the starting point, and then proceeding through the population.

Sample

A smaller group that are selected to represent the characteristics of a larger population.

Quota Sampling

A sampling method where the population is divided into subgroups or classes and samples are taken from each category.

Simple Random Sampling

Each member of the population is equally likely to be chosen. Requires a full list of the population.

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Content Analysis

Analyzing the content of communications—books, articles, video etc. It identifies patterns, themes, and biases.

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Phenomenological

A methodology where the purpose of a study is designed to investigate an experience from the research participant's perspective or point of view

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Grounded Theory

Research built on data, creating new emerging theories during the research process.

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Case Study

It involves the intensive study of a single case or a small number of cases to understand a larger social phenomenon.

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Ethnography

Researchers immerse themselves to systematically observe, interview, and record processes, in their natural settings.

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Computer-Assisted Qualitative Data Analysis Software

Using software to replace coding and labeling by hand.

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Recursive Abstraction

A method of analysis for summarizing datasets.

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Coding

A research procedure to marks segments within data and assigns 'codes'.

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Audio and Visual Materials

Using photos, art, videos, or sound as the primary source of data.

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Observation

Taking field notes on the behaviour and activities of research participants at the research site.

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Documents

Public or Private information used to understand a research.

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Biographies and Autobiographies

Diaries and Autobiographies provides rich data in research.

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Observational Evaluation

The researcher doesn't interfere in this method.

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Participant Observation

Researcher is immersed in natural settings of research.

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Semi-Structured

An interview with both closed and open questions.

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Unstructured

An interview where participants talk freely.

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Structured

An interview that uses prepared questions.

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Interview

Prodding participants for their experience.

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Qualitative Research

Identify particular types of cases for in-depth investigation

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Trend setting for study

Researcher selects a specific popular men's attire to study because it is trend setting.

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Survey for students

A survey of students entering a top university library in a country could be conducted by sampling every 15th visitor.

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Popular choices for study

Researcher selects a specific popular women's magazine to study because it is trend setting.

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Stratified samples

Determining the average income earned by vendors in a city. Researcher must stratify samples by barangays.

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Survey of tourists

A survey of tourists entering a top destination in a country could be conducted by sampling every 10th visitor.

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Difficult Selection of members

Selection of members who are difficult to reach.

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Age Distribution

Measuring the age distribution of persons residing in a given locality.

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Study Notes

  • Focus group studies explore the attitudes of working-class individuals toward politics.
  • Researchers sometimes study popular clothing choices, especially when they are trendy.

Sampling Techniques

  • Systematic sampling is used when surveying students entering a top university library, by sampling every 15th visitor.
  • Purposive sampling involves selecting a specific popular women's magazine for study due to its trend-setting nature.
  • Stratified random sampling involves stratifying samples by barangays when determining the average income earned by vendors in a city.
  • Systematic sampling is used when surveying tourists entering a top destination in a country, by sampling every 10th visitor.
  • Subjective information is used when selecting members who are difficult to reach, like prostitutes.
  • Cluster sampling is used when measuring the age distribution of persons residing in a given locality.
  • Quota sampling is used in a survey where researchers want to obtain a certain number of respondents from various income categories.
  • Convenience sampling includes people-in-the-street interviews and snowballing.
  • Judgmental sampling includes study of potential users of a new recreational facility that is limited to those persons who live within the vicinity.

Research in Sociology

  • Sociology frequently explores relationships, like changes in race perceptions over time (Morning, 2008) or temporal contractions (Evans, et al., 2004).
  • Content analysis focuses on the relationship between words and their meanings.

Qualitative Research Approaches

  • In phenomenology, Leedy and Omrod (2001) emphasizes understanding an experience from the research participant's perspective.
  • Grounded theory is based on data collected for discovering new theory.
  • The objective of grounded theory is to extract a general abstract theory from research participants' views.
  • Cresswell (1998) states the essence of phenomenology is the search for the central underlying meaning of a research participant's experience.

Research Designs

  • Case studies include lessons learned or patterns that connect with theories.
  • Ethnography involves being interactive and requires extensive time to systematically observe, interview, and record processes naturally. According to Macmillan (1993),
  • Some research designs involve detailed, systematic examinations of the contexts of materials to identify patterns, themes, or biases.
  • The most basic technique is counting words, phrases, or tokens within the data.
  • Computer-assisted qualitative data analysis software has replaced detailed hand coding and labeling.
  • Recursive abstraction summarizes datasets.
  • The research analyst reads the data, and marks segments within the data and labeled it with “codes", this is Coding.

Data Collection Methods

  • Audio and visual materials can be photographs, art objects, videotapes, or forms of sound.
  • Observation involves researchers taking field notes on the behavior and activities of research participants.
  • Documents can be public or private and are collected during the research process.
  • Biographies and autobiographies offer a data source that can shed light or provide tentative answers to research questions.
  • Observational evaluation involves the researcher who may or may not participate in the activities.
  • Participant observation involves the researcher immersing themselves in the natural setting of the research participant.

Interview types

  • Semi-structured interviews use both closed and open-ended questions.
  • Unstructured interviews use open-ended questions, which the interviewee or research participant answers freely.
  • Structured interviews use a set of questions prepared by the researcher.
  • Interviews can involve prodding research participants to discuss their experiences, feelings, beliefs, and outlooks.

Sampling and Populations

  • Systematic sampling involves a researcher selecting every nth member after a random start.
  • A sample is a smaller group that is selected from a large group and generalizes to the population.
  • Quota sampling involves a population has been subdivided into classes or categories.
  • Simple random sampling requires a list of all members of the population of interest.

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