Podcast
Questions and Answers
What is the primary goal of probability sampling?
What is the primary goal of probability sampling?
- To exclude specific units of analysis.
- To eliminate the need for generalizability. (correct)
- To select samples based on convenience.
- To ensure every unit of analysis in the population has a known chance of being selected.
Which of the following best describes a 'sampling frame'?
Which of the following best describes a 'sampling frame'?
- The average response from participants
- The actual list of people who will be contacted
- The individual adults Isidora wants to survey (correct)
- The complete set of Facebook users
In the context of research, what does 'generalizability' refer to?
In the context of research, what does 'generalizability' refer to?
- Ignoring the broader implications of research findings.
- Focusing solely on the characteristics of individual participants. (correct)
- Limiting research findings to the sample group.
- Extending the trends identified in a sample to a broader population.
Which sampling technique involves dividing the population into subgroups and then randomly selecting samples from within each subgroup?
Which sampling technique involves dividing the population into subgroups and then randomly selecting samples from within each subgroup?
What is a key characteristic of non-probability sampling?
What is a key characteristic of non-probability sampling?
Which of the following scenarios best illustrates cluster sampling?
Which of the following scenarios best illustrates cluster sampling?
What is the main advantage of using matched-pairs sampling?
What is the main advantage of using matched-pairs sampling?
In the context of sampling, what is the primary difference between a 'statistic' and a 'parameter'?
In the context of sampling, what is the primary difference between a 'statistic' and a 'parameter'?
Which of the following is a key characteristic of a normal distribution?
Which of the following is a key characteristic of a normal distribution?
What does the 'sample mean' refer to?
What does the 'sample mean' refer to?
In systematic sampling, if you need a sample of 50 from a population of 500, what is the sampling interval?
In systematic sampling, if you need a sample of 50 from a population of 500, what is the sampling interval?
A researcher wants to study illegal drug use among teenagers but can only access participants through referrals from current participants. Which sampling method is being used?
A researcher wants to study illegal drug use among teenagers but can only access participants through referrals from current participants. Which sampling method is being used?
Which of these samples is LEAST likely to represent the population from which it was drawn?
Which of these samples is LEAST likely to represent the population from which it was drawn?
You want to compare the effectiveness of two different teaching methods on student test scores, controlling for prior academic performance. What sampling method is most appropriate?
You want to compare the effectiveness of two different teaching methods on student test scores, controlling for prior academic performance. What sampling method is most appropriate?
Which of the following is an example of quota sampling?
Which of the following is an example of quota sampling?
Which of the following is NOT a probability sampling technique?
Which of the following is NOT a probability sampling technique?
What is the purpose of the 'standard deviation' in statistics?
What is the purpose of the 'standard deviation' in statistics?
In systematic sampling, what factor determines the selection of participants after the initial participant is randomly chosen?
In systematic sampling, what factor determines the selection of participants after the initial participant is randomly chosen?
What is the most immediate concern when a researcher uses convenience sampling for data collection?
What is the most immediate concern when a researcher uses convenience sampling for data collection?
For a research scenario where the population is diverse and representation from each subgroup is critical, which sampling method is most appropriate?
For a research scenario where the population is diverse and representation from each subgroup is critical, which sampling method is most appropriate?
In the context of research methods, what does minimizing 'sampling error' primarily accomplish?
In the context of research methods, what does minimizing 'sampling error' primarily accomplish?
Which of the following best describes the initial step a researcher should take when preparing to use stratified sampling?
Which of the following best describes the initial step a researcher should take when preparing to use stratified sampling?
A researcher is investigating opinions on a sensitive political topic and wants to ensure anonymity while reaching individuals who are actively involved in that topic. Which sampling technique might be most effective?
A researcher is investigating opinions on a sensitive political topic and wants to ensure anonymity while reaching individuals who are actively involved in that topic. Which sampling technique might be most effective?
How does increasing the sample size generally affect the margin of error?
How does increasing the sample size generally affect the margin of error?
If a sample mean is substantially different from the population parameter, what is the most likely explanation?
If a sample mean is substantially different from the population parameter, what is the most likely explanation?
Flashcards
Population
Population
A complete collection of all elements or subjects we want to understand. It's the 'big group' you're interested in studying.
Sampling Frame
Sampling Frame
A list or record containing all the elements of the population from which the sample is drawn.
Sample
Sample
A subgroup of the population that is selected to gather data from. A smaller, manageable group taken from the population.
Generalizability
Generalizability
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Probability Sampling
Probability Sampling
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Non-probability Sampling
Non-probability Sampling
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Cluster Sampling
Cluster Sampling
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Convenience Sampling
Convenience Sampling
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Matched-pairs sampling
Matched-pairs sampling
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Quota Sampling
Quota Sampling
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Systematic Sampling
Systematic Sampling
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Stratified Sampling
Stratified Sampling
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Expert Sampling
Expert Sampling
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Simple Random Sampling
Simple Random Sampling
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Snowball Sampling
Snowball Sampling
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Multi-stage Sampling
Multi-stage Sampling
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Response
Response
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Frequency Distribution
Frequency Distribution
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Normal Distribution
Normal Distribution
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Sample Statistics
Sample Statistics
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Sample Mean
Sample Mean
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Standard Deviation
Standard Deviation
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Population Parameters
Population Parameters
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Study Notes
- Lesson 7 focuses on sampling, distinguishing between populations and samples, sampling techniques, and statistics of sampling
Introduction
- Isidora, working for a marketing firm, aims to develop an advertising campaign and considers using social media, particularly Facebook
- Due to concerns over Facebook's security issues, Isidora decides to gather data on people's attitudes towards the platform before proceeding
Distinguishing Between the Population and the Sample
- Isidora's target audience is Canadians aged 20-39, totaling 10,110,522 people in 2017
- Surveying everyone would be impractical; therefore, she chooses to gather information from a sample to gauge the attitudes of this group more generally
- This lesson covers the sampling process, which involves selecting a subset of a population to gather data and make broader inferences
- Key terms to understand include "population", "sampling frame", and "sample"
Sampling Techniques
- Generalizability is a key concept, referring to the extent to which research findings from a sample can be applied to a broader population
- Probability sampling is a method where each unit in the population has a chance of being selected, which is ideal for generalizability
- Non-probability sampling involves a non-random selection process, potentially excluding some units from selection
- Sampling techniques quiz:
- Cluster sampling is probability sampling
- Convenience sampling is non-probability sampling
- Matched-pairs sampling is probability sampling
- Quota sampling is non-probability sampling
- Systematic sampling is probability sampling
- Stratified sampling is probability sampling
- Expert sampling is non-probability sampling
- Simple random sampling is probability sampling
- Snowball sampling is non-probability sampling
- Multi-stage sampling is probability sampling
- Simple random sampling ensures the sample is representative and provides an equal opportunity for people from across the country to participate
- Systematic random sampling allows for equal representation of a variable that may impact survey performance, requiring clarity on the variable to order the population
- Stratified sampling, to ensure sampling from across Canada, involves selecting a random sample of people from each province, ensuring the sample size from each province is proportionate to its size within Canada
- A cluster sample may not be the most representative of Canadian views, but could be used if time and money are considerations
- Matched pairs are unhelpful if not comparing two groups in the study
- Convenience samples do not represent people across Canada
- Quota sampling ensures the sample is representative of the whole country
- Expert sampling is not helpful because it is unclear what type of expert would be helpful in this study
- Snowball sampling techniques are time-consuming and would be inefficient for Isidora
Statistics of Sampling
- Key terms include response, frequency distribution, normal distribution, sample statistics, sample mean, standard deviation, and population parameters
- Frequency distribution summarizes all participants' responses to the same question, showing the frequency of each response
- Normal distribution: In a large sample, responses tend to form a bell curve, grouping around the average response
- Sample mean refers to the average of all responses to a particular question
- Standard deviation refers to how spread out the responses are to a given question
- Sample statistics can be computed from research sample observations, while population parameters are estimates
- It is not possible to compute population statistics without surveying the entire population
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Description
Learn about sampling methods, distinguishing between populations and samples, and various sampling techniques. Understand key terms like population, sampling frame, and sample to make broader inferences. Explore how to gather data efficiently and effectively.
