Research Methods and Sampling Techniques

Choose a study mode

Play Quiz
Study Flashcards
Spaced Repetition
Chat to Lesson

Podcast

Play an AI-generated podcast conversation about this lesson
Download our mobile app to listen on the go
Get App

Questions and Answers

Which measure of central tendency is often symbolized by x̄?

  • Range
  • Mean (correct)
  • Mode
  • Median

Descriptive statistics only focus on qualitative data.

False (B)

What are the three measures of central tendency?

Mean, median, and mode

The formula for calculating the mean is x̄ = (Σ xi ) / ______

<p>n</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following presidents with the events that affected their ratings:

<p>Joseph Estrada = Impeachment Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo = Hello Garci controversy Ferdinand Marcos = Martial Law Benigno Aquino III = Pandemic response</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of sampling in research?

<p>To acquire representatives of a certain population (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The sampling frame refers to the individuals in the population that the researcher is studying.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Define a sampling unit in the context of research.

<p>A sampling unit refers to the individuals in the population that are selected for a study.</p> Signup and view all the answers

A __________ involves a list of the members of a population to which the researcher wants to generalize their findings.

<p>sampling frame</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the sampling factors with their descriptions:

<p>Sample Size = Determines how representative the sample is compared to the population. Probability Sampling = Uses randomization to create an unbiased sample. Non-Probability Sampling = Involves pre-selected samples and is prone to bias. Confidence Level = Indicates the degree of reliability of the sample's representativeness.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following sample sizes is likely to provide a 95% or higher distribution of the population?

<p>Randomized sample sizes (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Sampling errors can be caused by bias and inadequate sample sizes.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a snowball sample?

<p>A sampling method involving referrals from initial subjects. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Surveys are a type of qualitative research instrument.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Name one common setback when conducting surveys.

<p>Biased results</p> Signup and view all the answers

Interviews are often used in _______ research to explore the views and experiences of participants.

<p>qualitative</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following research instruments with their functions:

<p>Surveys = Collect numerical data about trends and opinions Interviews = Engage in a discussion with participants Questionnaires = Self-administered sets of questions Tests = Assess understanding or skills</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a benefit of using interviews over surveys?

<p>Interviews can provide more depth and context. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Respondents often feel comfortable answering personal questions in surveys.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of systematic sampling?

<p>To select individuals based on a periodic interval (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one guideline for formulating surveys?

<p>Ethics should be observed.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Stratified sampling is primarily concerned with selecting a sample that reflects the larger population.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What sampling method involves choosing individuals that are easy to reach and willing to participate?

<p>Availability Sampling</p> Signup and view all the answers

Surveys help researchers collect _______ descriptions of attitudes and behaviors.

<p>numerical</p> Signup and view all the answers

What must researchers ensure when administering surveys?

<p>Confidentiality of respondents' answers. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In systematic sampling, the __________ is calculated by dividing the population size by the desired sample size.

<p>sampling interval</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following sampling techniques with their definitions:

<p>Quota Sampling = Selecting specific samples based on known characteristics Voluntary Sampling = Choosing samples who willingly participate Purposive Sampling = Selecting respondents deemed knowledgeable about the study Snowball Sampling = Using referrals from initial respondents to find more participants</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best defines cluster sampling?

<p>Grouping individuals and sampling entire clusters (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Purposive sampling is a probability sampling technique.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of sampling is often used to gather responses from hard-to-reach populations?

<p>Snowball Sampling</p> Signup and view all the answers

In sample selection, __________ sampling aims to capture diversity within specific sub-groups.

<p>Stratified</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a common issue respondents face with long surveys?

<p>Survey fatigue (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Confidentiality is not important for survey respondents.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What should researchers avoid in survey questions to prevent confusion?

<p>Abbreviating terms</p> Signup and view all the answers

Double-barreled questions can lead to ______ in behavioral measurement.

<p>errors</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the types of survey questions with their characteristics:

<p>Open-ended questions = Respondents can answer freely and in their own words Dichotomous questions = Have only two possible responses, like yes/no</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is an example of a double-barreled question?

<p>Do you like ice cream and cake? (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Surveys should contain ambiguous questions to challenge respondents.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What should researchers do if respondents provide unclear answers?

<p>Ask follow-up questions</p> Signup and view all the answers

Researchers should exercise _____ to ensure respondents feel comfortable.

<p>confidentiality</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the term with its definition:

<p>Survey Fatigue = When respondents become tired of a lengthy survey Double-barreled question = A question that combines two issues</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Sample

A subset of a population selected to represent the entire group in a research study.

Population

The entire group of individuals or elements that a researcher wants to study or generalize findings to.

Sampling Frame

A list of all individuals or units within a population that can be included in the study.

Sampling Unit

The individual units or members of a population that are selected for inclusion in the sample.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Sample Size

The number of individuals or units included in a sample.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Probability Sampling

A sampling method where every member of the population has an equal chance of being selected for the sample.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Non-probability Sampling

A sampling method where the selection of participants is not based on chance, but rather on specific criteria or characteristics.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Systematic Sampling

A sampling method where every kth element in a population is selected, starting from a random starting point. The interval (k) is determined by dividing the population size by the desired sample size.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Stratified Sampling

A sampling technique where the population is divided into subgroups (strata) and a random sample is drawn from each stratum.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Cluster Sampling

A sampling method where clusters of individuals are randomly selected, rather than individuals themselves. Often used when the population is geographically dispersed.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Voluntary Sampling

A sampling method where individuals are selected based on their willingness to participate. This can lead to bias as only those who are willing are included.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Purposive Sampling

A sampling method where individuals are specifically chosen by the researcher because they possess certain characteristics or expertise relevant to the study.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Availability Sampling

A sampling method where individuals are chosen because they are easily accessible to the researcher. This can lead to bias as the sample may not be representative of the larger population.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Snowball Sampling

A sampling method where participants are recruited based on referrals from other participants. This is often used when the population is hard to reach, like homeless individuals.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Quota Sampling

A sampling technique where the researcher selects specific samples that mirror the population in terms of certain characteristics. This attempts to reduce bias.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Research Instruments

Tools used to gather data from research subjects, like surveys or interviews.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Self-Administered Survey

A type of survey where respondents answer a predetermined set of questions in written format.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Interview

A method of gathering information from individuals through direct conversation, often used in qualitative research.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Qualitative Research

Research that focuses on understanding the views, experiences, beliefs, and motivations of individuals, using non-numerical data.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Quantitative Research

Research that uses numerical data to analyze trends, behaviors, attitudes, and opinions.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Survey used in Quantitative Research

A questionnaire that allows researchers to gather numerical data on a topic or issue. It can reveal trends, behavior, and opinions within a group.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Confidentiality

In research, gathering data from participants in a way that ensures their privacy and protects their identity.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Survey Bias

When survey results are skewed or inaccurate due to factors like respondents not feeling comfortable providing honest answers or misunderstandings about questions.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Formulating Clear Survey Questions

The process of creating clear and easy-to-understand questions for surveys to avoid misinterpretation and ensure accurate data collection.

Signup and view all the flashcards

What is a double-barreled question?

A survey question that asks respondents about two distinct concepts or issues in a single question.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Researcher Responsibility in Survey Confidentiality

Participants might feel uneasy about answering personal questions due to concerns about privacy. Researchers must guarantee that responses will be kept confidential and protected.

Signup and view all the flashcards

What is Survey Fatigue?

A phenomenon where respondents become weary or tired of completing a long questionnaire. This leads to rushed or less thoughtful answers, potentially affecting the results.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Importance of Clarity in Survey Questions

Survey questions should be clear, unambiguous, and easy to understand for all respondents. Avoid using technical terms or jargon. Be mindful that ambiguity can lead to different interpretations.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Mean

A descriptive statistic used to represent the average value of a set of numbers. It's calculated by adding up all the values in the set and dividing by the total number of values.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Median

A descriptive statistic that represents the 'middle' value in a dataset when the data is arranged in order. It divides the data into two equal halves.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Mode

A descriptive statistic that represents the most frequent value in a dataset. It's the value that occurs most often.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Descriptive Statistics

Gathering and organizing data into summaries that help understand basic patterns and trends in a dataset.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Visualizing Data

Presenting data in a visually appealing way using graphs and charts. This makes complex information easier to understand and digest.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Study Notes

Data Collection

  • Data collection is the process of gathering information about variables.
  • Primary data is collected first-hand through interviews, questionnaires, experiments, or observations.
  • Secondary data is collected by reviewing existing documents.
  • Primary data collection methods include questionnaires, which can be researcher-developed or adapted.
  • Questionnaires can be administered in person, by email, or on social media platforms.

Sampling Methods

  • Sampling is a method of acquiring representative samples from a population.
  • Probability sampling involves respondent selection based on chance for unbiased results.
  • Types of probability sampling: simple random, systematic, stratified, and cluster sampling.
  • Non-probability sampling depends on pre-selecting respondents, which can introduce bias.
  • Types of non-probability sampling: quota, voluntary, purposive, availability, and snowball (chain) sampling.

Research Instruments

  • Research instruments are tools used to collect data.
  • Common instruments include surveys and interviews.
  • Surveys are self-administered questionnaires.
  • Interviews involve a direct discussion between the researcher and respondent.
  • Researchers must ensure the survey questions are easily understood to avoid negative results.
  • Surveys can be administered via: mail, phone, in-person, online, or social media.

Data Organization

  • Data organization is essential before presentation.
  • Encoding data into spreadsheets is a suitable method for organization.
  • Missing data should be left blank after verification.

Data Presentation

  • Data can be presented using tables, charts, and graphs (histograms, frequency polygons, line graphs, and scatter diagrams).
  • Tables summarize data in columns.
  • Graphs and charts visually represent data for clear understanding.

Effective Survey Questions

  • Questions should be simple, clear, and specific to the research objectives.
  • Double-barreled questions should be avoided.
  • Sensitive questions should be placed at the end of the survey.
  • Pre-testing the survey, including collecting feedback, is crucial for validation and improving clarity.

Quantitative Research

  • Quantitative research uses numerical data for analysis.
  • Descriptive statistics summarizes data through measures of central tendency (mean, median, mode).
  • The ANOVA test determines if differences between groups (levels of independent variables) are significant.

Conclusions and Recommendations

  • Conclusions summarize the main findings and relate them to the research problem.
  • Recommendations offer actions based on the results of the study to guide future researchers or for societal change.
  • The conclusions should draw clear inferences from the research findings.
  • Recommendations should offer solutions based on factual evidence, benefits to society, and actions for future research.

Studying That Suits You

Use AI to generate personalized quizzes and flashcards to suit your learning preferences.

Quiz Team

Related Documents

Sampling Concepts PDF

More Like This

Use Quizgecko on...
Browser
Open
Browser
Browser