Research Methods and Sampling Techniques
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Questions and Answers

Which measure of central tendency is often symbolized by x̄?

  • Range
  • Mean (correct)
  • Mode
  • Median

    • Descriptive statistics only focus on qualitative data.

    False

    What are the three measures of central tendency?

    Mean, median, and mode

    The formula for calculating the mean is x̄ = (Σ xi ) / ______

    <p>n</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following presidents with the events that affected their ratings:

    <p>Joseph Estrada = Impeachment Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo = Hello Garci controversy Ferdinand Marcos = Martial Law Benigno Aquino III = Pandemic response</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of sampling in research?

    <p>To acquire representatives of a certain population</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The sampling frame refers to the individuals in the population that the researcher is studying.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Define a sampling unit in the context of research.

    <p>A sampling unit refers to the individuals in the population that are selected for a study.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A __________ involves a list of the members of a population to which the researcher wants to generalize their findings.

    <p>sampling frame</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the sampling factors with their descriptions:

    <p>Sample Size = Determines how representative the sample is compared to the population. Probability Sampling = Uses randomization to create an unbiased sample. Non-Probability Sampling = Involves pre-selected samples and is prone to bias. Confidence Level = Indicates the degree of reliability of the sample's representativeness.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following sample sizes is likely to provide a 95% or higher distribution of the population?

    <p>Randomized sample sizes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Sampling errors can be caused by bias and inadequate sample sizes.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a snowball sample?

    <p>A sampling method involving referrals from initial subjects.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Surveys are a type of qualitative research instrument.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Name one common setback when conducting surveys.

    <p>Biased results</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Interviews are often used in _______ research to explore the views and experiences of participants.

    <p>qualitative</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following research instruments with their functions:

    <p>Surveys = Collect numerical data about trends and opinions Interviews = Engage in a discussion with participants Questionnaires = Self-administered sets of questions Tests = Assess understanding or skills</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a benefit of using interviews over surveys?

    <p>Interviews can provide more depth and context.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Respondents often feel comfortable answering personal questions in surveys.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of systematic sampling?

    <p>To select individuals based on a periodic interval</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one guideline for formulating surveys?

    <p>Ethics should be observed.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Stratified sampling is primarily concerned with selecting a sample that reflects the larger population.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What sampling method involves choosing individuals that are easy to reach and willing to participate?

    <p>Availability Sampling</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Surveys help researchers collect _______ descriptions of attitudes and behaviors.

    <p>numerical</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What must researchers ensure when administering surveys?

    <p>Confidentiality of respondents' answers.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In systematic sampling, the __________ is calculated by dividing the population size by the desired sample size.

    <p>sampling interval</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following sampling techniques with their definitions:

    <p>Quota Sampling = Selecting specific samples based on known characteristics Voluntary Sampling = Choosing samples who willingly participate Purposive Sampling = Selecting respondents deemed knowledgeable about the study Snowball Sampling = Using referrals from initial respondents to find more participants</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best defines cluster sampling?

    <p>Grouping individuals and sampling entire clusters</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Purposive sampling is a probability sampling technique.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of sampling is often used to gather responses from hard-to-reach populations?

    <p>Snowball Sampling</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In sample selection, __________ sampling aims to capture diversity within specific sub-groups.

    <p>Stratified</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common issue respondents face with long surveys?

    <p>Survey fatigue</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Confidentiality is not important for survey respondents.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What should researchers avoid in survey questions to prevent confusion?

    <p>Abbreviating terms</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Double-barreled questions can lead to ______ in behavioral measurement.

    <p>errors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the types of survey questions with their characteristics:

    <p>Open-ended questions = Respondents can answer freely and in their own words Dichotomous questions = Have only two possible responses, like yes/no</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is an example of a double-barreled question?

    <p>Do you like ice cream and cake?</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Surveys should contain ambiguous questions to challenge respondents.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What should researchers do if respondents provide unclear answers?

    <p>Ask follow-up questions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Researchers should exercise _____ to ensure respondents feel comfortable.

    <p>confidentiality</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the term with its definition:

    <p>Survey Fatigue = When respondents become tired of a lengthy survey Double-barreled question = A question that combines two issues</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Data Collection

    • Data collection is the process of gathering information about variables.
    • Primary data is collected first-hand through interviews, questionnaires, experiments, or observations.
    • Secondary data is collected by reviewing existing documents.
    • Primary data collection methods include questionnaires, which can be researcher-developed or adapted.
    • Questionnaires can be administered in person, by email, or on social media platforms.

    Sampling Methods

    • Sampling is a method of acquiring representative samples from a population.
    • Probability sampling involves respondent selection based on chance for unbiased results.
    • Types of probability sampling: simple random, systematic, stratified, and cluster sampling.
    • Non-probability sampling depends on pre-selecting respondents, which can introduce bias.
    • Types of non-probability sampling: quota, voluntary, purposive, availability, and snowball (chain) sampling.

    Research Instruments

    • Research instruments are tools used to collect data.
    • Common instruments include surveys and interviews.
    • Surveys are self-administered questionnaires.
    • Interviews involve a direct discussion between the researcher and respondent.
    • Researchers must ensure the survey questions are easily understood to avoid negative results.
    • Surveys can be administered via: mail, phone, in-person, online, or social media.

    Data Organization

    • Data organization is essential before presentation.
    • Encoding data into spreadsheets is a suitable method for organization.
    • Missing data should be left blank after verification.

    Data Presentation

    • Data can be presented using tables, charts, and graphs (histograms, frequency polygons, line graphs, and scatter diagrams).
    • Tables summarize data in columns.
    • Graphs and charts visually represent data for clear understanding.

    Effective Survey Questions

    • Questions should be simple, clear, and specific to the research objectives.
    • Double-barreled questions should be avoided.
    • Sensitive questions should be placed at the end of the survey.
    • Pre-testing the survey, including collecting feedback, is crucial for validation and improving clarity.

    Quantitative Research

    • Quantitative research uses numerical data for analysis.
    • Descriptive statistics summarizes data through measures of central tendency (mean, median, mode).
    • The ANOVA test determines if differences between groups (levels of independent variables) are significant.

    Conclusions and Recommendations

    • Conclusions summarize the main findings and relate them to the research problem.
    • Recommendations offer actions based on the results of the study to guide future researchers or for societal change.
    • The conclusions should draw clear inferences from the research findings.
    • Recommendations should offer solutions based on factual evidence, benefits to society, and actions for future research.

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    Sampling Concepts PDF

    Description

    This quiz covers essential concepts about data collection, sampling methods, and research instruments. You will explore both primary and secondary data collection techniques, as well as different types of sampling approaches. Test your knowledge on how to effectively gather and analyze information.

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