24 Questions
What is the result of omissions in a sample?
Undercoverage
What occurs when the operational definition of the population includes an omission, duplication, or wrongful inclusion of an element in the population?
Coverage error
What type of error occurs when a survey fails to obtain any data from a unit in the selected sample?
Unit nonresponse
What is the error that occurs due to taking a sample instead of measuring every unit in the sampling frame?
Sampling error
What is the term for the failure to collect information from sampled respondents?
Nonresponse
What occurs when data on particular items are missing from a unit that participates in a survey?
Item nonresponse
What type of error can be estimated from the sample if probability sampling is used?
Sampling error
What is the consequence of nonresponse if the respondents differ from the nonrespondents on the variables of interest?
Nonresponse error
What is a main reason for coverage error in web surveys?
All of the above
What is a limitation of using popular websites to attract respondents to a web survey?
The researcher has no control over who responds to the questionnaire
Why are comprehensive lists or algorithms for covering the population not widely available?
The availability of comprehensive lists or algorithms differs widely depending on the target population and country
What makes it possible for the national statistical agency to draw a probability sample in some countries?
Access to population registry
What is a limitation of using interviewing software for web surveys?
It is not hardware and software independent
What can be used to generate random telephone numbers with good coverage properties?
Well-defined structure of used and unused number banks
Why are some individuals not covered in web surveys?
All of the above
What is a recommended resource for an overview of different types of web surveys and their potential for errors?
Lozar Manfreda and Vehovar (Chapter 14)
What is a virtual list in the context of sampling?
An algorithm, such as in area probability sampling
What type of error occurs when a unit from the target population appears more than once in the sampling frame?
Overcoverage
What is the purpose of dividing the population into clusters based on geographical proximity in area probability sampling?
To select specific areas for sampling
What is the result of combining several lists, where a woman is listed under her maiden name on one list and under her married name on a second list?
Overcoverage
What is the consequence of using a sampling frame that is the telephone book, when there are persons with unlisted phone numbers?
Undercoverage
What is the term for the mismatch between the sampling frame and the target population?
Coverage error
What is an example of erroneous inclusions in the frame?
A business number included on a list with household phone numbers
What is the purpose of Random Digit Dialing (RDD) sampling?
To generate random telephone numbers
Study Notes
Target Population and Sampling Frame
- A target population is a list of members, such as an organization or a city's inhabitants.
- A virtual list or algorithm can also be used, such as in area probability sampling or Random Digit Dialing (RDD) sampling.
Coverage Error
- Occurs when there is a mismatch between the sampling frame and the target population.
- Types of coverage error:
- Undercoverage: not all units of the target population are included in the sampling frame.
- Overcoverage: a unit from the target population appears more than once in the sampling frame.
- Erroneous inclusions: a unit is included in the sampling frame that does not belong to the target population.
Examples of Coverage Error
- Persons with an unlisted phone number when the sampling frame is the telephone book.
- Duplications, such as a woman listed under her maiden name and married name on different lists.
- Mobile phone surveys that overcover persons who own more than one phone.
- Business numbers included on a list with household phone numbers.
Web Surveys and Coverage Error
- Coverage error is related to two causes:
- Respondents must have access to a computer and the Internet, and have some degree of computer skill.
- Interviewing software may not be hardware or software independent, making the survey website inaccessible to some users.
Types of Error
- Coverage error: occurs when the operational definition of the population includes an omission, duplication, or wrongful inclusion of an element.
- Measurement error: refers to discrepancies between a measurement and the true value.
- Nonresponse error: occurs when there is a failure to collect information from sampled respondents.
- Sampling error: error in estimation due to taking a sample instead of measuring every unit in the sampling frame.
- Specification error: occurs when the concept measured by a survey question and the concept that should be measured with that question differ.erage
Understanding target population and sampling methods in research, including area probability sampling and Random Digit Dialing (RDD).
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