Sampling Fundamentals Quiz
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Questions and Answers

What is the primary difference between census and sampling?

  • Census is only conducted every ten years, while sampling can be done anytime.
  • Census collects data from every member of the population, while sampling obtains data from a subset. (correct)
  • Census samples a subset of the population, while sampling includes the entire population.
  • Census is less expensive than sampling and requires fewer resources.

    • Which of the following scenarios would best illustrate sampling?

  • Polling a random selection of 1,000 voters to predict election results. (correct)
  • Conducting a survey to gather opinions from all citizens of a country.
  • Interviewing every employee at a corporation about their job satisfaction.
  • Recording the daily activities of every resident in a neighborhood.

    • During a census, what is the objective typically focused on?

  • Analyzing trends within a specific demographic group.
  • Estimating the margin of error in survey results.
  • Obtaining data from every member of the population. (correct)
  • Gathering data from a representative sample.

    • Which of the following correctly defines sampling?

    <p>Obtaining data from a subset of a larger group or population.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What aspect does a census usually check every decade in the United States?

    <p>The total population count in the country.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When is the census approach considered appropriate?

    <p>When the consequences of making wrong decisions are very costly.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is referred to as a statistic?

    <p>A statistical value computed from the sample.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a parameter in the context of census and sampling?

    <p>A characteristic measure of the entire population.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why might researchers prefer the census method when sampling error is high?

    <p>To reduce uncertainty by surveying the entire population.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one limitation of the census approach?

    <p>It is often impractical for large populations.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When is sampling appropriate to gather information?

    <p>When decisions based on new information need to be made quickly.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of error reflects a difference between a sample mean and the true population measure?

    <p>Sampling error</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a consequence of sampling too few participants?

    <p>High divergence from the true value of the population.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which scenario would NOT be suitable for sampling?

    <p>When the sampling errors are known to be significant.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What should be considered when identifying the target population for sampling?

    <p>The relevance to the research objective.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of selecting a sampling procedure?

    <p>To achieve an adequate representation of the population.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement best describes 'non-sampling error'?

    <p>Errors arising from the research process beyond sampling.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why might it be unfeasible to survey everyone in a large population?

    <p>Costs and timing may make it impractical.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is it important to clearly define the target population in a study?

    <p>To avoid ambiguity and ensure the relevance of the sample</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a sampling frame?

    <p>A list of population members from which a sample can be drawn</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a potential consequence of selection bias in a study?

    <p>Results that do not generalize to the entire population</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which aspect is crucial when defining a video game target population?

    <p>Defining the age range for what constitutes 'children'</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What issues can arise from a poorly defined sampling frame?

    <p>Inclusion of unrelated individuals in the study</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the ideal relationship between the sampling frame and the target population?

    <p>The sampling frame should overlap as much as possible with the target population</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a factor that could affect the definition of the target population?

    <p>The geographic area of study</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How can clarity in defining the term 'enjoy' impact research outcomes?

    <p>It ensures consistent interpretation among researchers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary concern with a sampling frame?

    <p>It does not match the target population</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In probability sampling, which method ensures each member of the population has an equal chance of selection?

    <p>Simple random sample</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What differentiates cluster sampling from stratified sampling?

    <p>Clusters are heterogeneous while strata are homogeneous</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In stratified sampling, what is the primary requirement for the strata?

    <p>They should consist of similar characteristics</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is true about a disproportional stratified sample?

    <p>It does not consider the proportion of each stratum when selecting elements</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a systematic random sample?

    <p>Members are selected from a systematic approach at regular intervals</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is meant by 'sampling frame'?

    <p>A complete list of all elements in the population</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements is correct about strata in sampling?

    <p>Members within a stratum should have similar characteristics</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Sampling Fundamentals

    • Obtaining data from a subset of a larger group (sample) is referred to as sampling.
    • Only part of the population is surveyed.
    • A census collects data from every member of a population.
    • The U.S. Census occurs every 10 years.

    Census vs. Sampling

    • Census: Collecting data from every member of the population.
    • Sampling: Collecting data from a subset of the population.

    When is a Census Appropriate?

    • When information is required from every individual in the population.
    • When the population is small.
    • When the consequences of wrong decisions are costly.

    When is Sampling Appropriate?

    • When the cost and time of collecting information from the entire population are high.
    • When the population is large.
    • When quick decisions are needed based on the new information.

    Sampling Error

    • Difference between a measurement from a sample and the actual population's measurement, which can be only obtained from the complete population.

    Non-Sampling Error

    • All errors associated with a research project, other than sampling error.

    Sampling Process

    • Identifying the target population: Defining the group to study.
    • Determining the sampling frame: Creating a list of potential participants.
    • Selecting a sampling procedure: Choosing how to select participants. (Probability methods like simple random sampling, stratified sampling, cluster sampling, and systematic sampling; Non-probability methods like convenience sampling, judgmental sampling, quota sampling, and snowball sampling).
    • Determining the relevant sample size: Calculating the appropriate number of participants.
    • Executing sampling: Selecting and collecting data from participants.
    • Handling the non-response problem: Addressing missing data.

    Step 1: Identifying Target Population

    • Ensuring the target population is relevant to research objectives.
    • Considering all possible units of analysis (e.g., individuals, households, etc.).
    • Defining the population clearly to avoid ambiguity.

    Step 2: Determining Sampling Frame

    • Creating a list of population members from which to draw a sample.
    • Ensuring the sample frame accurately reflects the target population. Considering potential omissions or inclusions that might not meet the criteria for the defined population.

    Sampling Frame Issues

    • Subset Issue: Sampling frame is smaller than target population.
    • Superset Issue: Sampling frame is larger than target population.
    • Intersection Issue: Some elements in the sampling frame appear in multiple groups or samples.

    Step 3: Choosing a Sampling Procedure

    • Selecting between probability sampling (simple random, stratified, cluster, systematic) and non-probability sampling (convenience, judgmental, quota, snowball).

    Probability Sampling

    • Each population member has a known equal chance of selection.
      • Simple random sampling: Every member has an equal probability of being selected.
      • Systematic sampling: Members are selected at regular intervals.
      • Stratified sampling: Population is divided into subgroups (strata), and random samples are taken from each.
      • Cluster sampling: The population is divided into groups (clusters), and a random selection of clusters are used.

    Non-Probability Sampling

    • No way to calculate the probability of selecting participants.
      • Convenience sampling: Participants selected as easily accessible.
      • Judgmental sampling: Participants selected based on an expert's judgment.
      • Quota sampling: Sample reflects the proportion of characteristics in the population.
      • Snowball sampling: Participants recruit other eligible participants.

    Advantages & Disadvantages of Sampling Methods

    • Probability: Advantages: representativeness, error quantification. Disadvantages: time consuming, expensive.
    • Non-probability: Advantages: cost-effective, quicker. Disadvantages: no estimate of error, not generalizable.

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    Sampling Fundamentals PDF

    Description

    Test your understanding of sampling concepts, including the differences between sampling and census, and when each method is appropriate. This quiz will cover various aspects of obtaining data from populations and the implications of sampling error.

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