AP Statistics Chapter 4 Review

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Questions and Answers

What is a population?

entire group of individuals you want info about

What is a census?

collecting data from every individual from a population

What is a sample?

subset of individuals from a population you actually want info about

What is a convenience sample?

sample you get from choosing individuals from a population who are easy to reach Signup and view all the answers

What is a voluntary response sample?

consists of individuals who choose themselves by responding to a general invitation Signup and view all the answers

What is a simple random sample (SRS)?

sampling method where every individual in the population has an equal chance of being chosen for the sample Signup and view all the answers

What is a stratified random sample?

sampling method that classifies the population into groups called strata before sampling Signup and view all the answers

What is an ideal strata?

similar within; different between Signup and view all the answers

What is an ideal cluster?

different within; similar between Signup and view all the answers

What is a cluster sample?

sampling method that classifies the population into groups before choosing an SRS of the clusters Signup and view all the answers

What is undercoverage?

some members of a population not being included in a sample Signup and view all the answers

What is response bias?

when gender, race, age, ethnicity, or behavior of the interviewer affects a person's responses Signup and view all the answers

What is nonresponse?

when an individual chosen for the sample cannot be contacted or refuses to participate Signup and view all the answers

What is an observational study?

gathers data on individuals as they are Signup and view all the answers

What are experiments?

actively does something to people, animals, or objects in order to measure their response Signup and view all the answers

What is a confounding variable?

a variable that is related to the explanatory variable and can affect the response variable Signup and view all the answers

What are the principles of experimental design?

comparison, random assignment, control, and replication Signup and view all the answers

What is a double blind study?

neither the subjects nor those interacting with them and measuring the response know which treatment a subject received Signup and view all the answers

What does statistically significant mean?

an observed effect so large it would rarely occur by chance Signup and view all the answers

What is a block in experimental design?

a group of experimental units that are known to be similar in some way Signup and view all the answers

What is a matched pairs design?

a common form of blocking for comparing just two treatments Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Key Terms in Statistics

Population: The complete group of individuals or elements whose characteristics are to be studied.
Census: The process of collecting data from every individual within a population to obtain comprehensive information.
Sample: A smaller subset selected from the population, used to gather data and make inferences about the whole population.
Convenience Sample: A sampling method that selects individuals based on ease of access rather than random selection.
Voluntary Response Sample: A sample that includes only individuals who choose to participate, typically leading to biased results as it attracts those with strong opinions.
Simple Random Sample (SRS): Each member of the population has an equal chance of being selected, ensuring randomness in the sample.
Stratified Random Sample: A sampling approach that divides the population into homogeneous groups (strata) before applying SRS within each stratum to ensure representation of all segments.
Ideal Strata: Groups that are consistent within and diverse between, facilitating accurate analysis (e.g., different grade levels in a school).
Ideal Cluster: Groups that are similar within but vary between each other, often used to simplify sampling.
Cluster Sample: Involves dividing the population into clusters and randomly selecting some clusters to sample all individuals within those clusters; useful for efficiency.
Undercoverage: Occurs when certain members of a population are excluded from the sampling process.
Response Bias: Influences on survey results caused by factors such as the characteristics of the interviewer affecting participant responses.
Nonresponse: Situations where selected individuals cannot be reached or refuse to participate in the study.

Types of Studies and Design Principles

Observational Study: Data is collected without intervention; subjects are observed in their natural environment.
Experiments: Active manipulation is designed to determine how it affects the response variable by measuring the effect of different treatments.
Confounding Variable: A variable that may influence both the explanatory and response variables, complicating the analysis of causal relationships.
Principles of Experimental Design:
- Comparison: Utilizing design approaches that compare multiple treatments.
- Random Assignment: Randomly assigning treatment to units to minimize bias.
- Control: Keeping other variables consistent across groups to isolate the effect of treatments.
- Replication: Ensuring sufficient sample size to distinguish true treatment effects from random variability.
Completely Randomized Design: An experimental design in which subjects are randomly assigned to treatments without any restrictions.
Double Blind: An experimental setup where neither participants nor experimenters know which treatment is administered, reducing bias.
Statistically Significant: A result that is unlikely to have occurred by chance, indicating a meaningful effect.

Experimental Design Variants

Block: Groups formed based on shared characteristics known to affect responses, aiding in controlling variability.
Matched Pairs Design: A blocking technique where subjects are paired based on similarities, with treatments assigned randomly within pairs to compare outcomes effectively.

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Description

Test your knowledge with these flashcards from AP Statistics Chapter 4. This quiz covers essential terms such as population, census, and sampling methods. Perfect for reinforcing key concepts in statistical studies.