Questions and Answers
What is a population?
entire group of individuals you want info about
What is a census?
collecting data from every individual from a population
What is a sample?
subset of individuals from a population you actually want info about
What is a convenience sample?
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What is a voluntary response sample?
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What is a simple random sample (SRS)?
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What is a stratified random sample?
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What is an ideal strata?
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What is an ideal cluster?
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What is a cluster sample?
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What is undercoverage?
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What is response bias?
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What is nonresponse?
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What is an observational study?
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What are experiments?
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What is a confounding variable?
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What are the principles of experimental design?
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What is a double blind study?
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What does statistically significant mean?
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What is a block in experimental design?
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What is a matched pairs design?
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Study Notes
Key Terms in Statistics
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Population: The complete group of individuals or elements whose characteristics are to be studied.
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Census: The process of collecting data from every individual within a population to obtain comprehensive information.
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Sample: A smaller subset selected from the population, used to gather data and make inferences about the whole population.
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Convenience Sample: A sampling method that selects individuals based on ease of access rather than random selection.
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Voluntary Response Sample: A sample that includes only individuals who choose to participate, typically leading to biased results as it attracts those with strong opinions.
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Simple Random Sample (SRS): Each member of the population has an equal chance of being selected, ensuring randomness in the sample.
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Stratified Random Sample: A sampling approach that divides the population into homogeneous groups (strata) before applying SRS within each stratum to ensure representation of all segments.
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Ideal Strata: Groups that are consistent within and diverse between, facilitating accurate analysis (e.g., different grade levels in a school).
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Ideal Cluster: Groups that are similar within but vary between each other, often used to simplify sampling.
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Cluster Sample: Involves dividing the population into clusters and randomly selecting some clusters to sample all individuals within those clusters; useful for efficiency.
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Undercoverage: Occurs when certain members of a population are excluded from the sampling process.
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Response Bias: Influences on survey results caused by factors such as the characteristics of the interviewer affecting participant responses.
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Nonresponse: Situations where selected individuals cannot be reached or refuse to participate in the study.
Types of Studies and Design Principles
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Observational Study: Data is collected without intervention; subjects are observed in their natural environment.
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Experiments: Active manipulation is designed to determine how it affects the response variable by measuring the effect of different treatments.
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Confounding Variable: A variable that may influence both the explanatory and response variables, complicating the analysis of causal relationships.
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Principles of Experimental Design:
- Comparison: Utilizing design approaches that compare multiple treatments.
- Random Assignment: Randomly assigning treatment to units to minimize bias.
- Control: Keeping other variables consistent across groups to isolate the effect of treatments.
- Replication: Ensuring sufficient sample size to distinguish true treatment effects from random variability.
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Completely Randomized Design: An experimental design in which subjects are randomly assigned to treatments without any restrictions.
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Double Blind: An experimental setup where neither participants nor experimenters know which treatment is administered, reducing bias.
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Statistically Significant: A result that is unlikely to have occurred by chance, indicating a meaningful effect.
Experimental Design Variants
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Block: Groups formed based on shared characteristics known to affect responses, aiding in controlling variability.
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Matched Pairs Design: A blocking technique where subjects are paired based on similarities, with treatments assigned randomly within pairs to compare outcomes effectively.
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Description
Test your knowledge with these flashcards from AP Statistics Chapter 4. This quiz covers essential terms such as population, census, and sampling methods. Perfect for reinforcing key concepts in statistical studies.