Salivary Digestion and Enzymes Quiz
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Questions and Answers

What is a primary function of saliva in digestion?

  • To enhance the flavor of food through seasoning
  • To hydrolyze biomolecules like proteins and carbohydrates (correct)
  • To act as a preservative for food
  • To neutralize stomach acids before reaching the intestines

Which enzyme is notably associated with saliva in the digestion of starch?

  • Salivary amylase (correct)
  • Lactase
  • Pepsin
  • Trypsin

What role do minerals in saliva play?

  • They act as catalysts for protein digestion
  • They provide energy for enzymatic reactions
  • They buffer the pH to maintain balance (correct)
  • They enhance the absorption of nutrients in the mouth

Which aspect does NOT influence salivary digestion?

<p>Color of food (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of the BAPNA assay in digestion testing?

<p>It assesses proteolytic enzyme activity (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What characteristic of urine indicates the presence of urobilin?

<p>Yellow to amber color (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the expected physiological range for specific gravity of urine?

<p>1.015 to 1.025 (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following tests indicates the presence of proteins in urine?

<p>Nitric acid test (A), Boiling test (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which condition is indicated by the presence of glucose in urine?

<p>Glycosuria (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What color indicates a positive result for the murexide test?

<p>Bluish violet (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following substances is produced from purine metabolism?

<p>Uric acid (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does a ruby red solution in the sodium nitroprusside test indicate?

<p>The presence of ketone bodies (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What can cause changes in odor in urine?

<p>Dietary choices (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does an increase in free acid affect the digestion of starch?

<p>Hinders digestion (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary reason for the color change observed with the biuret test?

<p>Copper ions complexing with amide bonds (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of urine appearance might suggest a pathological condition?

<p>Cloudy (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What can be inferred about high levels of urea in urine?

<p>Excessive protein intake (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main purpose of urinalysis in clinical practice?

<p>To evaluate metabolic states (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the primary secretions involved in intestinal digestion?

<p>Pancreatic juice, bile, intestinal juice (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which enzyme is responsible for converting starch into maltose?

<p>Amylopsin (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the optimum temperature for lipase activity?

<p>37℃ (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

At which stage of digestion is maximal digestive ability observed?

<p>2nd stage of the duodenum (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What condition is indicated by the presence of monoclonal globulin in blood or urine?

<p>Multiple myeloma (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What activates trypsin from its inactive form trypsinogen?

<p>Enterokinase (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of sodium carbonate in pancreatic juice?

<p>To neutralize acidity (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What substance enhances the efficiency of lipid hydrolysis in the digestive process?

<p>Bile acid (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of low temperatures on the activity of lipase?

<p>Lowers the activity of lipase (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following substrates does lipase act upon?

<p>Triglycerides (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why is trypsin denatured at high temperatures?

<p>It unfolds and loses its functional shape (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of pancreatic juice in digestion?

<p>Digestion of fats, proteins, and carbohydrates (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does Erepsin assist trypsin in digestion?

<p>By aiding in the hydrolysis of resistant peptide linkages (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one of the functions of amylase in the digestive system?

<p>Breaks down starch into sugars (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary consequence of the pH in the stomach on salivary amylase?

<p>It completely inactivates salivary amylase. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which component of saliva is primarily responsible for its lubrication properties?

<p>Mucin (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the optimal pH range for the enzymatic activity of salivary amylase?

<p>6.5 - 7.5 (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which reaction does salivary amylase catalyze?

<p>Starch to maltose (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role do mineral salts play in saliva?

<p>They stabilize the enzyme conformation. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens to the color of the iodine-starch complex as starch is digested by saliva?

<p>It lightens in color. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of compounds are tested for in the Biuret test conducted in saliva?

<p>Proteins (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which compound is utilized in the test for the presence of chlorides in saliva?

<p>Silver ions (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does a positive result in the Benedict’s test indicate?

<p>Presence of reducing sugars (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which mineral is crucial for maintaining the conformation of salivary amylase in saliva?

<p>Calcium (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the presence of thiocyanates in human saliva indicate?

<p>Exposure to cyanide-containing substances (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which reaction concludes the enzymatic breakdown of starch as indicated by the chromatic point?

<p>Starch to dextrin (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of salivary amylase in digestion?

<p>To hydrolyze carbohydrates (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the likely outcome if salivary amylase encounters a pH below 6.5?

<p>Reduced activity, leading to ineffective digestion. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Salivary Amylase function

Salivary amylase is an enzyme that breaks down complex carbohydrates (starch) into simpler sugars.

Role of minerals in saliva

Minerals in saliva act as buffers to maintain a stable pH level.

Factors effecting protein denaturation

Proteins are denatured by heat, extreme pHs, or agitation.

Hydrolysis with lipase

Lipase enzymes catalyze the breakdown of fats by splitting them into fatty acids and glycerol.

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BAPNA role in proteolytic enzymes

BAPNA is used to assay the activity of proteolytic enzymes by reacting with BAPNA to break that down.

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Salivary Digestion

The process of breaking down food in the mouth using saliva and enzymes.

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Hydrolytic Enzymes

Enzymes that break down complex food molecules by adding water.

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What does saliva do?

Saliva is a watery secretion that helps break down carbohydrates, lubricates food for swallowing, and helps with taste.

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Components of Saliva

Saliva is made up of water, salivary amylase, mineral salts, mucin, and other components.

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Salivary Amylase

An enzyme in saliva that breaks down starch into maltose.

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Mucin

A sticky protein in saliva that helps bind food particles and lubricates swallowing.

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pH of Saliva

The pH of saliva is slightly alkaline, around 6.5 to 7.5, which is optimal for salivary amylase.

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Enzyme Action & pH

Enzymes work best at a specific pH. Salivary amylase functions best at a slightly alkaline pH.

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Salivary Amylase in Stomach

Salivary amylase is inactivated in the stomach because the stomach is too acidic.

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Mucin Test

A test for mucin in saliva uses a precipitate to indicate a positive result.

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Biuret Test

A test for protein in saliva uses a violet solution to indicate a positive result.

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Testing for Inorganic Matter

Tests for chlorides, phosphates, sulfates, and calcium in saliva use specific reactions.

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Thiocyanates in Saliva

Thiocyanates are found in human saliva, potentially from smoking or food containing cyanide.

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Digestion of Starch Paste

Starch changes color in the presence of iodine. Salivary amylase breaks down starch, causing a lightening of the color.

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Chromatic Point

The point in starch digestion where no further color change with iodine occurs, indicating complete breakdown.

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What are the three secretions involved in intestinal digestion?

Intestinal digestion is a combined process of three secretions: pancreatic juice, bile, and intestinal juice (succous entericus).

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Where is digestive ability maximal?

Digestive ability is maximal in the second stage of the duodenum, but the process continues throughout the small intestine.

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What is pancreatic juice?

Pancreatic juice is a fluid secreted by the pancreatic gland. It contains inactive enzymes called zymogens, which are activated by water, acids, or other enzymes. It is alkaline due to the presence of sodium carbonate.

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What are the four ferments present in pancreatic juice?

Pancreatic juice contains four ferments: Erepsin & Trypsin (break down nitrogenous constituents), Lipase (acts on fats), Amylopsin (converts starch to maltose).

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What is pancreatin?

Pancreatin is a commercial mixture of enzymes (amylase, lipase, protease) secreted by the human pancreas or extracted from pigs. It helps digest fats, starches, and proteins.

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What is the most important part of the small intestine?

The duodenum is the most important part of the small intestine, as it receives three juices (pancreatic juice, bile, and intestinal juice) through which digestion takes place.

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What is lipase?

Lipase is a family of enzymes that breaks down fats (triglycerides, cholesterol, phospholipids, and lipid-soluble vitamins) by hydrolysis.

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What is the optimum temperature for lipase?

Lipase has an optimum temperature of 37°C, similar to trypsin. It can denature at high temperatures and become rigid at low temperatures.

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How does bile salt affect lipase?

Bile salts increase lipid surface area (SA), acting as emulsifying agents for lipids. They improve lipase efficiency during hydrolysis but lower lipase activity at low temperatures.

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What is steapsin?

Steapsin is pancreatic lipase, which is initially inactive. It gets activated by bile, salt, egg albumin, calcium salts, and calcium soaps.

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What is trypsin and how is it activated?

Trypsin is an enzyme that hydrolyzes peptide linkages involving arginine and lysine. It is secreted in an inactive form called trypsinogen and activated by enteropeptidase.

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What is erepsin?

Erepsin aids trypsin in proteolytic action by hydrolyzing resistant peptide linkages that trypsin cannot break down.

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What is the optimum temperature for trypsin?

The optimum temperature for trypsin is 40°C. High temperatures denature it, leading to inactivation, while low temperatures make it rigid and less active.

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Phenylhydrazine Reaction

This reaction is used to identify monosaccharides. When a solution of phenylhydrazine is added to a monosaccharide, it forms a crystalline compound called an osazone. The type of osazone formed can help to identify the particular monosaccharide present.

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How does free acid affect salivary amylase?

Free acid (like HCl) hinders the digestion of starch by salivary amylase. The higher the concentration of free acid, the less effective salivary amylase becomes.

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How does alkali affect starch digestion?

Alkali (like Na2CO3) enhances the digestion of starch by salivary amylase. Higher alkali concentrations lead to greater digestion.

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Main function of kidneys

Kidneys are responsible for excreting most soluble solid waste products and regulating water balance in the body through urine.

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What's normal urine color?

Normal urine is yellow to amber due to the presence of urochrome, a pigment resulting from the breakdown of bilirubin and peptide.

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What causes abnormal urine color?

Abnormal urine color can range from colorless to black, depending on the underlying medical condition. It can be affected by factors like diet, medications, and disease states.

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What causes a cloudy urine appearance?

Cloudy urine can result from the presence of phosphates, urates, white blood cells, bacteria, epithelial cells, fat, or other substances.

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What is the normal pH of urine?

The normal pH of urine ranges from 4.5 to 8.2. This pH can vary based on factors like diet, medications, and underlying medical conditions.

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What is urea?

Urea is a waste product of protein metabolism in the body. It's produced by the liver and excreted by the kidneys into urine.

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What is uric acid?

Uric acid is a waste product of purine metabolism. High levels can indicate gout.

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What is creatinine?

Creatinine is a waste product of muscle metabolism, excreted by healthy adults.

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What is Indican?

Indican is formed from the breakdown of tryptophan in the intestines. It's a marker for intestinal putrefaction.

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What is proteinuria?

Proteinuria is the presence of protein in the urine, which can indicate kidney damage or nephritis.

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What is glycosuria?

Glycosuria is the presence of glucose in the urine. It's found in individuals with conditions like diabetes mellitus.

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What are ketone bodies?

Ketone bodies are produced when the body breaks down fats for energy. They can build up in the blood if the body can't get enough glucose for energy.

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Study Notes

Salivary Digestion

  • Salivary enzymes are "hydrolytic" enzymes, meaning they break down biomolecules like proteins and carbohydrates.
  • Saliva acts as a catalyst in the digestive process.
  • Don't memorize the entire enzyme table, focus on key enzymes like amylase and pepsin.
  • Saliva has a specific pH range.
  • Tests for Mucin involve Benedict's, orcinol, Biuret, and phosphomolybdate reagents.
  • Tests for calcium involve Muganas reagent, a key is provided, or an answer key.
  • An acidic medium tests for thiocyanate.
  • Smoking increases the level of Hg (CNS or) mercuric thiocyanate.
  • Acid and starch digestion is a relevant process.

Salivary Amylase

  • A table detailing the results for starch digestion and the color changes using salivary amylase should be memorized.
  • Fehling's test can be used to detect reduction.

Influence of Free Acid and Saliva Digestion

  • The influence of free acids on salivary digestion should be noted.
  • Color, pH, and positive results need to be observed during salivary digestion.
  • Minerals in saliva act as buffers to maintain saliva pH levels.

Intestinal Digestion

  • The carboxyl group (C=O) in some cases is relevant in digestion.
  • BAPNA assays are used to measure proteolytic enzymes.
  • BAPNA assays should be memorized in your studies.
  • Factors that denature proteins should be identified.
  • Whipped cream's texture and how it impacts digestion.
  • Fatty acid release (rancid taste) is another factor in digestion.

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Description

Test your knowledge on salivary digestion processes and the role of enzymes like amylase and pepsin. This quiz covers key concepts such as the effects of pH, tests for mucin and calcium, and the influence of free acids. Prepare to explore the biochemical significance of saliva in digestion.

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