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Questions and Answers
What is the primary purpose of FMEA in design and process?
What is the primary purpose of FMEA in design and process?
Which factor does Herzberg's Motivational Theory classify as a hygiene factor?
Which factor does Herzberg's Motivational Theory classify as a hygiene factor?
What does SWOT analysis primarily evaluate?
What does SWOT analysis primarily evaluate?
What dictates the application of premiums from insurance companies?
What dictates the application of premiums from insurance companies?
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How are experience rating states determined?
How are experience rating states determined?
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Which of the following is a government agency involved in transportation regulation?
Which of the following is a government agency involved in transportation regulation?
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What does Process Safety Management aim to prevent?
What does Process Safety Management aim to prevent?
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What is defined as a Trade Secret?
What is defined as a Trade Secret?
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What does TLV-TWA stand for?
What does TLV-TWA stand for?
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What is a single-point failure?
What is a single-point failure?
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What does the Domino Theory illustrate?
What does the Domino Theory illustrate?
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What is the purpose of a Gantt Chart in project management?
What is the purpose of a Gantt Chart in project management?
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What does the ratio of direct to indirect costs of accidents indicate?
What does the ratio of direct to indirect costs of accidents indicate?
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What is the primary cause of accidents according to the unsafe acts and conditions ratio?
What is the primary cause of accidents according to the unsafe acts and conditions ratio?
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What does workers' compensation primarily cover?
What does workers' compensation primarily cover?
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What is not included in common metrics for assessing project performance?
What is not included in common metrics for assessing project performance?
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Which of the following best describes risk acceptance?
Which of the following best describes risk acceptance?
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What does risk characterization analyze?
What does risk characterization analyze?
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Which of the following elements is part of SMART goals?
Which of the following elements is part of SMART goals?
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What does job safety analysis specifically assess?
What does job safety analysis specifically assess?
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What is defined as an unplanned event leading to injury or damage?
What is defined as an unplanned event leading to injury or damage?
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What is the primary purpose of task analysis?
What is the primary purpose of task analysis?
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What does risk acceptance involve?
What does risk acceptance involve?
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Which analysis identifies potential design and process failures before they occur?
Which analysis identifies potential design and process failures before they occur?
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What is the main goal of defensive driving?
What is the main goal of defensive driving?
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What does the Hazard Communication Standard require?
What does the Hazard Communication Standard require?
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Which component of safety management involves a continuous cycle of improvement?
Which component of safety management involves a continuous cycle of improvement?
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What does modeling assist safety engineers in doing?
What does modeling assist safety engineers in doing?
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In risk analysis, what does 'probability' refer to?
In risk analysis, what does 'probability' refer to?
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What is SWOT analysis primarily used for?
What is SWOT analysis primarily used for?
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Which system helps manage safety data effectively?
Which system helps manage safety data effectively?
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What is the term used for risk that persists without further action to eliminate or reduce it?
What is the term used for risk that persists without further action to eliminate or reduce it?
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Which of the following best describes residual risk?
Which of the following best describes residual risk?
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What is the primary goal of risk mitigation?
What is the primary goal of risk mitigation?
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How is risk characterized during risk assessment?
How is risk characterized during risk assessment?
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What does a hazard refer to in a safety management context?
What does a hazard refer to in a safety management context?
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What is the purpose of loss control measures?
What is the purpose of loss control measures?
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Which of the following best describes probability in the context of risk management?
Which of the following best describes probability in the context of risk management?
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What defines the severity of a hazard?
What defines the severity of a hazard?
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What are the two parts of accepted risk?
What are the two parts of accepted risk?
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Which action is considered a form of risk mitigation?
Which action is considered a form of risk mitigation?
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Study Notes
Workers' Compensation
- Refers to payments for medical expenses, payments to survivors in case of death, and costs for cleanup or investigation of accidents (including travel and legal services).
Task Analysis
- A detailed method to define elements of an undertaking, documenting resources needed for its completion.
Common Metrics
- Budget: Assessing if the project's budget is at, under, or over budget
- Time: Assessing if the project or phase was completed on time
- Quality: Evaluating if the work met or exceeded quality standards
- Conflict: Evaluating if the project phase created conflict among team members
- Safety: Assessing if the project was completed without safety incidents
Risk Analysis
- Uses qualitative and quantitative methods to measure the potential frequency and severity of risks.
Risk Determination
- Includes risk type, location, probability, consequences, and risk estimates (product of probability and consequences).
Risk Acceptance
- Deciding on acceptable risk frequencies and severities for individuals, companies, and society.
Risk Characterization
- Analyzing the effects exposure to a risk will have on people.
Job Safety Analysis
- A formal method used to assess job-related hazards.
Mishap
- An unplanned event resulting in death, injury, occupational illness, or damage to equipment or property.
SMART Goal
- Specific, Measurable, Actionable, Realistic, and Time-oriented goals.
International Labor Organization (ILO) Guidelines
- ILO-OSH 2001 provides voluntary guidelines on safety and health management systems, relying minimally on personnel performance.
Leading Indicators
- Proactive activities identifying hazards and assessing, eliminating, minimizing, and controlling risks, such as worker participation, safety suggestions, reported hazards, time taken to respond to reports, management walkthroughs, inspection findings, and safety training completion.
Evidence-Based Approach
- A rational method to reach reliable and reproducible audit conclusions through verifiable audit evidence.
Fault Tree Analysis
- A deductive analysis using boolean logic to link top events to combinations of basic events for a top event to happen.
Contingency Theory
- Claims that there's no one best way to organize or manage. The optimal course of action depends on circumstances.
Systems Theory
- An interdisciplinary theory about complex systems in nature, society, and science, regarding organizations as systems.
Management Styles
- Autocratic: Leaders make decisions unilaterally
- Permissive: Leaders allow participation but supervise closely.
- Directive Democrat: Allows participation but supervises closely.
- Directive Autocrat: Decisions unilaterally, closely supervises employees.
- Permissive Democrat: Allows participation, gives employees latitude.
- Permissive Autocrat: Decisions unilaterally, gives employees latitude.
Accident and Hazard
- Accident: An unexpected event causing injury, loss, or damage
- Hazard: A condition posing potential for an accident, injury, illness, or loss.
Costs of Accidents
- Direct Costs: Medical costs, time away from work, and other direct expenses.
- Indirect Costs: Hidden costs like employee time assisting colleagues, lost orders, or production losses.
ANSI Z10 and Heinrich's Incident Theories
- ANSI Z10: Voluntary consensus standard for occupational health and safety management systems.
- Heinrich's Theories: Direct vs Indirect costs ratio - 4:1, on average.
Plan-Do-Check-Act (PDCA) Cycle
- Plan: Set objectives, define processes
- Do: Implement the plan
- Check: Monitor and evaluate the plan
- Act: Take action to improve the plan
Confined Space and Entry Attendant
- A Permit-Required Confined Space: A space with hazardous atmosphere, engulfment risk, entrapment potential, or other safety/health hazards.
- An Entry Attendant: Monitors the conditions within the space and manages entry/emergency services if needed.
Hazard Communication Standard (HCS)
- The HCS requires the evaluation of all chemicals produced or imported to the U.S. regarding physical and health hazards.
- The HCS requires the communicated information of hazards to employees exposed.
Risk Analysis and Risk Determination
- Risk Analysis: Qualitative and quantitative methods to measure the potential frequency and severity of risks
- Risk Determination: Evaluating the type, location, probability, and consequences of risk.
Job Safety Analysis and Failure Mode and Effects Analysis (FMEA)
- Job Safety Analysis: Assessing job-related hazards.
- FMEA: Systematically identifying potential design & process failures.
Other Concepts
- Theory Y Management: Assumes all workers are motivated internally, with a reduced need for external rewards for work satisfaction.
- Herzberg Motivational Theory: Motivation categorized into hygiene factors and motivation factors.
- SWOT Analysis: Analyzing Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities, and Threats.
Manual Rates and Premiums
- Premiums are based on a rate book in the respective state.
Experience Rating
- Experience Rating determines average losses for various employment classifications while determining the effect of claims on premiums.
Premium Discounts
- Discounts for managing insurance costs are based on a manual rate book, competitive rates, and lower administrative costs.
Government Agencies
- Government agencies involved include DOT, NHTSA, SAE, FMVSS, FHA.
Process Safety Management
- Provides an analytical tool for preventing the release of highly hazardous chemicals.
- Threshold Limit Value-Time Weighted Average (TLV-TWA): Average concentration of a substance over a workday.
Hazardous Chemicals (Trade Secrets)
- Trade Secrets: Confidential formulas, patterns, etc. in a business, giving a competitive advantage.
- Unstable/Reactive Chemicals: Substances that polymerize, decompose, condense, or become self-reactive under conditions.
- Water-Reactive Chemicals: Substances released hazardous gases upon contact with water (flammable or health hazards).
Workplace Safety
- Workplace area(s): Location(s) where hazardous materials are used/produced.
Accident Prevention Strategies
- Frequency Strategy: Reducing commonly occurring accidents.
- Severity Strategy: Reducing accidents causing most severe injuries/damage.
- Cost Strategy: Reducing most costly accidents.
Accident Theories
- Multiple Factor Theory: Multiple factors contribute to accidents.
- Energy Theory: Energy transfer involved in accidents and injuries.
- Domino Theory: A sequence of events leading to an accident.
Financial Justification
- Process of justifying a business investment for safety.
Accident Cost Estimation
- Method to estimate accident costs categorized into major classes, analyzing accounts, incorporating work hours, medical costs, property loss, insurance premiums, and hidden costs.
Accident Ratios
- Ratios of unsafe acts to conditions, and incident/injury ratios.
Risk Management
- Acceptable risk: Risk remaining after reduction measures are applied.
- Risk Types: (1) risk knowingly understood, (2) risk not understood/accepted by default.
Risk Mitigation
- Mitigation reduces risk through hazard modification, design measures, safety devices, training, or procedures.
ALARP and Task Analysis
- ALARP (As Low As Reasonably Practicable): Establishes risk levels.
- Task Analysis: Detailing elements for undertaking and resources.
Risk Analysis and Assessment
- Risk analysis: Identifying hazards, assessing risk probability
- Risk assessment: Determining risks from hazards, evaluating hazard factors to present risk as severity times hazard probability.
Risk Assessment Techniques
- Establishing parameters and selecting an evaluation technique for identifying hazards.
Risk Types
- Acceptable risk: Remaining mishap risk, no further action needed for its elimination or reduction.
- Accepted risk: Risk known and understood, or not understood/accepted by default.
- Residual risk: Overall risk after safety mitigation efforts have been applied.
Risk Mitigation
- Action taken to reduce risk by modifying hazard, decreasing probability and severity of mishap.
ALARP and Task analysis
- ALARP: Acceptable level of mishap risk (as low as reasonably practicable).
- Task analysis: Defines elements required to carry out a task, and documenting available resources.
- Common Metrics, Risk determination and acceptance.
Risk Characterization and Job Safety Analysis
- Risk characterization: Analyzing effects of risk exposure on people.
- Job safety analysis: Assessing job-related hazards.
Safety Management Systems
- PDCA (Plan-Do-Check-Act) cycle for implementing and improving safety performance.
System Failure
- Single point failure: One component/subsystem failure impacting the entire system.
- Domino theory: Failure sequence like falling dominoes, impacting other components.
- Energy theory: Transfer of energy between objects/people during the incident.
Project Management
- Project management cycle: Defining, initiating, planning, executing, controlling, and closing project goals.
- Gantt Chart: Time-activity bar chart for managing project activities.
Hazard Communication
- Globally Harmonized System (GHS): International hazard communication approach, standardized procedures for chemical classification; Material Safety Data Sheets (MSDS) used for additional details on chemical workplace hazards.
Accident Costs
- Identifying and calculating the cost associated with accidents (insured/uninsured, labor/medical loss/damage, insurance), the ratio of direct to indirect costs being approximately 4:1.
Accident Causation
- Ratio of unsafe acts to unsafe conditions: 88% acts, 10% unsafe conditions, 2% other causes of accidents.
- Incident-injury ratio: 300 cases without injuries, 29 cases of minor injuries, and 1 case of a major injury.
Risk Management
- Root cause analysis (RCA): Basic causal factors in an accident.
- Risk communication: Exchange of risk information and opinions among stakeholders.
- Mitigation, minimizing, or controlling risks (through engineering, management, or operational means.)
Safety and Performance
- Safety: Freedom from conditions causing injuries or damage.
- Exposure: Contact with a health hazard.
- Unacceptable risk: Undesirable risk levels to be tolerated
Audit and Analysis
- Evidence-based approach: Method to reach reliable and reproducible conclusions.
- Fault tree analysis (FTA): A deductive method, moving from general to specific.
Human Factors
- Motivational-Hygiene theory: Intrinsic and extrinsic factors satisfying employee needs.
- Safety culture: Group attitude towards safety, reinforcing trust.
Exposure Limits
- OSHA defines permissible exposure limits (PELs).
Personal Protective Equipment (PPE)
- PPE: Protects from exposure to hazards.
- Chemical Protective Clothing (CPC): Protection from chemical exposure.
Product Liability
- Types of product liability (implied warranty, express warranty, strict liability, negligence).
Workers' Compensation
- Insurance method to protect employers from job-related incidents.
Safety Management Systems
- Continuous improvement processes.
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Description
Test your knowledge on key concepts related to safety management and risk analysis. This quiz covers topics such as FMEA, Herzberg's Motivational Theory, and process safety management. Challenge yourself with questions on project management tools and accident prevention strategies.
