Safety Management & Analysis Techniques

Types of Bodily Reactions

• Bodily reactions can be caused by stress from body movement or unnatural positions
• Overexposure to harmful energy, lack of energy, or substances, can cause injury

System Causation Theory

• Focus on fixing the system, not assigning blame for the issue
• Discipline is not appropriate if the safety management system failed employees

Accident Investigation

• The aim is to determine the facts, not to assign blame
• A seven-step process, including securing and documenting the accident scene, conducting interviews about the events, and writing the report.

Accident Investigation Characteristics

• At least two competent and trained investigators are needed
• The investigation report should address the surface and root causes of accidents
• Recommendations should be made to correct hazards and unsafe work practices

OSHA Recordkeeping

• OSHA Form 300 is used to categorize work-related injuries and illnesses, noting severity
• OSHA recordkeeping aims to collect consistent data on these injuries and illnesses
• Employers must maintain an OSHA 300 Log for each establishment operating a year or more

Workers' Compensation

• Workers' compensation provides medical coverage for workers injured at work
• Compensation is provided for those killed, injured, or made ill at work

Injury and Illness Reporting

• An injury or illness is work-related if an event or exposure caused or significantly aggravated a pre-existing issue
• Employers must determine if the workplace caused or aggravated the injury/illness

Safety Culture

• OSHA defines safety culture as a combination of attitudes, behaviors, beliefs, values, and workplace practices

Management Styles

• Directive Democrat: allows subordinate participation in decisions but closely supervises employees
• Directive Autocrat: makes unilateral decisions and closely supervises employees
• Permissive Democrat: allows employee participation in decision-making and provides autonomy

Accident Theories

• Heinrich's Domino Theory connects unsafe acts, conditions, social issues, injuries, and accidents
• Human Factors Theory suggests accidents are entirely due to human errors
• Systems Theory views accidents as relationships between man, machine, and the surroundings
• Energy Release Theory highlights the transfer of large amounts of energy in accidents
• Combination Theory points to a combination of factors causing accidents

Health and Safety Program Audits

• Document review, employee interviews, and site inspections are the three basic methods.
• Management commitment, employee involvement, worksite analysis, hazard prevention, control, and training are essential program elements.

ANSI Standards

• ANSI standards are developed with consideration for impacted stakeholders.
• The seven sections of Z 10 include Management leadership, employee participation, planning, implementation and operation, evaluation, corrective action, and management review.

Employee Rights and Responsibilities

• Employees have the right to access their medical and exposure records.
• Employees must adhere to OSHA safety rules and wear appropriate protective equipment; report hazards; and expect a safe work environment free from reprisal.

OSHA Inspections and Process

• During OSHA inspections, employers must be informed of the reason for the inspection.
• Employers must cooperate with OSHA compliance officers.
• The inspector will ensure the confidentiality of trade secrets.
• The inspection priorities are imminent danger, catastrophes, fatal accidents, and employee complaints

OSHA Citations

• OSHA citations are sent via certified mail and must be displayed by employers.
• Employers must comply with the cited violations promptly.

Liability and Records

• Manufacturers and sellers can minimize liability by defending in design, manufacturing, or sales. (i.e. in court)
• Records like incident reports, training, and equipment records are important

Job Safety Analysis and Risk Assessment

• JSA breaks jobs into steps to identify hazards and prescribes controls for each hazard.
• Gross Hazard Analysis assesses risks in early accident investigations
• The Bathtub curve shows failure rates over time
• Fault tolerance is unrelated to system failure time

Probability and Statistics

• Series reliability shows how the failure of one component results in failure of the entire system
• Parallel reliability shows how individual component failures do not necessarily result in overall system failure
• Probability of failure is calculated based on the probabilities of individual components

Classifying Failure Impacts

• Impacts are ranked as catastrophic, critical, marginal, and negligible

Health and Safety Performance

• Elements of effective accountability include established standards, resources, a measurement system, consequence, application, traditional measurements have limited prediction of future incidents, and effective goals must be SMART specific, measurable, attainable, realistic and time-bound

OSHA Overview

• OSHA's primary objectives are to encourage hazard reduction, provide research in occupational safety and health and develop solutions for safety and health problems, establish a system for employer/employee responsibilities and rights in safety, monitor workplace injuries and illnesses, develop safety and health standards, and enforce standards effectively.

Coverage under the OSH Act

• All private sector employers in the U.S. territories are covered under the OSH Act.

OSHA Rules and Regulations

• OSHA requires warrants to enter workplaces for inspections.
• Horizontal standards apply across general industries
• Vertical standards vary by industry (e.g., construction)

Employer Rights and Responsibilities

• Employers have a responsibility to ensure workplace standards are met.
• They should minimize or remove hazards. Use signs, labels, and color codes to educate staff.
• OSHA recordkeeping must be maintained

OSHA Recordkeeping System

• The Form 300 Log is used to track work-related injuries and illnesses.
• OSHA aims to compile national data on work-related injuries and illness.
• Data is used for targeting inspections, measuring performance, and resource allocation for standards development.

Workers' Compensation

• Workers' compensation is intended to provide medical coverage and compensation for employees injured at work.
• Different interpretations of these laws may exist across states.

Behavior Theory

• Behavior theory involves interventions, which include identifying internal factors and motivating employees to follow desired behaviors.

Cost-Benefit Analysis

• Cost-benefit analysis is used to determine the return on investment for activities and will pay for themselves. Return on investment (ROI) is determined by dividing the initial investment by the value of the investment

Insurance and Liability

• Insurance is used to cover worker injuries and protect businesses from lawsuits or liability issues

Charts and Graphs

• Chart and graph techniques such as PERT Charts are used to illustrate information in timelines.

Hazard Analysis Techniques

• PHA's and HAZOP's are used to identify hazards in the design phase of a project.

System Analysis Techniques

• System analysis involves using strategies like SHA, CIT, ETA, and Cause & Effect to investigate potential hazards in detail.

Safety Management

• Safety management involves a three-E approach, focusing on Engineering, Education, and Enforcement.

Reliability and Fault Tolerance

• Reliability analysis considers how individual components failing impacts the overall system, as well as how components working in parallel reduce the overall risk of system failure.

Probability and Statistics

• The probability of an event or defect occurring, and how that might impact a larger system, can be determined using formulas and statistics.

Accident Analysis

• Domino theory analyses accidents as chains of related events.
• Multiple cause theory points out that accidents are frequently the result of more than one factor.

Classification and Measurement

• Likert scales are used to measure attitudes, opinions, and subjective reactions to safety issues.

Epidemiological Theory

• Epidemiological studies focus on the connection between environmental factors and disease.
• Haddon's Energy Theory proposes that accidents are related to the transfer of energy.

Multiple Factor Theories

• Multiple-factor theories examine factors like humans, machines, environment and management, in relation to accidents.

OSHA Regulations

• OSHA requires employers to maintain detailed records for at least 5 years about injuries and illnesses.
• OSHA requires employers to maintain employee information, including OSHA 300 and 301 logs.
• OSHA requires employee training records to be retained for a specified period

Safety Culture

• OSHA defines safety culture in terms of attitudes, behaviors, beliefs, values and practices in the workplace.

Workers Compensation

• Workers compensation acts are designed to alleviate financial hardship brought on by work related injuries or illnesses which involves legal considerations.

Hazard Analysis

• Hazard analysis is used to identify, describe, and evaluate hazards impacting a system or process.

Event Tree Analysis

• Event tree analysis involves modeling cause and consequences which helps reveal potential hazardous conditions.

Health and Safety Performance

• The program elements and approaches used to measure and improve safety and health performance, includes program effectiveness, and employee and management involvement

Safety Program Auditing

• Identifies hazards, prevents injuries and illnesses and measures progress toward goals and objectives

Employer Responsibilities

• Employers are required to keep certain records and take steps to prevent injuries and illnesses in the workplace.

Management of Change Procedures

• Procedures for managing workplace changes with regard to safety, health and the environment are necessary.

Third-Party Lawsuits

• Parties outside the organization who have sustained injuries may be able to sue for damages. Liability for such incidents could involve the manufacturer, another employer, a co-worker, or even the work environment itself.

Theories of Liability

• Determining liability in injury cases can be broken down into issues of warranty, negligence or strict liability for injury-causing products.

Reducing Liability Risks

• Manufacturers and sellers can minimize risk by ensuring safe design, adequate warnings and procedures, regular maintenance and having lawyers to address any risk of litigation.

Job Safety Analysis (JSA)

• Breaks down job tasks to identify hazards, establish controls and create accident prevention programs.

Critical Path Method (CPM)

• Used for planning project activities, timelines, and relationships between activities.

Cost of Lost (COL)

• Cost of Lost output is a way to determine the return on investment for a project and the costs associated with project risks like accidents.

Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA)

• Federal government agency for natural, artificial, and nuclear emergencies.