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Questions and Answers
What is the formula for Series Reliability?
What is the formula for Series Reliability?
Which of the following safety performance measurements is best known for its limited predictive capability for future incidents?
Which of the following safety performance measurements is best known for its limited predictive capability for future incidents?
According to the Span of Control principle, what is the recommended supervisor to direct report ratio?
According to the Span of Control principle, what is the recommended supervisor to direct report ratio?
Which of the following are the four categories of failure impacts?
Which of the following are the four categories of failure impacts?
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What does the SMART acronym stand for in effective health and safety goals?
What does the SMART acronym stand for in effective health and safety goals?
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Which theory suggests that employees treated like children will act like children?
Which theory suggests that employees treated like children will act like children?
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In terms of Fault Tolerance, which statement is true regarding system functionality?
In terms of Fault Tolerance, which statement is true regarding system functionality?
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Which of the following is NOT a responsibility of OSHA?
Which of the following is NOT a responsibility of OSHA?
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Who is exempt from OSHA regulations?
Who is exempt from OSHA regulations?
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What is the primary purpose of the Log of Work-Related Injuries and Illnesses (OSHA Form 300)?
What is the primary purpose of the Log of Work-Related Injuries and Illnesses (OSHA Form 300)?
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Which statement correctly describes the span of control in management?
Which statement correctly describes the span of control in management?
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In the context of reliability, which formula represents the parallel reliability of a system?
In the context of reliability, which formula represents the parallel reliability of a system?
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Which of the following best defines an essential component of behavior-based safety (BBS)?
Which of the following best defines an essential component of behavior-based safety (BBS)?
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What does the acronym ROI stand for in the context of cost-benefit analysis?
What does the acronym ROI stand for in the context of cost-benefit analysis?
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What does Heinrich's domino theory state regarding the causes of accidents?
What does Heinrich's domino theory state regarding the causes of accidents?
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Which hazard analysis technique focuses on identifying deviations during the design stage?
Which hazard analysis technique focuses on identifying deviations during the design stage?
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Which of the following types of insurance is primarily related to workers' compensation?
Which of the following types of insurance is primarily related to workers' compensation?
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In reliability analysis, what is the probability of a system failing if the probability of success is given by Ps?
In reliability analysis, what is the probability of a system failing if the probability of success is given by Ps?
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What is a characteristic feature of horizontal standards in OSHA regulations?
What is a characteristic feature of horizontal standards in OSHA regulations?
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Which of the following is a critical task in conducting a cost-benefit analysis?
Which of the following is a critical task in conducting a cost-benefit analysis?
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What is the purpose of a PERT chart?
What is the purpose of a PERT chart?
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What is the main purpose of Preliminary Hazard Analysis (PHA)?
What is the main purpose of Preliminary Hazard Analysis (PHA)?
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Which analysis technique uses a deductive, top-down approach?
Which analysis technique uses a deductive, top-down approach?
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What does the Management Oversight and Risk Tree (MORT) aim to identify?
What does the Management Oversight and Risk Tree (MORT) aim to identify?
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What is the primary focus of Systems Hazard Analysis (SHA)?
What is the primary focus of Systems Hazard Analysis (SHA)?
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In the context of reliability, what does Series Reliability imply?
In the context of reliability, what does Series Reliability imply?
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The three 'E's of safety include Engineering, Education, and what?
The three 'E's of safety include Engineering, Education, and what?
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What does the term 'Probability of Failure (System)' refer to?
What does the term 'Probability of Failure (System)' refer to?
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Which method evaluates hypothetical situations and their consequences?
Which method evaluates hypothetical situations and their consequences?
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Why is the 'Cause & Effect Diagram', or Fishbone diagram, significant?
Why is the 'Cause & Effect Diagram', or Fishbone diagram, significant?
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How is Parallel Reliability defined in terms of system functionality?
How is Parallel Reliability defined in terms of system functionality?
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What does the domino theory suggest about preventing accidents?
What does the domino theory suggest about preventing accidents?
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According to Heinrich's findings, what percentage of accidents is attributed to unsafe acts?
According to Heinrich's findings, what percentage of accidents is attributed to unsafe acts?
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What is the main goal of a Preliminary Hazard Analysis (PHA)?
What is the main goal of a Preliminary Hazard Analysis (PHA)?
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What does the Management Oversight and Risk Tree (MORT) aim to evaluate?
What does the Management Oversight and Risk Tree (MORT) aim to evaluate?
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What does the Cause & Effect Diagram (Fishbone) primarily identify?
What does the Cause & Effect Diagram (Fishbone) primarily identify?
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Which hazard analysis technique involves interviewing individuals about accidents or near misses?
Which hazard analysis technique involves interviewing individuals about accidents or near misses?
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What is the primary purpose of the HAZOP technique in design stages?
What is the primary purpose of the HAZOP technique in design stages?
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Under the Multiple Cause Theory, how do accidents occur?
Under the Multiple Cause Theory, how do accidents occur?
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The Likert scale is primarily used to measure what aspect in safety management?
The Likert scale is primarily used to measure what aspect in safety management?
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Which of the following is NOT one of the 3 'E's of safety as described in Heinrich's framework?
Which of the following is NOT one of the 3 'E's of safety as described in Heinrich's framework?
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Study Notes
Types of Bodily Reactions
- Bodily reactions can be caused by stress from body movement or unnatural positions.
- Overexposure to harmful energy, lack of energy, or substances is a significant cause of injury.
System Causation Theory
- Focuses on fixing the system, not assigning blame for the accident.
- Discipline is not appropriate if the safety management system failed employees.
Accident Investigation
- The purpose of accident investigations is to determine facts, not assign blame.
- A seven-step process for investigating accidents includes securing the scene, documenting it, conducting interviews, developing the sequence of events, conducting surface and root cause analysis, determining solutions, and writing a report.
Characteristics of Accident Investigation
- At least two trained investigators should conduct the investigation.
- Investigators should be trained in investigation techniques.
- Investigation reports must address surface and root causes of accidents.
- Reports should recommend corrections of hazardous conditions and unsafe work practices.
OSHA Recordkeeping
- OSHA Form 300 classifies work-related injuries and illnesses, noting their extent and severity.
- OSHA recordkeeping collects national data on occupational injuries and illnesses.
- Employers must maintain a separate OSHA 300 Log for each establishment operating for a year or more.
- OSHA Form 300A summarizes work-related injuries and illnesses.
Workers' Compensation
- Workers' compensation provides medical coverage and compensation for work-related injuries, deaths, and illnesses.
Injury and Illness Reporting
- An injury or illness is considered work-related if an event or exposure in the work environment caused or significantly aggravated it.
- Employers must determine if a workplace caused or significantly aggravated an injury or illness.
Safety Culture
- OSHA defines safety culture as a combination of an organization's attitudes, behaviors, beliefs, values, and ways of doing things.
Management Styles
- Directive Democrat: allows participation and closely supervises employees.
- Directive Autocrat: makes decisions unilaterally and supervises closely.
- Permissive Democrat: allows participation and gives subordinates latitude.
Accident Theories
- Heinrich's Domino Theory: unsafe acts, unsafe conditions, social traits, injury, and accident.
- Human Factors Theory: accidents are entirely due to human error.
- Accident/Incident Theory: accidents are a result of a relationship between man, machine, systems, and surroundings.
- Systems Theory: accidents are a relationship between man, machine systems, and surroundings.
- Energy Release Theory: accidents involve the transfer of large amounts of energy quickly.
- Combination Theory: accidents result from a combination of factors.
Health and Safety Program Audits
- Audits use document review/verification, employee interviews, and site conditions.
- Effective programs include management commitment, employee involvement, worksite analysis, hazard prevention and control, and health and safety training.
ANSI Standards
- ANSI standards are developed with consideration for impacted stakeholders.
- The seven sections of ANSI Z 10 include Management Leadership, Employee Participation, Planning, Implementation and Operation, Evaluation, Corrective Action, and Management Review.
Employee Rights and Responsibilities
- Employees have the right to access medical records and exposure records.
- Employees are expected to read OSHA posters, follow safety rules, wear required gear, follow safe work practices, and report hazardous conditions.
OSHA Inspections and Process
- During an OSHA inspection, the employer must be advised of the reason, identify the compliance officer, ensure confidentiality of trade secrets, and follow priority-based inspections (imminent danger, catastrophes, employee complaints, and programmed high-hazard inspections).
OSHA Citations
- Citations are sent via certified mail and must be posted for a minimum of three days.
- OSHA regulations require employers to keep records of work-related fatalities, injuries, and illnesses.
Liability and Records
- Manufacturers and sellers can minimize liability by using attorneys, preventing lawsuits, and having good documentation in place.
- Records include incident reports, training records, exposures and conditions, and equipment testing and maintenance.
Job Safety Analysis and Risk Assessment
- JSA breaks jobs into steps, identifying hazards at each stage.
- JSA prescribes controls for each hazard, such as gross hazard analysis evaluating risks, and bathtub curve charting failure rates over time.
Probability and Statistics
- Series Reliability: R = R1 × R2 × ... × Rn, where failure of any component results in system failure.
- Parallel Reliability: Rsystem= 1 − {(1 - R1)(1 – R2)...(1 – Rn)}, where any one component can fail without system failure.
- Probability of Failure calculation, Probability of Failure (System), = (1 – Ps).
Human Behavior and Error
- Argyris theory: Employees act like children or adults depending on treatment.
- Heinrich's 3 "E's": Engineering, Education, and Enforcement
- Conflict theory: Levels where bosses don't solve all the problems.
- Drucker approach: Management by objectives (MBO).
Classifying Failure Impacts
- Failure impacts are categorized as catastrophic, critical, marginal, and negligible.
- Likert scale measures attitude preferences and subjective reactions.
Health and Safety Performance
- Elements of effective accountability systems include standards, resources, measurement systems, and application.
- Traditional measures (TCIRs and DARTs) have limited prediction of future incidents.
- Effective goals and objectives use the SMART framework (specific, measurable, attainable, realistic, and time-bound).
OSHA Overview
- The Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) promotes workplace safety and health.
- OSHA responsibilities include promoting safety, research, and developing innovative ways to deal with health and safety problems. OSHA establishes responsibilities for employers and employees and supports record keeping.
Coverage under the OSH Act
- All private sector employers, with one or more workers in all US states and US territories, are governed under the OSH Act. OSHA regulations do not apply to public sector employers (e.g., municipal, county, state, federal government), self-employed individuals, farm families, or domestic household workers.
OSHA Rules and Regulations
- OSHA requires warrants to conduct workplace inspections (Marshall v. Barlow).
- OSHA defines horizontal standards for general industries and vertical standards for specific industries.
Employer Rights and Responsibilities
- Employers are responsible for workplace conditions compliance.
- Minimizing hazards and use of warnings are required measures.
- OSHA-required records must be maintained.
OSHA Recordkeeping System
- The Log of Work-Related Injuries and Illnesses (OSHA Form 300) categorizes work-related injuries and illnesses.
- OSHA recordkeeping aims to track nationwide occupational injuries and illnesses.
- Data from recordkeeping systems help with targeting, performance measurement.
Workers' Compensation
- Workers' compensation is intended to provide medical coverage and compensation for workers who are killed, injured, or made ill at work.
Behavior Theory (Behavior-Based Safety)
- Behavior-based safety involves interventions, internal factor identification, and motivation to adhere to employer expectations.
Cost-Benefit Analysis
- Used to determine the return on investment for safety training and programs.
- ROI (Return on Investment) is calculated as (Cost ÷ Investment) x 100.
- Payback period is calculated to determine how quickly the investment is repaid.
Insurance and Liability
- Companies may secure insurance and policies.
- Third party lawsuits related to workplace injuries are a concern for liability.
Charts and Graphs
- PERT charts are used to visualize projects, tasks, and interdependencies in a flow chart.
Hazard Analysis Techniques
- Hazard Analysis Techniques include HAZOP, FHA, PHA, What-if Analysis, MORT, and Zonal.
- These methods identify hazards in different phases of a product's life cycle.
System Analysis Techniques
- System Analysis techniques include Systems Hazard Analysis (SHA), Critical Incident Techniques (CIT), Event Tree Analysis (ETA), and Cause & Effect Diagram (Fishbone).
Safety Management
- 3 "E's" of safety represent Engineering, Education, and Enforcement.
- Conflict theory: bosses should consider worker views, not just management's interests.
Reliability and Fault Tolerance
- Series reliability: system failure if any component fails, R=R1 x R2 x ... x Rn.
- Parallel reliability: system continues to function even if one component fails, Rsystem= 1−{(1 − R1)(1−R2)...(1 − Rn)}.
- Probability of system failure (Pf)=1- (Ps).
Probability and Statistics
- Probabilities (A, B, & C defects), calculate individual and overall failure rate from component probabilities.
Accident Analysis
- Domino theory: Accidents are a series of events leading to a final outcome.
- Heinrich's domino theory: accidents are 88% unsafe acts, 10% unsafe conditions, and 2% unavoidable.
- Multiple Cause Theory: Accidents result from a combination of multiple, related or unrelated, factors.
Change Analysis (Management of Change)
- Best practices for controlling risks during changes in workplaces.
- Conduction by competent persons to identify potential hazards is critically necessary.
- Changes and updates to procedures, processes, and layouts should be thoroughly analyzed prior to implementation and documentation.
Classification and Measurement
- Impacts are categorized as catastrophic, critical, marginal and negligible.
- Likert Scale: measuring attitudes and subjective reactions.
Systems Theory
- An interdisciplinary framework for investigating complex systems.
Chaos Theory
- Studies highly sensitive systems to initial conditions (butterfly effect).
Human Factors Theory
- Accidents are a result of several failures, not just human errors
- Factors can include inappropriate worker response and overload.
- Hazards include lack of training, insufficient worker support.
Heinrich's Domino Theory
- Accidents result from careless persons or poorly designed equipment.
- 2% of accidents are unavoidable.
- Includes personal injury, hazardous conditions, and poorly designed equipment aspects.
Accident/Incident Theory
- Accidents are system failures.
- Includes the possibility of system failures/errors.
Epidemiological Theory
- Focuses on the relationship between environmental factors and disease.
William Haddon's Energy Theory
- Accidents involve the transfer of energy.
Multiple Factor Theories
- Accidents result from various factors (e.g., man, machine, media, management).
- This involves factors that might affect accidents from reckless human input to flawed equipment, issues related to communication, and management failures.
Management Styles
- Directive Autocrat, Directive Democrat, and Permissive Democrat are styles with different levels of employee involvement
OSHA Regulations
- Covers reporting requirements for injuries and illnesses.
- OSHA 300 Log and 300A for recording data related to injuries and illnesses.
- Records are required for specific time periods.
Employee Participation
- Employee input on safety and health programs is necessary.
Safety Recognition Programs
- Safety Committees involve management and employee representatives.
- Such committees should aim to solve problems around workplace health and safety.
Third-Party Lawsuits
- Employees may file lawsuits against manufacturers if products cause injuries.
- Theories of liability, such as warranty, negligence, and strict liability, are important legal factors affecting lawsuits.
Reducing Liability Risks
- Manufacturers can reduce liability by designing products properly and by including instructions and warnings.
- Engineers' involvement helps to improve safety procedures.
Job Safety Analysis (JSA)
- Breaks down job processes to understand and identify hazards.
- Charts outlining steps, hazards and related prevention programs are developed/updated.
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Description
Test your knowledge on health and safety management principles, including reliability, OSHA regulations, and behavior-based safety. This quiz covers key concepts and performance measurements relevant to maintaining a safe work environment.
