Ruminant GI Parasites: Overview and Control
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Questions and Answers

What is the pre patent period for Ostertagia ostertagi?

  • 1 month
  • 3 weeks (correct)
  • 6 weeks
  • 2 weeks

    • What clinical effects are primarily associated with Ostertagia infection in calves and yearlings?

  • Skin lesions
  • Respiratory disease
  • Neurological symptoms
  • Irritation of gastric glands (correct)

    • Which treatment strategy is recommended for controlling Ostertagia in cattle?

  • Single treatment every quarter
  • Frequent drenching of calves (correct)
  • Antibiotic therapy only
  • Isolating infected animals

    • What is a recommended method to prevent the transmission of endoparasites like Ostertagia?

    <p>Rotate animals on fresh pasture</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the lifecycle stage of Ostertagia when it becomes infective to cattle?

    <p>Larva stage L3</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a primary intermediate host for Davainea proglottina?

    <p>Slugs and snails</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What causative agent is involved in triggering chronic gastritis in horses?

    <p>Gasterophilus spp.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which diagnostic method is most effective for detecting Gasterophilus spp. infection?

    <p>Gastroscopy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common treatment strategy for controlling Gasterophilus spp. infestations?

    <p>Anthelmintics</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What lifecycle stage of Habronema spp. is typically ingested by the maggots of flies?

    <p>L1 larvae</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is crucial for preventing transmission of Habronema spp. in horses?

    <p>Fly control and muck management</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the larval stage of Gasterophilus spp. develop into after leaving the mouth?

    <p>L3 larvae</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which condition associated with Habronema spp. is particularly challenging to diagnose?

    <p>Granulation tissue formation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What lifecycle stage of Dilepididae tapeworms are considered potentially fatal?

    <p>Larval stage</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which aspect is NOT a significant characteristic of equine gastrointestinal parasites?

    <p>Effective antibiotic treatment protocols</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the initial host for the lifecycle of Taenia taeniaformis?

    <p>Rodents</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which clinical effect is most commonly associated with endoparasitic infections in livestock?

    <p>Oedema</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How is Taenia pisiformis typically diagnosed in dogs?

    <p>Presence of tapeworm segments in feces</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common treatment strategy for endoparasites in livestock?

    <p>Flukicides</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which method is least effective in preventing the transmission of endoparasites?

    <p>Overcrowding of livestock</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the lifecycle of Taenia spp., what occurs after the cat consumes the infected rodent?

    <p>Formation of adult tapeworms in the intestines</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What major health issue is often observed in sheep infected with endoparasites?

    <p>Liver fibrosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key feature of the lifecycle of Taenia pisiformis related to its intermediate host?

    <p>Rabbit serves as the intermediate host</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which clinical sign would most likely indicate a metacercaria infection in livestock?

    <p>Chronic digestive upset</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role do wild life reservoirs play in the lifecycle of endoparasites?

    <p>They serve as definitive hosts.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Heterakis gallinarum eggs embryonate in a week before being picked up by another bird.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The primary treatment for Heterakis gallinarum is metronidazole.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Capillaria spp. invade different areas of chickens based on the species.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Earthworms serve as definitive hosts for Heterakis gallinarum.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Chicks can contract Heterakis gallinarum from contaminated food or worms.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Each species of Trichostrongylus tenuis can infect various mammals but not birds.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    After being ingested by another bird, Heterakis gallinarum mature in the intestine.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Infection with Heterakis gallinarum can lead to symptoms like weight gain and improved digestion.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The prepatent period for T. ovis in sheep is 6-8 weeks.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Dipylidium caninum primarily infects humans.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The definitive host for Echinococcus spp. is commonly a cat.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Toxocara canis can cause respiratory signs when ingested by mice.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Cysticercus is the infective stage of Dipylidium caninum.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Proglottids of Echinococcus spp. can be found in the feces of infected sheep.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The PPP for T. multiceps in sheep is longer than that for T. ovis.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Grains of rice are a visible symptom of Dipylidium caninum infection in dogs.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Echinococcus spp. can lead to the formation of hydatid cysts in the liver and lungs.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The infective stage of Dipylidium caninum is the egg stage.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Oesophagostomum species can cause severe disease in adult cattle.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Dark diarrhea in cattle is associated with Oesophagostomum radiatum.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Diarrhea and dehydration are clinical effects of Oesophagostomum infection.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Anorexia, anemia, and edema can occur in cattle infected with adult Oesophagostomum.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Oesophagostomum infections commonly lead to sudden death in older cattle.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Oesophagostomum commonianum primarily affects sheep rather than cattle.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The larval stage of Oesophagostomum is not infective to cattle.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Weight loss and severe disease can result from an Oesophagostomum infection in calves.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Bacterial overgrowth in the abomasum can lead to increased albumin levels in blood.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Increased eosinophils are indicative of a high worm burden in an infected host.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Haemonchus contortus is primarily associated with causing diarrhea in livestock.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The presence of pepsinogen in the blood indicates healthy digestive function.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Bottle jaw is a condition associated with the effects of parasitic infections.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Increased levels of gastrin in blood can be harmful and contribute to anemia.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The larval stage of Nematodirus is known for having tough and resistant eggs.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    High levels of IL-4 and IL-5 in response to infections result in positive health outcomes.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Necropsy findings of red haemorrhagic surfaces in the abomasum indicate a serious condition.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The clinical effects of worm infections include improved wool quality in sheep.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The lifecycle of Taenia taeniaformis involves a rabbit as an intermediate host.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Metacercariae typically excyst in the duodenum of the host.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    More cattle than sheep are affected by clinical disease due to trematodes.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Anaemia and liver fibrosis are among the clinical signs associated with endoparasitic infections in livestock.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The primary route of transmission for Taenia pisiformis is through direct contact with infected rabbits.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Wildlife reservoirs do not contribute to the lifecycle of endoparasites.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The PBS for Taenia pisiformis is typically 6-8 weeks.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Flukicides are highly effective against all stages of metacercariae.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Cats exhibit perianal irritation when infected with Taenia species.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The ampulla of Vater is the primary site where metacercariae enter the gastrointestinal tract.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The larval stage of Davainea proglottina is known as cystercoids.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Gasterophilus spp. larvae develop in the horse's stomach for 5-7 months before pupating in feces.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Habronema spp. eggs are typically found in the environment as they are passed in feces.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Dilepididae tapeworm infections are typically mild and do not cause serious health issues.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Gastroscopy is a common method for diagnosing Habronema spp. infections.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Equine gastrointestinal parasites can live for several months without causing noticeable symptoms.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Larval stage L1 of Habronema spp. is transmitted to horses via direct ingestion of contaminated feed.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The initial host for Gasterophilus spp. is a horse, where they will reside in the stomach.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Equine colic can result from chronic gastritis caused by Gasterophilus spp.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Maggots of stable flies do not play a role in the lifecycle of Habronema spp.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following parasites with their primary location in the gastrointestinal tract:

    <p>Ostertagia = Abomasum Teladorsagia = Abomasum Nematodirus = Small intestine Haemonchus = Abomasum</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following treatment strategies with their intended purpose:

    <p>Ivermectin = Control endoparasites in cattle Frequent drenching = Control Ostertagia in calves Lower stocking density = Reduce parasite transmission Separate calves and adults = Prevent reinfection</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following aspects with their respective descriptions:

    <p>Pre patent period = Time between infection and parasite detection Zoonotic = Parasitic infections transmissible to humans Ruminant GI parasites = Parasites affecting grazing livestock N battus treatment = Specific control measure for Nematodirus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following lifecycle stages with their descriptions:

    <p>L3 = Infective stage for Ostertagia L4 = Stage emerging from gastric glands L5 = Mature larval stage in infection progression PPP = Time until L3 can be detected post-infection</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following control measures with their intended effect:

    <p>Dose ewes prior to lambing = Prevent transmission to newborns Rotate on fresh pasture = Reduce parasite load Spring treatment for N battus = Target predicted severe months Calves’ separation from adults = Interrupt transmission cycle</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following nematode-related terms with their descriptions:

    <p>Haemonchus contortus = Causes anemia due to feeding on blood Nematodirus = Produces tough and resistant eggs Ostertagia ostertagi = Associated with high pH and altered digestion Trichostrongylus = Commonly affects various mammals except birds</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the symptoms with their related conditions in sheep:

    <p>Bottle jaw = Fluid accumulation due to low protein levels Diarrhea = Loss of nutrients and dehydration Poor wool quality = Reflects decreased nutrition and health Anemia = Due to feeding parasites on blood</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the immunological responses with their respective features:

    <p>Eosinophils = Increased levels in response to parasites IgA = Mucosal immunity involvement IgE = Allergic reactions and defense against helminths IL-4 = Promotes differentiation of T cells into TH2 cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following clinical signs with the corresponding species of Oesophagostomum:

    <p>Oesophagostomum radiatum = Dark diarrhea Oesophagostomum commonianum = Causes severe disease in sheep Oesophagostomum = Contributes to sudden death in older cattle Adult Oesophagostomum = Leads to anemia and edema in cattle</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following terms with their descriptions related to Oesophagostomum infections:

    <p>Diarrhea = Common clinical effect seen in infected cattle Anorexia = Reduced appetite observed in infected livestock Dehydration = A consequence of severe diarrhea Sudden death = Often reported in older cattle due to severe infection</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the lifecycle stages of nematodes with their characteristics:

    <p>L3 stage = Infective stage for various nematodes Egg stage = Tough and resistant, can survive adverse conditions Adult stage = Feeding stage that can cause clinical signs Larval stage = Development stage before becoming adults</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following Oesophagostomum species with their primary hosts:

    <p>Oesophagostomum radiatum = Cattle Oesophagostomum commonianum = Sheep Oesophagostomum = Cattle and sheep Adult Oesophagostomum = Calves and yearlings</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the nematode infections with their primary effects:

    <p>Haemonchus = Causes animal to have pale mucous membranes Ostertagia = Can lead to significant weight loss Nematodirus = Results in digestive issues due to gut damage Trichostrongylus = Associated with sudden death in older livestock</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following clinical manifestations with their potential causes in young calves infected by Oesophagostomum:

    <p>Severe disease = Associated with Oesophagostomum infection Weight loss = Often results from anorexia and diarrhea Dark diarrhea = A significant symptom of infection Anemia = Related to blood loss from infection</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the clinical signs with their underlying causes:

    <p>Weight loss = Due to nutrient depletion from parasite feeding Red hemorrhagic surface = Evident during necropsy of infected animals Increased pepsinogen levels = Indicator of gastric changes from infection High eosinophil count = Reflective of a parasitic burden</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the terms associated with nematodes with their actions:

    <p>Mast cells = Involve in allergic responses Gastrin = Stimulates acid secretion in the stomach Pepsinogen = Inactive precursor to the digestive enzyme pepsin Albumin = Protein that maintains osmotic pressure in blood</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following months with the associated clinical reports of Oesophagostomum infection:

    <p>May = Reported increase in clinical signs June = Heightened awareness among veterinarians July = Ongoing monitoring for symptoms August = Possible continuation of infection spread</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following clinical effects with their corresponding descriptions related to Oesophagostomum:

    <p>Diarrhea = Loss of body fluids leading to dehydration Anemia = Decrease in red blood cells due to infection Edema = Swelling caused by fluid accumulation Sudden death = Tragic outcome in severe cases</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the specific nematode with its unique characteristic:

    <p>Haemonchus contortus = Known for causing bottle jaw Nematodirus = Distinguished by its large, resistant eggs Ostertagia ostertagi = Associated with abomasal disease Trichostrongylus spp. = Common in various ruminants and known for its pathogenicity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the clinical signs with their related treatments:

    <p>Diarrhea = Treat with supportive care and anthelmintics Anemia = Address with iron supplements and antiparasitic medication Poor wool quality = Enhance nutrition and parasite control Bottle jaw = Manage with protein supplementation and deworming</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following species with their respective primary impacts on livestock:

    <p>Oesophagostomum radiatum = Dark diarrhea and weight loss in cattle Oesophagostomum commonianum = Severe disease primarily in sheep Adult Oesophagostomum = Anorexia, anemia, and edema in cattle In young calves = Severe disease and possible sudden death</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the terms with their functions related to immunity:

    <p>IgG = Main antibody in response to infection IgA = Important for mucosal immunity IL-5 = Promotes growth and activation of eosinophils TH2 immunity = Specialized in response against helminths</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following symptoms with their related consequences:

    <p>Dark diarrhea = Indicates severe parasitic infection Weight loss = Often results from combined clinical effects Anemia = Linked to heavy infection and blood loss Sudden death = Direct consequence of unmonitored infection</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following parasites with their respective definitive hosts:

    <p>T. multiceps = Sheep T. ovis = Sheep/goat T. serialis = Rabbit Dipylidium caninum = Dog</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following parasites with their prepatent periods (PPP):

    <p>T. multiceps = 4-6 weeks T. ovis = 6-8 weeks Echinococcus spp. = 35-55 days Toxocara canis = Ingested by mouse</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following hosts with the related infective life stage:

    <p>Dog = Cystercoid* Sheep = Eggs Mouse = L3 and egg Flea/lice = Grains of rice</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following pathogens with the associated clinical signs:

    <p>Toxocara canis = Respiratory signs Echinococcus spp. = Hydatid cysts Dipylidium caninum = Grains of rice T. multiceps = Cyst formation in sheep</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following parasites with their infective stages:

    <p>T. ovis = Eggs Dipylidium caninum = Egg stage T. serialis = Cystercoid Echinococcus spp. = Proglottids in feces</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following parasites with the affected species:

    <p>T. multiceps = Cattle T. ovis = Sheep/goat Echinococcus spp. = Dogs and cats Toxocara canis = Mice</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following statements with the corresponding parasites:

    <p>Dipylidium caninum = Active (crawl!) Echinococcus spp. = Proglottids shed in feces T. ovis = Form in liver/lung T. serialis = Ingested SI</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following life stages with their infectivity:

    <p>Cystercoid = Inflective stage of T. multiceps Eggs = Infective for T. ovis L3 stage = Infective for Toxocara canis Proglottids = Found in feces of Echinococcus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following parasites with their egg or cyst types:

    <p>T. multiceps = Cystercoid T. ovis = Eggs Echinococcus spp. = Hydatid cysts Dipylidium caninum = Grains of rice</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following parasites with their primary affected organ:

    <p>Gasterophilus spp. = Stomach Habronema spp. = Stomach Davainea proglottina = Intermediate host slugs and snails Dilepididae = Intestine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following parasites with their lifecycle stage information:

    <p>Gasterophilus spp. = Eggs laid on leg Habronema spp. = L1 passed into feces Davainea proglottina = Cystercoids in larval stage Dilepididae = Adult tapeworm in intestine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following parasites with their diagnosis method:

    <p>Gasterophilus spp. = Gastroscopy Habronema spp. = Fecal exam Davainea proglottina = Fecal flotation Dilepididae = Visual inspection of feces</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following parasites with their prevention strategies:

    <p>Gasterophilus spp. = Anthelmintic treatment Habronema spp. = Fly control Davainea proglottina = Slug and snail control Dilepididae = Maintaining hygiene</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following Gasterophilus lifecycle stages with their descriptions:

    <p>L1 = Larvae that develop in the mouth L2 = Larvae in the pharynx L3 = Mature larvae attached to gastric mucosa Eggs = Laid on the host's leg</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following parasites with their potential symptoms:

    <p>Gasterophilus spp. = Chronic gastritis Habronema spp. = Granulation tissue Davainea proglottina = Potential fatality Dilepididae = Intestinal obstruction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following parasites with their method of infection transmission:

    <p>Gasterophilus spp. = Ingestion of larvae Habronema spp. = Ingestion of infected flies Davainea proglottina = Ingestion of slugs/snails Dilepididae = Ingestion of infected raw fish</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following parasites with the lifecycle stage they are found in:

    <p>Gasterophilus spp. = Eggs on host Habronema spp. = Magots of flies Davainea proglottina = Cystercoids Dilepididae = Proglottids in feces</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following parasites with the characteristic appearance:

    <p>Gasterophilus spp. = L3 resembles a small worm Habronema spp. = Granulomas and nodules Davainea proglottina = Segments and eggs Dilepididae = Tape-like structure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following parasites with their respective primary lifecycle or infection details:

    <p>Ancylostoma caninum = L3 ingestion Uncinaria stenocephala = Eggs in feces Trichuris vulpis = Large intestine adult Ascaridia = Direct lifecycle</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following clinical signs with the associated parasite:

    <p>Hookworm = Black tarry feces Uncinaria stenocephala = Rarely diarrhea/dermatitis Trichuris vulpis = Whippy dog Ancylostoma tubaeforme = Pot-belly condition</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following parasites with their associated effects on hosts:

    <p>Ancylostoma caninum = Gi system infections Trichuris vulpis = Poor body condition Uncinaria stenocephala = Diarrhea and dehydration Ascaridia = Sub-optimal growth</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following parasites with their treatment recommendations:

    <p>Ancylostoma caninum = Anthelmintics (fenbendazole) Trichuris vulpis = Large intestine treatment Uncinaria stenocephala = Ingested L3 infection Ascaridia = Direct treatment approach</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following parasites with their host species:

    <p>Ancylostoma caninum = Dogs Ancylostoma tubaeforme = Cats Uncinaria stenocephala = Dogs Trichuris vulpis = Dogs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following primary infection routes with their parasites:

    <p>Ancylostoma caninum = Ingestion of L3 Uncinaria stenocephala = Eggs in environment Trichuris vulpis = Fecal diagnosis Ascaridia = Direct representative</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following parasites with the respective symptoms they may cause:

    <p>Ancylostoma caninum = Diarrhea and seizures Uncinaria stenocephala = Weight gain Trichuris vulpis = Visible presence in feces Ascaridia = Stunted growth</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following clinical symptoms with their corresponding diagnosis methods:

    <p>Diarrhea = Fecal examination Poor body condition = Physical assessment Pot-belly appearance = Clinical observation Weight loss = Fecal egg count</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following parasites with their characteristic appearance:

    <p>Trichuris vulpis = Large intestine Ancylostoma caninum = Eggs and larvae Ascaridia = Adult worm structure Uncinaria stenocephala = Tarry feces</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Ruminant GI Parasites

    • Pre-patent period: Time between infection and detection of the parasite
    • Zoonotic: Can be transmitted between animals and humans
    • Control strategies: Frequent drenching of calves, ivermectin for cows, lower stocking density, separate calves and adults, pasture rotation
    • Parasite: Ostertagia → location: abomasum; Teladorsagia (Ostertagia) → location: circumcincta = sheep

    Nematodirus

    • Small intestine: N. battus in sheep and calves, N. fillicolis in sheep, N. Nspathiger in sheep; N. helvetianus in cattle
    • Infective L3: PPP 2 weeks
    • Eggs: Tough, resist freezing
    • Hatching: Stimulated by cold

    Haemonchus contortus

    • Abomasum: Location of adult worms
    • L3 infective: PPP 3 weeks
    • Immunity: Increased eosinophils, mast cells, IgA, IgE, IgG, IL-4, IL-5, IL-13

    Other Parasites

    • Oesophagostomum:
      • O. radiatum in cattle
      • O. comumbianum in cow + sheep
      • O. dentatum in swine
      • O. quadrispin in swine
    • **Ascaris suum:**PPP = 35-40 days
    • Fasciola hepatica:
      • Lifecycle includes snails
      • Pathology/CS: Acute sub-acute and chronic forms depend on number of metacercariae. rate of uptake, Tx, drug resistance.
      • Control/tx/dx: Dx: fecal egg count, plasma enzymes. Tx: fence off wet areas, increase soil drainage, control wildlife and anthelmintics
    • Fasciola gigantica: Cattle and buffalo, acute fatal in sheep.
    • Fasicolides magna: deer

    Dicrocoelium dendriticum

    • Intermediate host: Ants
    • Snail: First intermediate host
    • Doesn't penetrate: Liver or gut walls
    • Metacercariae: Excyst in duodenum and travel via ampulla of Vater, then enter bile duct
    • Clinical disease: Subclinical, mostly affecting sheep

    Small Animal GI Parasites

    • Taenia:
      • taeniaformi in rodents, cats eat infected rodent. (PPP = 6-8 weeks)
      • pisiformis in rabbit, dog eat (PPP = 4-6 weeks)
      • multiceps in sheep/cow, dog eat (PPP = 4-6 weeks)
      • ovis in sheep/goat, dog eat (PPP=6-8 week)
      • serialis in rabbit, dog eat

    Dipylidium caninum

    • Definitive host: SI of dog and cat
    • Infective stage: Cystercoid

    Echinococcus spp

    • Proglottids: Shed in feces, sheep eat eggs, hyatid cyst form in liver/lung 6-12 months. Dogs may eat sheep
    • PPP: 35-55 days

    Toxocara canis

    • Small mammals and birds: Small mammals and birds frequently a host
    • Infected mom: Ingests eggs, kittens infected transmammary. L2 in egg/pratenic host, ingested (PPP=11 weeks)
    • Develops in GIT only

    Ancylostoma caninum

    • L3 ingestion: PPP = 2-3 weeks

    Trichuris vulpis

    • Dog whip: Adults in large intestine, eggs in feces
    • PPP: 2-3 months

    Avian GI Parasites

    • Ascaridia galli: Direct lifecycle - eggs embryonate in a week then can be picked up by another bird, matures in intestine. Earthworms are a paratenic host.
    • Heterakis gallinarum: Chicks can get from worm or contaminated food
    • **Trichostrongylus tenuis:**Infective L3, crawl onto moist vegetation
    • Eggs: Hatch in environment, L1 becomes L2 and develops into L2

    Capillaria and Dilepididae

    • Intermediate host: slugs and snails
    • Larval stage: Cystercoids

    Equine GI Parasites

    • Gasterophilus spp: Eggs laid on leg → L1 develop in mouth → L2 pharynx → L3 attaches to gastric mucosa; L3 survive 10-12 months before pupating.
    • Habronema spp: Eggs hatch L1 pass into feces and ingested by maggots, L2-L3 develop, L3 migrate to oral part of fly.
    • Parascaris equorum: (SI) PPP 6-8 weeks
    • Strongylus equinus: L3 invades wall of cecum and colon, becomes L4, passes through visceral peritoneum, then to the liver, then to L5, returns to LI via pancreas
    • Strongylus edentatus: L3 through intestinal wall, to live via blood, L4 migrate to peritoneum, adjacent to liver, to L5, then returns to colon and caecum
    • Oxyurix equi: Eggs don't survive well outdoors (stable only)
    • Strongylus vulgaris: LI, pre-patenting period = 4-5 months, L3, L4 and L5.

    Other Parasites (continued)

    • Strongyloides westeri: L3, free living adult worms, Indirect lifecycle (mites on veg)
    • Anoplocephala perfoliate: Difficult fecal → ELISA, CS: ileal impaction

    Protists

    • Coccidia: Eimeria spp. or Isospora spp
    • Cryptosporidium: Long-lasting, mucoid, sticky, fetid, green diarrhea
    • Toxoplasmosis: Cats only definitive host; rodents are host.
    • Neosporosis: Dogs only definitive host. Causes abortion in cattle. Vertical transmission.
    • Giardia: Lots of species
    • Trichomoniasis: Birds and humans/dogs
    • Histomoniasis in turkeys and poultry;Necrosis of caecae and liver, Yellow diarrhea, listless, fatal; Carrier bird
    • Balantidium: Diarrhea in reptiles;Spironucleosis in birds and hole in head in fish

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    Endoparasites PDF

    Description

    This quiz addresses the various gastrointestinal parasites affecting ruminants, focusing on their life cycles, infection periods, and control strategies. Learn about specific parasites like Ostertagia and Haemonchus contortus, and understand their zoonotic implications and management practices.

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