Helminths of Ruminants Quiz
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Questions and Answers

What morphological feature is unique to males in the Strongylida order?

  • Colorful markings
  • Copulatory bursa (correct)
  • Thick-shelled eggs
  • Shorter body length

    • Which group of parasites is associated with strongyle-type eggs in ruminants?

  • Trichuris
  • Nematodirus
  • Ascaris
  • Haemonchus, Ostertagia, Trichostrongylus, Cooperia, Oesophagostomum (correct)

    • What is the typical prepatent period for Strongylida nematodes?

  • 4-6 weeks
  • 1-2 weeks
  • 6-8 weeks
  • 2-4 weeks (correct)

    • What does the periparturient rise phenomenon refer to in Strongylida nematodes?

    <p>Increase in fecal egg counts in pregnant ewes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which Strongylida nematode does not belong to the HOT CO complex?

    <p>Nematodirus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are common clinical signs of Parasitic Gastroenteritis (PGE) in ruminants?

    <p>Loss of appetite and watery green diarrhea</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement about the life cycle of Strongylida nematodes is correct?

    <p>The life cycle is direct with larval development in the environment.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of eggs do Strongylida nematodes shed?

    <p>Ellipsoid, thin-shelled eggs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary location of Haemonchus spp. in ruminants?

    <p>Abomasum</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic appearance associated with female Haemonchus spp.?

    <p>Barber pole appearance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What clinical sign is associated with severe anemia caused by Haemonchus infection?

    <p>Pale mucous membranes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which system is utilized to assess anemia severity in ruminants infected with Haemonchus?

    <p>FAMACHA system</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary disease caused by Ostertagia spp. in ruminants?

    <p>Ostertagiosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of ostertagiosis occurs due to synchronous emergence of hypobiotic larvae?

    <p>Type II ostertagiosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common clinical sign of Ostertagia infection in cattle?

    <p>Severe diarrhea</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role do Trichostrongylus spp. play in ruminant parasitism?

    <p>Contributors to PGE</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary economic impact of Cooperia spp. in cattle?

    <p>Decreased weight gain in calves</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the direct impact of Oesophagostomum spp. on ruminants?

    <p>Produce eosinophilic nodules in the intestinal wall</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinct appearance is associated with necropsy findings in Ostertagia infection?

    <p>Moroccan leather appearance of the abomasal mucosa</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary environment for Nematodirus spp. in ruminants?

    <p>Small intestine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What management strategy can help control Haemonchus infection in ruminants?

    <p>Integrated pest management</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the strategy that uses fecal egg counts to assess parasite burden in ruminants?

    <p>McMaster's technique</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which species of Haemonchus is primarily a major pathogen in sheep?

    <p>Haemonchus contortus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What environmental conditions are necessary for the hatching of eggs from large strongyles?

    <p>Cold followed by warmth</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key morphological feature of Bunostomum spp.?

    <p>Large buccal cavity with chitinous cutting plates</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do the infective L3 larvae of Bunostomum spp. primarily enter the host?

    <p>Through the skin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What clinical sign of Bunostomum spp. infection may indicate hypoproteinemia?

    <p>Submandibular edema (bottle jaw)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements is true regarding the life cycle of Strongyloides papillosus?

    <p>It has both direct and indirect life cycles.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What common clinical signs are observed with Strongyloides papillosus infections in young ruminants?

    <p>Anorexia and emaciation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following treatments is effective against Strongyloides papillosus?

    <p>Thiabendazole</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What pathology is significant in Bunostomum spp. infections due to their blood-feeding behavior?

    <p>Hemorrhagic lesions and diarrhea</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of eggs are associated with Trichuris spp.?

    <p>Thick-shelled eggs with a characteristic shape</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which part of the ruminant's body do adult Trichuris spp. primarily reside?

    <p>Large intestine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What clinical signs may indicate a heavy infection of Trichuris spp. in ruminants?

    <p>Anorexia and blood in stool</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the prepatent period for Bunostomum spp.?

    <p>2 to 2.5 months</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of life cycle do Trichuris spp. have?

    <p>Direct only</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What important control measure is vital for managing Strongyloides papillosus infections?

    <p>Maintaining a clean, dry environment</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What pathology is primarily associated with the immature flukes of Fasciola hepatica?

    <p>Hepatitis and fibrotic tracts</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which clinical sign is NOT typically associated with acute fascioliasis in small ruminants?

    <p>Weight gain</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How is Fasciola hepatica primarily diagnosed in infected hosts?

    <p>Fecal sedimentation for operculated eggs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a primary treatment option for Fasciola hepatica?

    <p>Albendazole</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a zoonotic concern of Fasciola hepatica?

    <p>Ingestion of contaminated aquatic vegetation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significant clinical consequence of Fascioloides magna in aberrant hosts like sheep?

    <p>Severe traumatic hepatitis and peritonitis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the classification of Fascioloides magna?

    <p>Trematoda</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do the life cycles of Fasciola hepatica and Fascioloides magna differ?

    <p>They share similar life cycles involving eggs and aquatic snails</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In dead-end hosts like cattle, what occurs with Fascioloides magna?

    <p>Thick-walled non-patent cysts form</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characteristic distinguishes Dicrocoelium dendriticum from Fasciola hepatica?

    <p>It uses ants as its second intermediate host</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What symptom is least likely to occur in the chronic phase of fascioliasis?

    <p>Sudden death</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which method of control is important for managing Fasciola hepatica infection?

    <p>Avoiding grazing on contaminated pastures</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a potential risk of Fascioloides magna in livestock populations?

    <p>Significant economic losses in wildlife</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the characteristic features of Trichuris spp. eggs identified during diagnosis?

    <p>They possess bipolar plugs at both ends.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement accurately describes the life cycle of Moniezia spp.?

    <p>Cysticercoid larvae develop inside oribatid mites.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary clinical impact of Moniezia spp. on ruminants?

    <p>They can lead to poor growth in young animals.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How is Fasciola hepatica most effectively diagnosed?

    <p>Through fecal examination for characteristic eggs.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of hosts does Taenia saginata involve in its life cycle?

    <p>Humans as definitive hosts, cattle as intermediate hosts.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What morphological feature distinguishes Moniezia spp. from Thysanosoma spp.?

    <p>Moniezia spp. have a segmented body composed of proglottids.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the definitive host for Fasciola hepatica?

    <p>Ruminants.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is an important control measure for Moniezia spp. infections?

    <p>Reducing exposure to oribatid mite hosts.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where is the adult Fasciola hepatica primarily located within the host?

    <p>In the liver and bile ducts.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which treatment options are effective for Moniezia spp. when treatment is deemed necessary?

    <p>Praziquantel and albendazole.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following correctly characterizes the definitive hosts of Trichuris spp.?

    <p>Ruminants and other mammals.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What public health significance is associated with Taenia saginata?

    <p>It is a zoonotic infection linked to undercooked beef.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the shape and size typical of adult Fasciola hepatica?

    <p>Flat and oval-shaped, measuring 2-4 cm.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the pyriform apparatus found in the eggs of Moniezia spp.?

    <p>To serve as a protective feature during transport.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary consequence of a severe infection with Dictyocaulus viviparus in cattle?

    <p>Parasitic bronchitis leading to lung collapse</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary clinical sign of Thelazia infection in ruminants?

    <p>Excessive tearing</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which species of lungworm is primarily associated with small ruminants?

    <p>Muellerius capillaris</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of fungi like Pilobolus in the life cycle of Dictyocaulus viviparus?

    <p>To spread L3 larvae in the environment</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of Musca flies in the life cycle of Thelazia spp.?

    <p>To deposit larvae in a new host</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which treatment option is commonly used for managing Thelazia infection?

    <p>Anthelmintics like ivermectin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which diagnostic technique is used to identify L1 larvae of Dictyocaulus viviparus?

    <p>Baermann technique</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main way through which small ruminants become infected with Muellerius capillaris?

    <p>Ingestion of land snails containing L3 larvae</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which clinical sign indicates that Parelaphostrongylus tenuis is causing neurological damage?

    <p>Uncoordinated movement (ataxia)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes L1 larvae of Muellerius capillaris from those of Dictyocaulus?

    <p>The presence of a dorsal spine and wavy tail</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What preventive measure can help reduce the incidence of Thelazia infection in ruminants?

    <p>Fly control measures</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the definitive host for Parelaphostrongylus tenuis?

    <p>White-tailed deer</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What clinical signs are typical of severe Dictyocaulus viviparus infections in cattle?

    <p>Coughing, dyspnea, and emaciation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which part of the body do adult Parelaphostrongylus tenuis reside in their natural host?

    <p>Subdural space</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following indicates a significant impact of lungworms on livestock health?

    <p>Economic losses due to reduced productivity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which diagnostic method can be used to confirm Parelaphostrongylus tenuis in abnormal hosts?

    <p>Cerebrospinal fluid analysis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary treatment method for severe infections of Dictyocaulus viviparus in cattle?

    <p>Use of anthelmintics</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What condition may arise from a Thelazia spp. infection if left untreated?

    <p>Chronic eye damage</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The life cycle of Thelazia spp. involves which method of larvae transmission?

    <p>Indirect transmission involving flies</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does the pathology of Muellerius capillaris typically vary between goats and sheep?

    <p>Goats experience more severe clinical signs compared to sheep</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What symptom is NOT typically associated with Thelazia spp. infections?

    <p>Skin lesions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common zoonotic concern related to Thelazia spp.?

    <p>Ocular symptoms in humans</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What defines the definitive hosts for Thelazia spp.?

    <p>Various mammals including ruminants</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a potential treatment strategy for managing Parelaphostrongylus tenuis in abnormal hosts?

    <p>Anthelmintics with anti-inflammatory medications</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of pathology is associated with Muellerius capillaris infections in small ruminants?

    <p>Granulomatous nodules in the lungs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a notable feature of Dictyocaulus viviparus’s life cycle?

    <p>It includes a prepatent period of approximately one month</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What stage of Parelaphostrongylus tenuis larvae is infective to ruminants?

    <p>L3 larvae</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a clinical sign of Parelaphostrongylus tenuis in abnormal hosts that affects mobility?

    <p>Head tilt</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key characteristic of eggs produced by Strongylida nematodes?

    <p>They are ellipsoid and thin-shelled.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which part of the life cycle do Strongylida nematodes undergo larval development?

    <p>In both the definitive host and the environment.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What occurs during the periparturient rise phenomenon in ewes?

    <p>An increase in nematode egg shedding due to relaxation of immunity.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which species is specifically known for having larger eggs that are not strongyle-type?

    <p>Nematodirus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is Parasitic Gastroenteritis (PGE) characterized by?

    <p>A complex of gastrointestinal nematodes causing prominent clinical signs.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common clinical sign of strongylid infections in ruminants?

    <p>Watery green diarrhea.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How long is the typical prepatent period for Strongylida nematodes?

    <p>2-4 weeks.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What hormone is associated with the relaxation of immunity during the periparturient rise?

    <p>Prolactin.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary body location affected by Haemonchus spp. in ruminants?

    <p>Abomasum</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What clinical sign may indicate severe anemia in animals infected with Haemonchus spp.?

    <p>Submandibular edema</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a major economic impact of Cooperia spp. in cattle?

    <p>Decreased weight gain in calves</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do Ostertagia spp. larvae affect the gastric glands in the abomasum?

    <p>Cause atrophy of gastric glands</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary diagnostic method used to assess Haemonchus spp. infections?

    <p>Fecal egg counts</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a significant risk factor for Trichostrongylus spp. infections in ruminants?

    <p>Wet and warm climatic conditions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the typical life cycle stage of Ostertagia spp. that infects the host?

    <p>L3 larvae</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which clinical sign is most commonly associated with Type II ostertagiosis?

    <p>Delayed onset of clinical signs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one management strategy to control Haemonchus spp. infections?

    <p>Pasture rotation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common pathophysiological consequence of Ostertagia spp. infection?

    <p>Protein-losing gastropathy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How are the L3 larvae of Oesophagostomum spp. harmful to ruminants?

    <p>They form nodules in the mucosa</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which species is primarily responsible for significant pathology in cattle among Ostertagia spp.?

    <p>Ostertagia ostertagi</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What pathogenic mechanism do Trichostrongylus spp. utilize in ruminants?

    <p>Direct tissue invasion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What morphological feature helps identify Haemonchus spp. females?

    <p>Characteristic barber pole appearance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What clinical signs may indicate severe Trichuris spp. infection in animals?

    <p>Blood in feces and diarrhea</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary method for diagnosing Trichuris spp.?

    <p>Fecal flotation to identify characteristic eggs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary treatment for Moniezia spp. in ruminants when necessary?

    <p>Praziquantel and albendazole</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT considered a definitive host for Moniezia spp.?

    <p>Free-living oribatid mites</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What ste of development occurs inside oribatid mites for Moniezia spp.?

    <p>Egg to cysticercoid larvae</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What morphological feature is characteristic of Moniezia spp. eggs?

    <p>Pyriform apparatus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of intermediate hosts in the life cycle of Fasciola hepatica?

    <p>To serve as a stage for asexual reproduction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which parasite can cause 'measly beef' due to its life cycle involving ruminants?

    <p>Taenia saginata</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one significant reason for public health concern with Taenia saginata?

    <p>Humans serve as definitive hosts for the parasite.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a clinical consequence of Fasciola hepatica infection in ruminants?

    <p>Poor growth and weight loss</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary environment for the development of Fasciola hepatica eggs?

    <p>Aquatic environments</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How can the spread of Moniezia spp. be controlled effectively?

    <p>Manage grazing areas to reduce exposure to oribatid mites</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary feature that differentiates Thysanosoma spp. from Moniezia spp.?

    <p>They have a distinguishing fringe on proglottids.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary method of infection for Bunostomum spp. in ruminants?

    <p>Skin penetration by larvae</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a major clinical sign associated with Bunostomum spp. infections in ruminants?

    <p>Submandibular edema</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characteristic feature distinguishes Strongyloides papillosus from other nematodes?

    <p>Alternating free-living and parasitic life cycle</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the typical clinical sign observed in young ruminants infected with Strongyloides papillosus?

    <p>Ataxia due to brain lesions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How can Trichuris spp. infections impact young ruminants?

    <p>Leading to anorexia and large bowel diarrhea</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which clinical sign is NOT typically associated with acute fascioliasis in small ruminants?

    <p>Weight gain</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the chitinous cutting plates found in Bunostomum spp.?

    <p>Allowing for blood-feeding</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the typical appearance of eggs when diagnosing Bunostomum spp.?

    <p>Strongyle-type with a rough shell</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a primary treatment option for fascioliasis caused by Fasciola hepatica?

    <p>Triclabendazole</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a method for diagnosing Fasciola hepaticain infected hosts?

    <p>Identifying operculated eggs in fecal sedimentation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the common name for Strongyloides papillosus?

    <p>Threadworm</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which condition can arise from chronic fascioliasis due to Fasciola hepatica?

    <p>Severe liver damage</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of pathology is primarily caused by the blood-feeding behavior of Bunostomum spp.?

    <p>Inflammation and villi loss</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What preventive measure is essential for controlling Strongyloides papillosus infections?

    <p>Maintaining a clean and dry environment</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which species is a natural definitive host for Fascioloides magna?

    <p>White-tailed deer</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the prepatent period for Strongyloides papillosus?

    <p>2 to 2.5 months</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What typically distinguishes aberrant hosts infected with Fascioloides magna?

    <p>Severe traumatic hepatitis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the typical lifecycle sequence for Fascioloides magna?

    <p>Cercariae released, encyst on vegetation, ingested</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What adult features are characteristic of Trichuris spp.?

    <p>Whip-like shape with a narrow anterior and thicker posterior</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a major risk during the larval stage of Bunostomum spp. in the environment?

    <p>High burden of larvae on pasture during spring</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of excrement may indicate anemia in hosts infected with Fasciola hepatica?

    <p>Black excrement</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What zoonotic risk is associated with Fasciola hepatica?

    <p>Infects humans through consumption of contaminated watercress</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of life cycle do Trichuris spp. exhibit?

    <p>Direct life cycle only</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a common symptom of Fasciolides magna infection in aberrant hosts?

    <p>Emaciation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a potential consequence of heavy Bunostomum spp. infections?

    <p>Severe emaciation and death</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary control measure to combat Fasciola hepatica?

    <p>Snail management</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a significant consequence of Fascioloides magna in dead-end hosts?

    <p>Formation of non-patent cysts</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following liver trematodes is considered less severe than infections caused by Fasciola hepatica?

    <p>Dicrocoelium dendriticum</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary disease caused by Dictyocaulus viviparus in cattle?

    <p>Parasitic bronchitis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key feature of the life cycle of Dictyocaulus viviparus?

    <p>It has a direct life cycle.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the expected prepatent period for Dictyocaulus viviparus?

    <p>1 month</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which intermediate host is critical in the life cycle of Muellerius capillaris?

    <p>Land snails</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are common clinical signs of Muellerius capillaris infection in goats?

    <p>Coughing and dyspnea</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How are Dictyocaulus viviparus infections primarily diagnosed?

    <p>Baermann technique</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What morphological feature distinguishes the L1 larvae of Muellerius capillaris?

    <p>Wavy tail with dorsal spine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main route of infection for Dictyocaulus filaria in small ruminants?

    <p>Ingestion of L3 larvae</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes the pathology associated with Dictyocaulus viviparus?

    <p>Obstruction of small airways</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What economic impact do Dictyocaulus and Muellerius lungworms pose?

    <p>They can impair livestock health and productivity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does the pathology of Muellerius capillaris differ in goats compared to sheep?

    <p>Goats show more severe clinical signs.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one control measure to manage Muellerius capillaris infections?

    <p>Managing snail populations</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of treatment is generally not required for Muellerius capillaris in sheep?

    <p>Treatment is usually not needed due to subclinical infections.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What classification is given to Thelazia spp.?

    <p>Eye worms</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary pathology associated with Thelazia spp. infections?

    <p>Irritation and inflammation of the eye</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a common clinical sign of Thelazia infection in ruminants?

    <p>Excessive tearing</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How is Thelazia spp. typically diagnosed?

    <p>Direct observation of adult worms in the conjunctival sac</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key preventive measure against Thelazia infection in ruminants?

    <p>Effective fly control</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which secondary health concern can arise from a Thelazia infection in animals?

    <p>Corneal ulcers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary natural host for Parelaphostrongylus tenuis?

    <p>White-tailed deer</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which clinical sign indicates severe neurological damage in abnormal hosts infected with Parelaphostrongylus tenuis?

    <p>Ataxia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a potential treatment option for Parelaphostrongylus tenuis in abnormal hosts?

    <p>Anthelmintics and anti-inflammatory medications</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the life cycle of Parelaphostrongylus tenuis involve?

    <p>Ingestion of infected snails or slugs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How are Parelaphostrongylus tenuis infections diagnosed in abnormal hosts?

    <p>Clinical signs and CSF analysis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What zoonotic risk is associated with Thelazia spp.?

    <p>Ocular symptoms like conjunctivitis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a significant consequence of Parelaphostrongylus tenuis in abnormal hosts?

    <p>Irreversible neurological damage</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of Musca flies in the life cycle of Thelazia spp.?

    <p>Intermediate host</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following symptoms may arise from corneal ulcers caused by Thelazia infection?

    <p>Photophobia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What factor primarily contributes to the periparturient rise phenomenon observed in pregnant ewes infected with Strongylida nematodes?

    <p>Relaxation of immune response</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements correctly describes the eggs produced by Strongylida nematodes?

    <p>They are indistinguishable across different species</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of the direct life cycle in Strongylida nematodes?

    <p>It leads to enhanced transmission through environmental stages</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which feature helps differentiate Nematodirus from other Strongylida nematodes in terms of its eggs?

    <p>They have a large volume of cytoplasm</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What describes the clinical manifestation of Parasitic Gastroenteritis (PGE) in ruminants?

    <p>It can present both clinical and subclinical forms</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of the L3 larvae in the life cycle of Strongylida nematodes?

    <p>They are the infective stage that enters the definitive host</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following clinical signs is least likely to be observed in ruminants suffering from Parasitic Gastroenteritis?

    <p>Fever</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the impact of increased prolactin levels during the periparturient period on Strongylida infections in ewes?

    <p>It increases the egg shedding from adults</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary consequence of the blood-feeding behavior of Haemonchus spp. in ruminants?

    <p>Severe anemia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do the larvae of Ostertagia spp. contribute to the pathophysiology of the disease they cause?

    <p>They increase abomasal pH.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key factor in the hypobiotic phase of Haemonchus spp. larvae?

    <p>Unfavorable environmental conditions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a characteristic clinical sign associated with Type I ostertagiosis?

    <p>Recent ingestion of L3 larvae.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary importance of Cooperia spp. in cattle health?

    <p>They contribute to economic loss by decreasing weight gain.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role does the FAMACHA system play in managing Haemonchus infections?

    <p>It monitors anemia severity in affected animals.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic appearance associated with necropsy findings for Ostertagia infection?

    <p>Moroccan leather appearance of abomasal mucosa.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How is Oesophagostomum spp. primarily identified during necropsy?

    <p>Presence of hemorrhagic or purulent nodules in the intestine.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What management strategy is essential for addressing anthelmintic resistance in ruminants?

    <p>Integrating selective breeding for resistance.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What significant pathology is associated with the life cycle of Trichostrongylus spp.?

    <p>Severe diarrhea known as 'black scours'.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which factor contributes to the economic importance of Nematodirus spp. in ruminants?

    <p>They lead to chronic infections that reduce feed efficiency.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a primary role of Trichostrongylus axei within ruminants?

    <p>Residing in the small intestine to induce malabsorption.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do the clinical signs of Haemonchus and Ostertagia infections compare?

    <p>Both are characterized by diarrhea and weight loss.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a defining aspect of the life cycle of Ostertagia spp. that differentiates it from other gastrointestinal nematodes?

    <p>They undergo a phase of arrested development requiring host specificity.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What chronic clinical signs may indicate an ongoing infection with Fasciola hepatica?

    <p>Jaundice and emaciation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During necropsy, which finding is most indicative of Fasciola hepatica in infected ruminants?

    <p>Operculated eggs in feces</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a major complication of chronic Fasciola hepatica infections in ruminants?

    <p>Significant liver damage</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In what way do dead-end hosts like cattle react to Fascioloides magna infection?

    <p>Formation of thick-walled non-patent cysts</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What diagnostic finding is commonly associated with Fascioloides magna in its natural hosts?

    <p>Non-patent liver cysts without eggs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary treatment modality for Fasciola hepatica infections?

    <p>Triclabendazole</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do immature Fasciola hepatica flukes primarily cause pathology in the liver?

    <p>By inducing fibrosis and hemorrhage</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What method is generally effective in controlling Fasciola hepatica infections?

    <p>Grazing management to avoid contaminated areas</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What symptom would NOT typically be associated with acute fascioliasis in small ruminants?

    <p>Bottle jaw</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following represents the major pathological feature of Fascioloides magna in aberrant hosts?

    <p>Continuous migration causing severe hepatitis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How are zoonotic concerns posed by Fasciola hepatica primarily mitigated?

    <p>Thorough washing and cooking of aquatic vegetables</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a distinguishing characteristic of Paramphistomum spp. compared to Fasciola hepatica?

    <p>Location primarily in the rumen</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What symptom may indicate severe damage caused by fascioliasis in small ruminants?

    <p>Weight loss and weakness</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary factor that affects the hatching of eggs from large strongyles in ruminants?

    <p>Resistance to drying and freezing</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What symptom is indicative of acute fascioliasis in small ruminants?

    <p>Sudden death</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the most common clinical manifestation of a Bunostomum spp. infection in young ruminants?

    <p>Submandibular edema</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which morphological feature is distinguishing for the adult Trichuris spp. in ruminants?

    <p>Whip-like shape</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What pathophysiological effect is a result of Bunostomum spp. blood-feeding behavior?

    <p>Hemorrhagic lesions in the small intestine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How is Strongyloides papillosus primarily distinguished from other intestinal nematodes in ruminants?

    <p>By the parasitic nature of females only</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which animal species is Bunostomum phlebotomy primarily found?

    <p>Cattle</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What environmental condition is most critical for the survival of infective L3 larvae of Strongyloides papillosus?

    <p>Moisture retention</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common diagnostic method for identifying Strongyloides papillosus infections?

    <p>Fecal flotation to identify L1 eggs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What aspect of the life cycle of Trichuris spp. contributes to their effectiveness as parasites?

    <p>Direct transmission via fecal-oral route</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which clinical sign can indicate a severe Strongyloides papillosus infection in ruminants?

    <p>Ataxia due to neurological involvement</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of the thick shell in the eggs of Bunostomum spp. during environmental exposure?

    <p>Providing protection against desiccation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is an important control strategy to manage Trichuris spp. infections in ruminants?

    <p>Regular anthelmintic treatment cycles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the typical prepatent period for Strongyloides papillosus after infection?

    <p>2-2.5 months</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the classification of Trichuris spp. and its relevance to ruminant health?

    <p>Order Enoplida, typically subclinical yet can cause diarrhea</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of eggs are characteristic of Moniezia spp.?

    <p>Pyriform eggs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which part of the host's anatomy does Fasciola hepatica most commonly reside?

    <p>Bile ducts and liver</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement accurately describes the life cycle of Moniezia spp.?

    <p>Indirect life cycle involving free-living oribatid mites</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of the characteristic fringe present in Thysanosoma spp.?

    <p>It aids in the identification of the species</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the common clinical signs associated with heavy infections of Trichuris spp. in young animals?

    <p>Anorexia and bloody diarrhea</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which treatment is effective against Moniezia spp. in ruminants if intervention is required?

    <p>Praziquantel</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which hosts are definitively associated with the life cycle of Taenia saginata?

    <p>Humans and cattle</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of management can reduce the spread of Moniezia spp.?

    <p>Grazing area management to limit oribatid mite exposure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What morphological feature distinguishes adult Fasciola hepatica?

    <p>Leaf-shaped structure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary reason for public health concern regarding Taenia saginata?

    <p>It causes zoonotic transmission from undercooked meat.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following organs do Thysanosoma spp. primarily inhabit in ruminants?

    <p>Bile ducts</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary treatment method for Fasciola hepatica?

    <p>Anthelmintics like praziquantel</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which classes do Fasciola hepatica belong to?

    <p>Trematoda</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common consequence of heavy infections of Moniezia spp. in young ruminants?

    <p>Nutritional competition leading to poor growth</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What morphological characteristic differentiates Moniezia spp. from other cestodes?

    <p>Pyriform apparatus in eggs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What severe consequence can occur if Thelazia spp. infections are left untreated in ruminants?

    <p>Corneal ulcers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role do Musca flies play in the life cycle of Thelazia spp.?

    <p>They are intermediate hosts.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which neurological signs are indicative of Parelaphostrongylus tenuis infection in abnormal hosts?

    <p>Ataxia and blindness</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which diagnostic method might help confirm Parelaphostrongylus tenuis infection in abnormal hosts?

    <p>Cerebrospinal fluid analysis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a critical preventive measure for managing Thelazia infections in ruminants?

    <p>Insect repellent applications</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main effect of Parelaphostrongylus tenuis on its natural host, the white-tailed deer?

    <p>Little to no clinical disease</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a clinical sign of Thelazia spp. infection in ruminants?

    <p>Excessive tearing</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the prognosis for animals infected with Parelaphostrongylus tenuis in abnormal hosts?

    <p>Generally poor</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one way human infections from Thelazia spp. can occur?

    <p>Exposure to the same flies that transmit the parasite</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does the life cycle of Parelaphostrongylus tenuis initiate?

    <p>Ingestion of infected snails or slugs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common method used to manually remove Thelazia larvae during treatment?

    <p>Fine forceps</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a major pathophysiological effect of aberrant migration of Parelaphostrongylus tenuis in abnormal hosts?

    <p>Irreversible neurological damage</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement accurately describes the life cycle of Thelazia spp.?

    <p>It involves multiple larval stages maturing in the fly.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What symptom is least likely to be associated with Thelazia spp. infection in ruminants?

    <p>Coughing</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes the life cycle of Muellerius capillaris from that of Dictyocaulus viviparus?

    <p>Muellerius capillaris requires an intermediate host to complete its life cycle while Dictyocaulus viviparus does not.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary clinical sign indicating a severe infection of Dictyocaulus viviparus in cattle?

    <p>Deep, moist cough</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes the primary difference in pathology caused by Muellerius capillaris in sheep compared to goats?

    <p>Goats are more likely to develop clinical disease compared to sheep.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of the fungus Pilobolus in the life cycle of Dictyocaulus viviparus?

    <p>It helps in the dispersal of infective L3 larvae in the environment.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During the diagnostic process for Dictyocaulus viviparus infection, which technique is primarily employed?

    <p>Baermann technique</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary significance of the prepatent period in the context of Dictyocaulus viviparus infection?

    <p>It indicates how soon clinical signs will develop after infection.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which feature helps distinguish L1 larvae of Muellerius capillaris from those of Dictyocaulus viviparus under a microscope?

    <p>Muellerius has a dorsal spine while Dictyocaulus does not.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What impact do secondary bacterial infections have on cattle with severe Dictyocaulus viviparus infections?

    <p>They can lead to increased lung damage and complicate the condition.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What mechanism allows Thelazia spp. to be transmitted to its definitive hosts?

    <p>By flies ingesting larvae in eye secretions and transferring them.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a primary control measure recommended to reduce the prevalence of Muellerius capillaris infections in goats?

    <p>Managing snail populations.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In terms of zoonotic potential, what is true about Dictyocaulus and Muellerius lungworms?

    <p>There are no significant zoonotic concerns associated with either species.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is it important to identify the clinical signs of Dictyocaulus viviparus infections early?

    <p>To minimize the risk of fatal outcomes in untreated cases.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a notable morphological difference observed in adult Dictyocaulus viviparus as opposed to Muellerius capillaris?

    <p>Adult Dictyocaulus is grossly visible while adult Muellerius is not.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of bronchitis is caused by Dictyocaulus viviparus in cattle, and what are its main characteristics?

    <p>Parasitic bronchitis leading to airway obstruction and difficulty breathing.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Morphological Features of Nematodes (Order Strongylida)

    • Presence of a copulatory bursa in male nematodes, aiding in mating.
    • Strongyle-type eggs are ellipsoid, thin-shelled, and grayish in color.
    • Common parasites (HOT CO complex) include Haemonchus, Ostertagia, Trichostrongylus, Cooperia, Oesophagostomum—eggs are indistinguishable.

    Life Cycle of Gastrointestinal Nematodes (Order Strongylida)

    • Direct life cycle involving both environmental and host stages.
    • Fecal egg shedding begins with eggs developing into L1 larvae, molting to L2, and then becoming infective L3 larvae.
    • L3 larvae ingested by the host migrate to specific sites (abomasum, small intestine), developing into L4 and then adults.
    • Prepatent period is typically 2-4 weeks.

    Periparturient Rise Phenomenon

    • Refers to increased nematode egg shedding in pregnant ewes due to reduced immunity.
    • Higher prolactin levels lead to the emergence of previously arrested L4 larvae, increasing pasture contamination.

    Parasitic Gastroenteritis (PGE)

    • Condition caused by multiple gastrointestinal nematodes in ruminants.
    • Can present as clinical disease (overt symptoms) or subclinical disease (impact on herd health without clear symptoms).
    • Clinical signs: loss of appetite, weight loss, watery diarrhea, dehydration, rough coat, protein loss, pale mucous membranes.

    Haemonchus spp.

    • Known as "barber pole" worms, large nematodes feeding on blood in the abomasum.
    • Females exhibit a distinctive barber pole appearance due to their anatomy.
    • Life cycle involves direct ingestion of L3 larvae with potential hypobiosis.
    • Clinical signs of infection include severe anemia, pale mucous membranes, submandibular edema (bottle jaw), melena, and emaciation.
    • Diagnosis via fecal egg counts and FAMACHA for anemia assessment; management employs strategic deworming and pasture management.

    Ostertagia spp.

    • "Brown stomach worm," significant in cattle and camelids, causing ostertagiosis.
    • Life cycle mirrors that of other Strongylida with L3 larvae in gastric glands.
    • Pathophysiology includes gastric gland damage, resulting in protein-losing gastropathy and malabsorption.
    • Clinical signs comprise diarrhea, weight loss, and dehydration, diagnosed through fecal egg counts and necropsy findings.

    Trichostrongylus spp.

    • Small nematodes contributing to PGE but not primary pathogens.
    • Lead to severe disease in large populations; associated with dark green diarrhea.
    • Direct life cycle with potential for hypobiosis; various species target different parts of the ruminant digestive system.

    Cooperia spp.

    • Small nematodes prevalent in cow/calf operations, contributing to economic losses through impaired weight gain in calves.
    • Direct life cycle with hypobiosis potential; resistance to anthelmintics complicates management.

    Oesophagostomum spp.

    • Known as nodular worms, found in the large intestine of ruminants.
    • Develop nodules in the mucosa, causing inflammation, mucus production, and protein leakage.
    • Contribute to PGE, though not primary pathogens.

    Nematodirus spp.

    • Long, slender nematodes comprising large eggs that require specific environmental conditions for hatching.
    • Infective L3 larvae cause malabsorption in the small intestine, leading to PGE.

    Bunostomum spp. (Hookworms)

    • Nematodes characterized by a large buccal cavity with cutting plates for blood-feeding.
    • Direct life cycle involving skin penetration or ingestion of infectious larvae.
    • Pathology includes villi loss and significant anemia; clinical signs can be severe, especially in young animals.

    Strongyloides papillosus

    • Recognized as the threadworm with an alternating life cycle between free-living and parasitic stages.
    • Infection leads to diarrhea, dehydration, and potential cardiac arrest in young ruminants.
    • Diagnosis involves fecal flotation where characteristic thin-shelled eggs are identified.

    Trichuris spp. (Whipworms)

    • Found in large intestines with a direct life cycle; can cause mild clinical signs.
    • Adult morphology includes a whip-like shape; diagnosis through fecal flotation showing bipolar plugs.

    Moniezia spp. (Cestode)

    • Common tapeworm in ruminants, typically non-pathogenic but can cause poor growth in young animals.
    • Large, segmented body topped with proglottids; direct life cycle involving oribatid mites as intermediate hosts.

    Taenia saginata (Beef Tapeworm)

    • Cattle intermediate hosts harbor larval cysticerci; humans as definitive hosts.
    • Public health concern due to zoonotic potential via undercooked beef; necessitates proper cooking to prevent transmission.

    Fasciola hepatica (Liver Fluke)

    • Classified under Trematoda, affects liver and bile ducts of ruminants, leading to significant pathology.
    • Indirect life cycle involving freshwater snail hosts; clinical signs include liver damage and reduced productivity in infected animals.### Fasciola hepatica Overview
    • Cercariae released from snails encyst as metacercariae on vegetation.
    • Ruminants become infected by ingesting contaminated vegetation.
    • Metacercariae excyst in the small intestine, penetrate the intestinal wall, and migrate to the liver; mature into adults in bile ducts.
    • Prepatent period lasts about 2-3 months.

    Pathology of Fasciola hepatica

    • Caused by hepatic and biliary damage.
    • Immature flukes cause hepatitis, fibrotic tracts, hemorrhage, and anemia as they migrate through the liver.
    • Adult flukes induce biliary duct hyperplasia, fibrosis, calcification, and cholangitis.
    • Feeding on blood leads to anemia and hemosiderin build-up, resulting in black excrement.
    • Chronic infections pose a risk of significant liver damage and death.

    Clinical Signs of Fascioliasis

    • Acute disease manifests in small ruminants after consuming many metacercariae; signs include anorexia, anemia, jaundice, ascites, depression, and sudden death.
    • Subacute disease results from gradual infection; symptoms involve weight loss, liver failure, and potential death.
    • Chronic disease presents as emaciation, anemia, bottle jaw, and subtle production losses from moderate infections.

    Diagnosis and Treatment of Fasciola hepatica

    • Identified by operculated eggs in fecal sedimentation; eggs are heavy and non-floating.
    • Adult flukes or juveniles may be seen at necropsy.
    • Treatment options include triclabendazole, albendazole, and clorsulon.
    • Control includes managing snail populations and avoiding contaminated pastures.

    Zoonotic Concerns of Fasciola hepatica

    • Zoonotic potential; can infect humans through contaminated watercress and vegetation.
    • Symptoms in humans mirror those in ruminants, such as abdominal pain and jaundice.
    • Preventive measures involve proper washing and cooking of vegetables and snail population control.

    Fascioloides magna Classification and Hosts

    • Classified under class Trematoda, it's also called the deer liver fluke.
    • Natural definitive hosts include cervids like white-tailed deer, elk, and moose.

    Life Cycle of Fascioloides magna

    • Similar to Fasciola hepatica; eggs shed in feces develop in aquatic environments.
    • Miracidia infect freshwater snails, developing into cercariae, which encyst on vegetation as metacercariae.
    • Definitive hosts ingest metacercariae, leading to liver migration and maturation into cyst-forming adults.

    Pathological Effects in Different Hosts

    • Natural hosts (deer) exhibit minimal clinical signs, forming thin-walled cysts in the liver.
    • Aberrant hosts (sheep and goats) suffer severe liver damage, often leading to death without egg shedding.
    • Dead-end hosts (cattle) develop thick-walled non-patent cysts without clinical signs but with potential liver damage.

    Clinical Signs in Ruminants

    • Aberrant hosts experience sudden death from liver damage or chronic symptoms like weight loss and ascites.
    • Dead-end hosts rarely show clinical signs but may reveal liver damage upon necropsy.
    • Natural hosts usually present subclinical infections.

    Diagnosis and Management of Fascioloides magna

    • Identified through fecal sedimentation in natural hosts and post-mortem findings in aberrant hosts.
    • Treatment for cervids may include oxyclozanide; control involves preventing grazing in deer-inhabited areas.

    Other Liver Trematodes in Ruminants

    • Dicrocoelium dendriticum (lancet fluke) and Paramphistomum spp. (rumen flukes) can also infect ruminants.
    • Dicrocoelium has a complex life cycle involving snails and ants; less severe liver disease than Fasciola.
    • Paramphistomum primarily affects the rumen and is often asymptomatic.

    Lungworms in Ruminants

    • Key species include Dictyocaulus viviparus (cattle) and Dictyocaulus filaria (small ruminants), both in the order Strongylida.
    • Muellerius capillaris affects small ruminants, particularly goats.

    Life Cycle and Pathology of Dictyocaulus viviparus

    • Direct life cycle; adults reside in lungs, laying eggs that hatch into L1 larvae.
    • Larvae develop into infective L3 in the environment; cattle ingest L3, leading to respiratory disease and potential lung damage.

    Clinical Signs of Dictyocaulus viviparus

    • Symptoms include deep cough, tachypnea, and harsh bronchial sounds; severe cases may lead to anorexia and emaciation.

    Diagnosis and Treatment of Dictyocaulus viviparus

    • Diagnosis by identifying L1 larvae in feces using the Baermann technique; adult worms visible at necropsy.
    • Treatment includes anthelmintics and vaccination; prevention via pasture management and strategic deworming.

    Life Cycle and Impact of Muellerius capillaris

    • Indirect life cycle involving snails as hosts; causes granulomatous nodules in lungs.
    • Goats show clinical signs, while sheep infections are often subclinical.

    Diagnosis and Management of Muellerius capillaris

    • Identified by L1 larvae in feces using the Baermann technique; treatment may be off-label for goats.
    • Control focuses on managing snail populations and avoiding contaminated pastures.

    Distinguishing Dictyocaulus and Muellerius Morphologically

    • Muellerius has a wavy tail with a dorsal spine, while Dictyocaulus has a blunt tail.

    Zoonotic Potential of Lungworms

    • Does not pose zoonotic risks; specific to ruminants, impacting livestock health.

    Thelazia spp. Overview

    • Classified under Spirurida, known as eye worms with definitive hosts including ruminants and intermediate hosts being various flies.

    Life Cycle of Thelazia spp.

    • Indirect life cycle; adult worms in the eye lay L1 in secretions, which are ingested by flies and develop into L3 larvae, infecting new hosts.

    Pathology and Clinical Signs of Thelazia Infection

    • Causes conjunctivitis, keratitis, and potentially corneal ulcers; symptoms include excessive tearing and squinting.

    Diagnosis and Treatment of Thelazia spp.

    • Confirmed by observing worms in the eye; treatment involves manual removal and anthelmintics.
    • Effective fly control measures are necessary for prevention.

    Zoonotic Concerns of Thelazia spp.

    • Zoonotic potential; can cause ocular symptoms in humans, especially through contact with infected animals or flies.

    Classification and Hosts of Parelaphostrongylus tenuis

    • Classified under Strongylida, commonly known as the meningeal worm.
    • Natural hosts are white-tailed deer; abnormal hosts include small ruminants and livestock.

    Life Cycle of Parelaphostrongylus tenuis

    • Indirect; larvae migrate aberrantly in abnormal hosts, causing severe neurological damage.

    Pathology and Clinical Signs in Abnormal Hosts

    • Severe neurological symptoms include ataxia, paralysis, and other central nervous system deficits; prognosis is generally poor.

    Diagnosis and Treatment of Parelaphostrongylus tenuis

    • Diagnosis in deer involves L1 identification in feces; abnormal hosts diagnosed via clinical signs and CSF analysis.
    • Limited treatment options; prevention includes snail control and avoiding co-grazing with deer.

    Zoonotic Concerns of Parelaphostrongylus tenuis

    • No zoonotic potential; specific to natural hosts with negative impacts on abnormal hosts.

    Morphological Features of Nematodes (Order Strongylida)

    • Presence of a copulatory bursa in male nematodes, aiding in mating.
    • Strongyle-type eggs are ellipsoid, thin-shelled, and grayish in color.
    • Common parasites (HOT CO complex) include Haemonchus, Ostertagia, Trichostrongylus, Cooperia, Oesophagostomum—eggs are indistinguishable.

    Life Cycle of Gastrointestinal Nematodes (Order Strongylida)

    • Direct life cycle involving both environmental and host stages.
    • Fecal egg shedding begins with eggs developing into L1 larvae, molting to L2, and then becoming infective L3 larvae.
    • L3 larvae ingested by the host migrate to specific sites (abomasum, small intestine), developing into L4 and then adults.
    • Prepatent period is typically 2-4 weeks.

    Periparturient Rise Phenomenon

    • Refers to increased nematode egg shedding in pregnant ewes due to reduced immunity.
    • Higher prolactin levels lead to the emergence of previously arrested L4 larvae, increasing pasture contamination.

    Parasitic Gastroenteritis (PGE)

    • Condition caused by multiple gastrointestinal nematodes in ruminants.
    • Can present as clinical disease (overt symptoms) or subclinical disease (impact on herd health without clear symptoms).
    • Clinical signs: loss of appetite, weight loss, watery diarrhea, dehydration, rough coat, protein loss, pale mucous membranes.

    Haemonchus spp.

    • Known as "barber pole" worms, large nematodes feeding on blood in the abomasum.
    • Females exhibit a distinctive barber pole appearance due to their anatomy.
    • Life cycle involves direct ingestion of L3 larvae with potential hypobiosis.
    • Clinical signs of infection include severe anemia, pale mucous membranes, submandibular edema (bottle jaw), melena, and emaciation.
    • Diagnosis via fecal egg counts and FAMACHA for anemia assessment; management employs strategic deworming and pasture management.

    Ostertagia spp.

    • "Brown stomach worm," significant in cattle and camelids, causing ostertagiosis.
    • Life cycle mirrors that of other Strongylida with L3 larvae in gastric glands.
    • Pathophysiology includes gastric gland damage, resulting in protein-losing gastropathy and malabsorption.
    • Clinical signs comprise diarrhea, weight loss, and dehydration, diagnosed through fecal egg counts and necropsy findings.

    Trichostrongylus spp.

    • Small nematodes contributing to PGE but not primary pathogens.
    • Lead to severe disease in large populations; associated with dark green diarrhea.
    • Direct life cycle with potential for hypobiosis; various species target different parts of the ruminant digestive system.

    Cooperia spp.

    • Small nematodes prevalent in cow/calf operations, contributing to economic losses through impaired weight gain in calves.
    • Direct life cycle with hypobiosis potential; resistance to anthelmintics complicates management.

    Oesophagostomum spp.

    • Known as nodular worms, found in the large intestine of ruminants.
    • Develop nodules in the mucosa, causing inflammation, mucus production, and protein leakage.
    • Contribute to PGE, though not primary pathogens.

    Nematodirus spp.

    • Long, slender nematodes comprising large eggs that require specific environmental conditions for hatching.
    • Infective L3 larvae cause malabsorption in the small intestine, leading to PGE.

    Bunostomum spp. (Hookworms)

    • Nematodes characterized by a large buccal cavity with cutting plates for blood-feeding.
    • Direct life cycle involving skin penetration or ingestion of infectious larvae.
    • Pathology includes villi loss and significant anemia; clinical signs can be severe, especially in young animals.

    Strongyloides papillosus

    • Recognized as the threadworm with an alternating life cycle between free-living and parasitic stages.
    • Infection leads to diarrhea, dehydration, and potential cardiac arrest in young ruminants.
    • Diagnosis involves fecal flotation where characteristic thin-shelled eggs are identified.

    Trichuris spp. (Whipworms)

    • Found in large intestines with a direct life cycle; can cause mild clinical signs.
    • Adult morphology includes a whip-like shape; diagnosis through fecal flotation showing bipolar plugs.

    Moniezia spp. (Cestode)

    • Common tapeworm in ruminants, typically non-pathogenic but can cause poor growth in young animals.
    • Large, segmented body topped with proglottids; direct life cycle involving oribatid mites as intermediate hosts.

    Taenia saginata (Beef Tapeworm)

    • Cattle intermediate hosts harbor larval cysticerci; humans as definitive hosts.
    • Public health concern due to zoonotic potential via undercooked beef; necessitates proper cooking to prevent transmission.

    Fasciola hepatica (Liver Fluke)

    • Classified under Trematoda, affects liver and bile ducts of ruminants, leading to significant pathology.
    • Indirect life cycle involving freshwater snail hosts; clinical signs include liver damage and reduced productivity in infected animals.### Fasciola hepatica Overview
    • Cercariae released from snails encyst as metacercariae on vegetation.
    • Ruminants become infected by ingesting contaminated vegetation.
    • Metacercariae excyst in the small intestine, penetrate the intestinal wall, and migrate to the liver; mature into adults in bile ducts.
    • Prepatent period lasts about 2-3 months.

    Pathology of Fasciola hepatica

    • Caused by hepatic and biliary damage.
    • Immature flukes cause hepatitis, fibrotic tracts, hemorrhage, and anemia as they migrate through the liver.
    • Adult flukes induce biliary duct hyperplasia, fibrosis, calcification, and cholangitis.
    • Feeding on blood leads to anemia and hemosiderin build-up, resulting in black excrement.
    • Chronic infections pose a risk of significant liver damage and death.

    Clinical Signs of Fascioliasis

    • Acute disease manifests in small ruminants after consuming many metacercariae; signs include anorexia, anemia, jaundice, ascites, depression, and sudden death.
    • Subacute disease results from gradual infection; symptoms involve weight loss, liver failure, and potential death.
    • Chronic disease presents as emaciation, anemia, bottle jaw, and subtle production losses from moderate infections.

    Diagnosis and Treatment of Fasciola hepatica

    • Identified by operculated eggs in fecal sedimentation; eggs are heavy and non-floating.
    • Adult flukes or juveniles may be seen at necropsy.
    • Treatment options include triclabendazole, albendazole, and clorsulon.
    • Control includes managing snail populations and avoiding contaminated pastures.

    Zoonotic Concerns of Fasciola hepatica

    • Zoonotic potential; can infect humans through contaminated watercress and vegetation.
    • Symptoms in humans mirror those in ruminants, such as abdominal pain and jaundice.
    • Preventive measures involve proper washing and cooking of vegetables and snail population control.

    Fascioloides magna Classification and Hosts

    • Classified under class Trematoda, it's also called the deer liver fluke.
    • Natural definitive hosts include cervids like white-tailed deer, elk, and moose.

    Life Cycle of Fascioloides magna

    • Similar to Fasciola hepatica; eggs shed in feces develop in aquatic environments.
    • Miracidia infect freshwater snails, developing into cercariae, which encyst on vegetation as metacercariae.
    • Definitive hosts ingest metacercariae, leading to liver migration and maturation into cyst-forming adults.

    Pathological Effects in Different Hosts

    • Natural hosts (deer) exhibit minimal clinical signs, forming thin-walled cysts in the liver.
    • Aberrant hosts (sheep and goats) suffer severe liver damage, often leading to death without egg shedding.
    • Dead-end hosts (cattle) develop thick-walled non-patent cysts without clinical signs but with potential liver damage.

    Clinical Signs in Ruminants

    • Aberrant hosts experience sudden death from liver damage or chronic symptoms like weight loss and ascites.
    • Dead-end hosts rarely show clinical signs but may reveal liver damage upon necropsy.
    • Natural hosts usually present subclinical infections.

    Diagnosis and Management of Fascioloides magna

    • Identified through fecal sedimentation in natural hosts and post-mortem findings in aberrant hosts.
    • Treatment for cervids may include oxyclozanide; control involves preventing grazing in deer-inhabited areas.

    Other Liver Trematodes in Ruminants

    • Dicrocoelium dendriticum (lancet fluke) and Paramphistomum spp. (rumen flukes) can also infect ruminants.
    • Dicrocoelium has a complex life cycle involving snails and ants; less severe liver disease than Fasciola.
    • Paramphistomum primarily affects the rumen and is often asymptomatic.

    Lungworms in Ruminants

    • Key species include Dictyocaulus viviparus (cattle) and Dictyocaulus filaria (small ruminants), both in the order Strongylida.
    • Muellerius capillaris affects small ruminants, particularly goats.

    Life Cycle and Pathology of Dictyocaulus viviparus

    • Direct life cycle; adults reside in lungs, laying eggs that hatch into L1 larvae.
    • Larvae develop into infective L3 in the environment; cattle ingest L3, leading to respiratory disease and potential lung damage.

    Clinical Signs of Dictyocaulus viviparus

    • Symptoms include deep cough, tachypnea, and harsh bronchial sounds; severe cases may lead to anorexia and emaciation.

    Diagnosis and Treatment of Dictyocaulus viviparus

    • Diagnosis by identifying L1 larvae in feces using the Baermann technique; adult worms visible at necropsy.
    • Treatment includes anthelmintics and vaccination; prevention via pasture management and strategic deworming.

    Life Cycle and Impact of Muellerius capillaris

    • Indirect life cycle involving snails as hosts; causes granulomatous nodules in lungs.
    • Goats show clinical signs, while sheep infections are often subclinical.

    Diagnosis and Management of Muellerius capillaris

    • Identified by L1 larvae in feces using the Baermann technique; treatment may be off-label for goats.
    • Control focuses on managing snail populations and avoiding contaminated pastures.

    Distinguishing Dictyocaulus and Muellerius Morphologically

    • Muellerius has a wavy tail with a dorsal spine, while Dictyocaulus has a blunt tail.

    Zoonotic Potential of Lungworms

    • Does not pose zoonotic risks; specific to ruminants, impacting livestock health.

    Thelazia spp. Overview

    • Classified under Spirurida, known as eye worms with definitive hosts including ruminants and intermediate hosts being various flies.

    Life Cycle of Thelazia spp.

    • Indirect life cycle; adult worms in the eye lay L1 in secretions, which are ingested by flies and develop into L3 larvae, infecting new hosts.

    Pathology and Clinical Signs of Thelazia Infection

    • Causes conjunctivitis, keratitis, and potentially corneal ulcers; symptoms include excessive tearing and squinting.

    Diagnosis and Treatment of Thelazia spp.

    • Confirmed by observing worms in the eye; treatment involves manual removal and anthelmintics.
    • Effective fly control measures are necessary for prevention.

    Zoonotic Concerns of Thelazia spp.

    • Zoonotic potential; can cause ocular symptoms in humans, especially through contact with infected animals or flies.

    Classification and Hosts of Parelaphostrongylus tenuis

    • Classified under Strongylida, commonly known as the meningeal worm.
    • Natural hosts are white-tailed deer; abnormal hosts include small ruminants and livestock.

    Life Cycle of Parelaphostrongylus tenuis

    • Indirect; larvae migrate aberrantly in abnormal hosts, causing severe neurological damage.

    Pathology and Clinical Signs in Abnormal Hosts

    • Severe neurological symptoms include ataxia, paralysis, and other central nervous system deficits; prognosis is generally poor.

    Diagnosis and Treatment of Parelaphostrongylus tenuis

    • Diagnosis in deer involves L1 identification in feces; abnormal hosts diagnosed via clinical signs and CSF analysis.
    • Limited treatment options; prevention includes snail control and avoiding co-grazing with deer.

    Zoonotic Concerns of Parelaphostrongylus tenuis

    • No zoonotic potential; specific to natural hosts with negative impacts on abnormal hosts.

    Morphological Features of Nematodes (Order Strongylida)

    • Presence of a copulatory bursa in male nematodes, aiding in mating.
    • Strongyle-type eggs are ellipsoid, thin-shelled, and grayish in color.
    • Common parasites (HOT CO complex) include Haemonchus, Ostertagia, Trichostrongylus, Cooperia, Oesophagostomum—eggs are indistinguishable.

    Life Cycle of Gastrointestinal Nematodes (Order Strongylida)

    • Direct life cycle involving both environmental and host stages.
    • Fecal egg shedding begins with eggs developing into L1 larvae, molting to L2, and then becoming infective L3 larvae.
    • L3 larvae ingested by the host migrate to specific sites (abomasum, small intestine), developing into L4 and then adults.
    • Prepatent period is typically 2-4 weeks.

    Periparturient Rise Phenomenon

    • Refers to increased nematode egg shedding in pregnant ewes due to reduced immunity.
    • Higher prolactin levels lead to the emergence of previously arrested L4 larvae, increasing pasture contamination.

    Parasitic Gastroenteritis (PGE)

    • Condition caused by multiple gastrointestinal nematodes in ruminants.
    • Can present as clinical disease (overt symptoms) or subclinical disease (impact on herd health without clear symptoms).
    • Clinical signs: loss of appetite, weight loss, watery diarrhea, dehydration, rough coat, protein loss, pale mucous membranes.

    Haemonchus spp.

    • Known as "barber pole" worms, large nematodes feeding on blood in the abomasum.
    • Females exhibit a distinctive barber pole appearance due to their anatomy.
    • Life cycle involves direct ingestion of L3 larvae with potential hypobiosis.
    • Clinical signs of infection include severe anemia, pale mucous membranes, submandibular edema (bottle jaw), melena, and emaciation.
    • Diagnosis via fecal egg counts and FAMACHA for anemia assessment; management employs strategic deworming and pasture management.

    Ostertagia spp.

    • "Brown stomach worm," significant in cattle and camelids, causing ostertagiosis.
    • Life cycle mirrors that of other Strongylida with L3 larvae in gastric glands.
    • Pathophysiology includes gastric gland damage, resulting in protein-losing gastropathy and malabsorption.
    • Clinical signs comprise diarrhea, weight loss, and dehydration, diagnosed through fecal egg counts and necropsy findings.

    Trichostrongylus spp.

    • Small nematodes contributing to PGE but not primary pathogens.
    • Lead to severe disease in large populations; associated with dark green diarrhea.
    • Direct life cycle with potential for hypobiosis; various species target different parts of the ruminant digestive system.

    Cooperia spp.

    • Small nematodes prevalent in cow/calf operations, contributing to economic losses through impaired weight gain in calves.
    • Direct life cycle with hypobiosis potential; resistance to anthelmintics complicates management.

    Oesophagostomum spp.

    • Known as nodular worms, found in the large intestine of ruminants.
    • Develop nodules in the mucosa, causing inflammation, mucus production, and protein leakage.
    • Contribute to PGE, though not primary pathogens.

    Nematodirus spp.

    • Long, slender nematodes comprising large eggs that require specific environmental conditions for hatching.
    • Infective L3 larvae cause malabsorption in the small intestine, leading to PGE.

    Bunostomum spp. (Hookworms)

    • Nematodes characterized by a large buccal cavity with cutting plates for blood-feeding.
    • Direct life cycle involving skin penetration or ingestion of infectious larvae.
    • Pathology includes villi loss and significant anemia; clinical signs can be severe, especially in young animals.

    Strongyloides papillosus

    • Recognized as the threadworm with an alternating life cycle between free-living and parasitic stages.
    • Infection leads to diarrhea, dehydration, and potential cardiac arrest in young ruminants.
    • Diagnosis involves fecal flotation where characteristic thin-shelled eggs are identified.

    Trichuris spp. (Whipworms)

    • Found in large intestines with a direct life cycle; can cause mild clinical signs.
    • Adult morphology includes a whip-like shape; diagnosis through fecal flotation showing bipolar plugs.

    Moniezia spp. (Cestode)

    • Common tapeworm in ruminants, typically non-pathogenic but can cause poor growth in young animals.
    • Large, segmented body topped with proglottids; direct life cycle involving oribatid mites as intermediate hosts.

    Taenia saginata (Beef Tapeworm)

    • Cattle intermediate hosts harbor larval cysticerci; humans as definitive hosts.
    • Public health concern due to zoonotic potential via undercooked beef; necessitates proper cooking to prevent transmission.

    Fasciola hepatica (Liver Fluke)

    • Classified under Trematoda, affects liver and bile ducts of ruminants, leading to significant pathology.
    • Indirect life cycle involving freshwater snail hosts; clinical signs include liver damage and reduced productivity in infected animals.### Fasciola hepatica Overview
    • Cercariae released from snails encyst as metacercariae on vegetation.
    • Ruminants become infected by ingesting contaminated vegetation.
    • Metacercariae excyst in the small intestine, penetrate the intestinal wall, and migrate to the liver; mature into adults in bile ducts.
    • Prepatent period lasts about 2-3 months.

    Pathology of Fasciola hepatica

    • Caused by hepatic and biliary damage.
    • Immature flukes cause hepatitis, fibrotic tracts, hemorrhage, and anemia as they migrate through the liver.
    • Adult flukes induce biliary duct hyperplasia, fibrosis, calcification, and cholangitis.
    • Feeding on blood leads to anemia and hemosiderin build-up, resulting in black excrement.
    • Chronic infections pose a risk of significant liver damage and death.

    Clinical Signs of Fascioliasis

    • Acute disease manifests in small ruminants after consuming many metacercariae; signs include anorexia, anemia, jaundice, ascites, depression, and sudden death.
    • Subacute disease results from gradual infection; symptoms involve weight loss, liver failure, and potential death.
    • Chronic disease presents as emaciation, anemia, bottle jaw, and subtle production losses from moderate infections.

    Diagnosis and Treatment of Fasciola hepatica

    • Identified by operculated eggs in fecal sedimentation; eggs are heavy and non-floating.
    • Adult flukes or juveniles may be seen at necropsy.
    • Treatment options include triclabendazole, albendazole, and clorsulon.
    • Control includes managing snail populations and avoiding contaminated pastures.

    Zoonotic Concerns of Fasciola hepatica

    • Zoonotic potential; can infect humans through contaminated watercress and vegetation.
    • Symptoms in humans mirror those in ruminants, such as abdominal pain and jaundice.
    • Preventive measures involve proper washing and cooking of vegetables and snail population control.

    Fascioloides magna Classification and Hosts

    • Classified under class Trematoda, it's also called the deer liver fluke.
    • Natural definitive hosts include cervids like white-tailed deer, elk, and moose.

    Life Cycle of Fascioloides magna

    • Similar to Fasciola hepatica; eggs shed in feces develop in aquatic environments.
    • Miracidia infect freshwater snails, developing into cercariae, which encyst on vegetation as metacercariae.
    • Definitive hosts ingest metacercariae, leading to liver migration and maturation into cyst-forming adults.

    Pathological Effects in Different Hosts

    • Natural hosts (deer) exhibit minimal clinical signs, forming thin-walled cysts in the liver.
    • Aberrant hosts (sheep and goats) suffer severe liver damage, often leading to death without egg shedding.
    • Dead-end hosts (cattle) develop thick-walled non-patent cysts without clinical signs but with potential liver damage.

    Clinical Signs in Ruminants

    • Aberrant hosts experience sudden death from liver damage or chronic symptoms like weight loss and ascites.
    • Dead-end hosts rarely show clinical signs but may reveal liver damage upon necropsy.
    • Natural hosts usually present subclinical infections.

    Diagnosis and Management of Fascioloides magna

    • Identified through fecal sedimentation in natural hosts and post-mortem findings in aberrant hosts.
    • Treatment for cervids may include oxyclozanide; control involves preventing grazing in deer-inhabited areas.

    Other Liver Trematodes in Ruminants

    • Dicrocoelium dendriticum (lancet fluke) and Paramphistomum spp. (rumen flukes) can also infect ruminants.
    • Dicrocoelium has a complex life cycle involving snails and ants; less severe liver disease than Fasciola.
    • Paramphistomum primarily affects the rumen and is often asymptomatic.

    Lungworms in Ruminants

    • Key species include Dictyocaulus viviparus (cattle) and Dictyocaulus filaria (small ruminants), both in the order Strongylida.
    • Muellerius capillaris affects small ruminants, particularly goats.

    Life Cycle and Pathology of Dictyocaulus viviparus

    • Direct life cycle; adults reside in lungs, laying eggs that hatch into L1 larvae.
    • Larvae develop into infective L3 in the environment; cattle ingest L3, leading to respiratory disease and potential lung damage.

    Clinical Signs of Dictyocaulus viviparus

    • Symptoms include deep cough, tachypnea, and harsh bronchial sounds; severe cases may lead to anorexia and emaciation.

    Diagnosis and Treatment of Dictyocaulus viviparus

    • Diagnosis by identifying L1 larvae in feces using the Baermann technique; adult worms visible at necropsy.
    • Treatment includes anthelmintics and vaccination; prevention via pasture management and strategic deworming.

    Life Cycle and Impact of Muellerius capillaris

    • Indirect life cycle involving snails as hosts; causes granulomatous nodules in lungs.
    • Goats show clinical signs, while sheep infections are often subclinical.

    Diagnosis and Management of Muellerius capillaris

    • Identified by L1 larvae in feces using the Baermann technique; treatment may be off-label for goats.
    • Control focuses on managing snail populations and avoiding contaminated pastures.

    Distinguishing Dictyocaulus and Muellerius Morphologically

    • Muellerius has a wavy tail with a dorsal spine, while Dictyocaulus has a blunt tail.

    Zoonotic Potential of Lungworms

    • Does not pose zoonotic risks; specific to ruminants, impacting livestock health.

    Thelazia spp. Overview

    • Classified under Spirurida, known as eye worms with definitive hosts including ruminants and intermediate hosts being various flies.

    Life Cycle of Thelazia spp.

    • Indirect life cycle; adult worms in the eye lay L1 in secretions, which are ingested by flies and develop into L3 larvae, infecting new hosts.

    Pathology and Clinical Signs of Thelazia Infection

    • Causes conjunctivitis, keratitis, and potentially corneal ulcers; symptoms include excessive tearing and squinting.

    Diagnosis and Treatment of Thelazia spp.

    • Confirmed by observing worms in the eye; treatment involves manual removal and anthelmintics.
    • Effective fly control measures are necessary for prevention.

    Zoonotic Concerns of Thelazia spp.

    • Zoonotic potential; can cause ocular symptoms in humans, especially through contact with infected animals or flies.

    Classification and Hosts of Parelaphostrongylus tenuis

    • Classified under Strongylida, commonly known as the meningeal worm.
    • Natural hosts are white-tailed deer; abnormal hosts include small ruminants and livestock.

    Life Cycle of Parelaphostrongylus tenuis

    • Indirect; larvae migrate aberrantly in abnormal hosts, causing severe neurological damage.

    Pathology and Clinical Signs in Abnormal Hosts

    • Severe neurological symptoms include ataxia, paralysis, and other central nervous system deficits; prognosis is generally poor.

    Diagnosis and Treatment of Parelaphostrongylus tenuis

    • Diagnosis in deer involves L1 identification in feces; abnormal hosts diagnosed via clinical signs and CSF analysis.
    • Limited treatment options; prevention includes snail control and avoiding co-grazing with deer.

    Zoonotic Concerns of Parelaphostrongylus tenuis

    • No zoonotic potential; specific to natural hosts with negative impacts on abnormal hosts.

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    This quiz focuses on the morphological features of nematodes in the order Strongylida, including their reproductive structures and egg characteristics. Test your knowledge on important Strongylida parasites affecting ruminants and their distinguishing features.

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