Endoparasites PDF

**Endoparasites** **Pre patent period = time between infection and when parasite can be detected** **Zoonotic** **Ruminant GI parasites** **Control: Ostertagia frequent drenching of calves, ivermectin to cows, lower stocking density, separate calves and adults, rotate on fresh pasture** **N bat...

**Endoparasites** **Pre patent period = time between infection and when parasite can be detected** **Zoonotic** **Ruminant GI parasites** **Control: Ostertagia frequent drenching of calves, ivermectin to cows, lower stocking density, separate calves and adults, rotate on fresh pasture** **N battus 3 tx during may-june in years with predicted severe disease and 2 in other years. Dose ewes prior to lambing, rotation: sheep (Y1), cattle (Y2) conservation Y3 if possible** +-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+ | **Parasit | **GI | **lifecyc | **Notes/ | **Pathobi | **Looks | | e** | location* | le** | prevent** | ology/CS* | like** | | | * | | | * | | +===========+===========+===========+===========+===========+===========+ | **Osterta | abomasum | Infective | Type 1 | L4 emerge |  | | - **Ost | | | = calves | gastric | | | ertagia | | L3 moutls | and | glands | | | oster | | to L4 in | yearlings | causing | | | tagi | | gastric | when | irritatio | | | = | | glands | enough L3 | n | | | cattl | | | ingested | | | | e** | | | when | Damage | | | | | | turned | parietal | | | - **Tel | | | out | cells | | | adorsagia | | | April/may | (HCL not | | | (oste | | |. | produced) | | | rtagia) | | | L3 not | | | | circu | | | ingested | High pH | | | mcincta | | | overwinte | prevents | | | = | | | r | conversio | | | sheep | | | on | n | | | ** | | | pasture | of | | | | | | to emerge | pepsinoge | | | | | | spring | n | | | | | | | to pepsin | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Pepsinoge | | | | | | | n | | | | | | | and | | | | | | | gastrin | | | | | | | levels | | | | | | | increase | | | | | | | in blood | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Albumin | | | | | | | increase | | | | | | | in | | | | | | | abomasum | | | | | | | and | | | | | | | tissues | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Bacterial | | | | | | | overgrowt | | | | | | | h | | +-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+ | **Haemonc | abomasum | L3 | | feeding | | | ** | | infective | Increased | worms | | | | | | eosinophi | | | | | | PPP 3 | ls, | If burden | | | | | week | mast | high, | | | | | | cells, | removal | | | | | | IgA, IgE, | of blood | | | | | | IgG, | can | | | | | | IL-4, | overtake | | | | | | IL-5 and | erythropo | | | | | | IL-13 | iesis | | | | | | | =\> death | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Diarrhea, | | | | | | | loss of | | | | | | | BCS, poor | | | | | | | wool | | | | | | | quality | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Bottle | | | | | | | jaw | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Necropsy: | | | | | | | red | | | | | | | haemorrha | | | | | | | gic | | | | | | | surface | | | | | | | of | | | | | | | abomasum | | +-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+ | **Nematod | Small | Infect | resistant | larvae | | | - **N. | | ive | to | simultane | | | battu | | L3 PPP 2 | freezing | ously | | | s | | week | | burrowing | | | in | | | Hatching | into gut | | | sheep | | Trichostr | stimulate | (not | | | and | | ongyle | d | adult) | | | calve | | | by cold | and | | | s** | | | period | **damagin | | | | | | followed | g | | | - **N. | | | by mean | villi and | | | filli | | | day/night | mucosa** | | | colis | | | temp of | | | | in | | | 10 then | Acute | | | sheep | | | need to | onset in | | | ** | | | be | young | | | | | | ingested | recently | | | - **Nsp | | | quick | weaned | | | athiger | | | | lambs | | | in | | | | | | | sheep | | | | Rapid | | | ** | | | | weight | | | | | | | loss, | | | - **N. | | | | watery | | | helve | | | | diarrhea | | | tianus | | | | dehydrati | | | in | | | | on | | | cattl | | | | | | | e** | | | | Sudden | | | | | | | death, | | | | | | | disease | | | | | | | reported | | | | | | | in | | | | | | | may/june | | +-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+ | **Oesopha | Large | infect | | causes | png) | | | and | L3 | | severe | | | - **O. | caecum | | | disease. | | | radia | | | | Adult | | | tum | | | | worm can | | | = | | | | cause | | | cattl | | | | anorexia, | | | e** | | | | anemia | | | | | | | and | | | - **O. | | | | oedema. | | | comum | | | | | | | bianum | | | | Dark | | | = | | | | diarrhea, | | | cow + | | | | weight | | | sheep | | | | loss and | | | ** | | | | death but | | | | | | | immunity | | | - **O. | | | | built up | | | denta | | | | quick so | | | tum | | | | adults | | | = | | | | not issue | | | swine | | | | (some | | | ** | | | | granulosa | | | | | | | ) | | | - **O. | | | | | | | quadr | | | | | | | ispin | | | | | | | = | | | | | | | swine | | | | | | | ** | | | | | | +-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+ | **Ascaris | | | | | | | suum** | | | | | | +-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+ **Liver parasite** +-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+ | **Parasite* | **lifecycle | **Pathology | **Control/t | **Looks | | * | ** | /cs** | x/dx** | like** | +=============+=============+=============+=============+=============+ | **Fasicola |  | sub-acute | egg count, | mage14.png) | | | in | and chronic | plasma | | | | water in | forms | enzymes | | | | **snail | depends on | which | | | | (lymnaea | number of | signal | | | | truncatula* | metacercari | liver or | | | | *) | ae, | bile duct | | | | | rate of | damage | | | | | uptake, Tx, | (GGT) or | | | | | drug | ELISA | | | | | resistance, | | | | | | condition | Tx: fence | | | | | of animal | off wet | | | | | at onset | areas, | | | | | | increase | | | | | Penetrates | soil | | | | | liver | drainage, | | | | | | control of | | | | | | wildlife | | | | | | reservoirs, | | | | | | anthelminti | | | | | | cs | | +-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+ | **Fasicola | | | | | | gigantica** | | | | | | | | | | | | - **Cattl | | | | | | e | | | | | | and | | | | | | buffalo | | | | | | ** | | | | | | | | | | | | - **Acute | | | | | | fatal | | | | | | in | | | | | | sheep** | | | | | +-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+ | **Fasicolid | | | | | | es | | | | | | magna** | | | | | | | | | | | | **deer** | | | | | +-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+ | **Dicrocoel | | Does not | Eggs quite | | | ium | | penetrate | resistant | | | dendriticum | | liver or | | | | ** | | gut walls. | May lead to | | | | | Metacercari | exposure of | | | | | ae | land snails | | | | | excyst in | and ants to | | | | | duodenum | large | | | | | and travel | number of | | | | | via ampulla | eggs | | | | | of vater | | | | | | where they | Wild life | | | | | enter bile | reservoirs | | | | | duct | | | | | | | Resistant | | | | | Sub | to | | | | | clinical | flukicides | | | | | disease | | | | | | usually | | | | | | | | | | | | More sheep | | | | | | than cattle | | | | | | | | | | | | Anaemia, | | | | | | oedema, | | | | | | liver | | | | | | fibrosis | | | | | | and hepatic | | | | | | damage | | | +-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+ **Small animal GI parasites** +-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+ | **Parasite* | **Intermedi | **Lifecycle | **Cs/Tx** | **Looks | | * | ate | /PPP** | | like** | | | host** | | | | +=============+=============+=============+=============+=============+ | **Taenia | **rodent** | **Cat eats | - **Perin |  | | a** | | rodent** | irritat | | | | | | ion** | | | **cestodes* | | | | | | * | | | - **Licki | | | | | | ng** | | | | | | | | | | | | - **Chewi | | | | | | ng** | | | | | | | | | | | | - **Scoot | | | | | | ing** | | | | | | | | | | | | - **Owner | | | | | | finds | | | | | | segment | | | | | | s | | | | | | which | | | | | | looks | | | | | | like | | | | | | grins | | | | | | of | | | | | | rice** | | +-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+ | **Taenia | **rabbit** | **Dog | | | | pisiformis* | | eats** | | | | * | | | | | | | | **PPP 6-8 | | | | | | week** | | | +-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+ | **T. | **Sheep/cow | **Dog | | | | multiceps** | ** | eats** | | | | | | | | | | | | **PPP 4-6 | | | | | | week** | | | +-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+ | **T. ovis** | **Sheep/goa | **Dog | | | | | t** | eats** | | | | | | | | | | | | **PPP 6-8 | | | | | | week** | | | +-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+ | **T. | **rabbit** | **Dog | | | | serialis** | | eats** | | | +-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+ | **Dipylidiu | **Flea/lice | **Definitiv | **Grains of | | | m | ** | e | rice** | | | caninum** | | host = SI | | | | | | of dog and | **Active | | | **cestode** | | cat** | (crawl!)** | | | | | | | | | | | **Infective | | | | | | stage = | | | | | | cystercoid* | | | | | | * | | | +-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+ | **Echinococ | **sheep** | **Proglotti | | | | cus | | ds | | | | spp** | | shed in | | | | | | feces, | | | | | | sheep eat | | | | | | eggs, | | | | | | hyatid cyst | | | | | | form in | | | | | | liver/lung | | | | | | 6-12 | | | | | | months, dog | | | | | | eat sheep** | | | | | | | | | | | | **PPP = | | | | | | 35-55 | | | | | | days** | | | +-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+ | **Toxocara | **mouse** | **L3 and | **respirato |  | | | | ingested SI | signs. In | **pitted | | | | tracheal | untreated | shell more | | | | migration | pups, adult | round** | | | | or mammary | parasites | | | | | or | in the GI | | | | | ingestion | system can | | | | | of | be | | | | | paratenic | associated | | | | | host** | with | | | | | | sub-optimal | | | | | | growth and | | | | | | development | | | | | | , | | | | | | poor body | | | | | | condition | | | | | | ("pot-belly | | | | | | "), | | | | | | and | | | | | | diarrhoea, | | | | | | as well as | | | | | | possibly | | | | | | "seizures"* | | | | | | * | | +-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+ | **Toxocara | **Small | **Infected | **Reduced | **Same as | | Cati** | mammal and | mom ingests | appetite** | canis** | | | birds** | eggs, | | | | | | kittens | **Diarrhea* | | | | | infected | * | | | | | trans | | | | | | mammary** | **death** | | +-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+ | **Toxascari | **Small | **L2 in | **respirato |  | | leonina | | c | signs. In | **shell | | (dog/cat)** | | host | untreated | is smoother | | | | ingested** | pups, adult | and more | | | | | parasites | transparent | | | | **PPP=11 | in the GI | and more | | | | weeks** | system can | oval** | | | | | be | | | | | **Develops | associated | | | | | in GIT | with | | | | | only** | sub-optimal | | | | | | growth and | | | | | | development | | | | | | , | | | | | | poor body | | | | | | condition | | | | | | ("pot-belly | | | | | | "), | | | | | | and | | | | | | diarrhoea, | | | | | | as well as | | | | | | possibly | | | | | | "seizures"* | | | | | | * | | +-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+ | **Ancylosto | **L3 | | **Black |  | | caninum** | | | (digested | | | | | | blood)** | | | **Hook | | | | | | worms** | | | | | +-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+ | **Ancylosto | | | | | | ma | | | | | | tubaeforme | | | | | | (cat)** | | | | | +-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+ | **Unicinari | | **Eggs in | **Rarely | | | a | | feces, L3 | diarrhea/de | | | stenocephal | | in | rmatitis** | | | a | | environment | | | | (dog)** | | , | | | | | | L3 | | | | | | ingested, | | | | | | SI | | | | | | infection** | | | | | | | | | | | | **PPP 2 | | | | | | week** | | | +-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+ | **Trichuris |  | fecal** | | | | | **large | | | | | **Dog | intestine | **Tx: | | | | whippy** | adult** | anthelminti | | | | | | cs | | | | | | (fenbendazo | | | | | | le)** | | | +-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+ **Avian GI parasites** +-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+ | **Parasite** | **lifecycle** | **CS/Tx/Dx** | **Looks like** | +=================+=================+=================+=================+ | **Ascaridia | **Direct. Eggs | **CS: poor | | | galli** | embryonate in a | growth, | | | | week + after | diarrhea, | | | | which they | weight loss** | | | | picked up by | | | | | another bird | **Tx: | | | | hatch in | flubendazole, | | | | intestine and | piperazine** | | | | mature** | | | | | | | | | | **Earthworm | | | | | paratenic | | | | | host** | | | +-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+ | **Heterakis | **chicks | | | | | can get from | | | | | worm or | | | | | contaminated | | | | | food** | | | +-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+ | **Trichostrongy | | | | | lus | | | | | tenuis** | | | | +-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+ | **capillaria** | **some | invade | | | | have | different area | | | | intermediate | of chicken. Can | | | | hosts | be fatal** | | | | (earthworm)** | | | +-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+ | **Dilepididae** | | | | | | | | | | **tapeworm** | | | | +-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+ | **Davainea | **Intermediate | | | | proglottina** | host slugs and | | | | | snails** | | | | **tapeworm** | | | | | | **Larval stage | | | | | = cystercoids** | | | +-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+ **Equine GI parasites** +-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+ | **Parasite* | **Organ | **lifecycle | **Diagnosis | **Looks | | * | affected** | ** | prevention/ | like** | | | | | tx** | | +=============+=============+=============+=============+=============+ | **Gasteroph | stomach | Egg laid on | Gastroscopy |  | mage30.png) | | spp** | | develop in | | L3 | | | | mouth L2 | Rarely | | | | | pharynx L3 | causes | | | | | attaches to | disease | | | | | gastric | | | | | | mucosa | Can cause | | | | | along margo | chronic | | | | | plicatus L3 | gastritis | | | | | survive | and colic | | | | | 10-12 | | | | | | months | Control | | | | | before | with | | | | | pupating in | anthelminti | | | | | feces | c | | | | | | (ivermectin | | | | | | ) | | | | | | or scrape | | | | | | eggs off | | | | | | skin | | +-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+ | **Habronema | stomach | Eggs hatch | Most of | | | spp** | | L1 passed | time no | | | | | into feces | disease, | | | | | and | hard to dx | | | | | ingested by | with fecal | | | | | maggots of | as eggs | | | | | fly (stable | fragile, | | | | | or house) | some | | | | | in which | granulation | | | | | they | tissue, | | | | | develop | gastric | | | | | L2-L3 | nodules on | | | | | infectious | gastroscopy | | | | | L3 migrate | | | | | | to oral | Prevent | | | | | part of | with Fly | | | | | fly, and | control and | | | | | they feed | muck pile | | | | | on | management | | | | | secretions. | | | | | | L3 mature | | | | | | in stomach. | | | | | | Can also | | | | | | eat wounds | | | | | | = summer | | | | | | sores | | | | | | | | | | | | PPP 6-8 | | | | | | weeks | | | +-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+ | **Parascari | SI | | Usually |  | | equorum** | | | disease in | | | | | | young | | | ascarid | | | horses | | | | | | (\