65 Questions
What are the three areas of the foot?
Forefoot, midfoot, hindfoot
Explain the longitudinal arch of the foot.
Long axis, from front of toes to back of the heel; shock absorber, weight bearing, permits smooth walking; medial more pronounced arch
Define dorsiflexion and its effect on the ankle joint.
Flex ankle joint; point foot upward
What is the function of the transverse arch of the foot?
Supports the longitudinal arch; runs side-to-side; involves cuneiforms and cuboid
Describe the locations of the 14 phalanges in the foot.
2 in great toe (distal, proximal); 3 each in 2nd-5th toes (distal, middle, proximal)
What is the difference between the phalanx base and head?
Base is proximal to distal; head is distal to proximal
What is the largest and strongest bone in the foot?
Calcaneus
Where are the sesamoid bones in the foot located?
On the plantar surface of the head of the 1st metatarsal
What type of joint is the ankle joint?
Synovial, hinge joint
Where is the lateral malleolus located?
On the fibula on the distal, lateral side
What is another name for the ankle joint?
Ankle mortise joint
Where is the medial malleolus located?
On the tibia on the distal, medial side
What are the names of the 5 metatarsals of the foot?
1st, 2nd, 3rd, 4th, 5th
What is the prominent feature of the 5th metatarsal?
It contains a prominent tuberosity prone to fracture.
Name the joints within the foot.
Interphalangeal joint, distal interphalangeal joint, proximal interphalangeal joint, metatarsophalangeal joint, tarsometatarsal joint
How are all the joints in the foot classified?
Synovial joints
List the names of the 7 tarsal bones.
Calcaneus, talus, navicular, cuboid, medial cuneiform, intermediate cuneiform, lateral cuneiform
What is another name for the calcaneus?
Os Calcis or Heel
What is the other name for the talus bone?
Astragalus
What is the alternative nomenclature for the navicular bone?
Scaphoid
What are the bones in the lower leg?
Tibia, fibula, patella, distal femur
Which bone in the lower leg is the weight-bearing bone?
Tibia
What is the name of the short, pyramid-shaped process at the medial distal end of the tibia?
Medial malleolus
What is the flattened, triangular-shaped notch on the distal end of the tibia for articulation with the fibula?
Fibular notch
What is the name of the little 'mountain-shaped' protrusion on the superior aspect of the tibia?
Intercondylar eminence
What are the two prominent processes on the proximal end of the tibia?
Medial condyle and lateral condyle
Where are the smooth facets located on the tibia?
Tibial plateau
What is the angle by which the medial condyle of the femur extends lower than the lateral condyle?
5-7 degrees
What is the name of the anterior surface of the patellar surface that separates the condyles anteriorly?
Intercondylar sulcus
Where is the adductor tubercle located on the distal femur?
Posterolateral aspect of the medial condyle
What is the function of extension in relation to the knee joint?
To open the joint space of the knee
What structures separate the condyles distally and posteriorly in the femur?
Intercondylar fossa
Where are the medial and lateral epicondyles located in relation to the condyles of the femur?
Above the outermost portion of the medial and lateral condyles
Which condyle of the distal femur is more prominent?
Medial condyle
What is the main joint of the knee?
Femorotibial joint
What are the 4 main ligaments that hold the knee joint together?
- Posterior cruciate ligament (PCL), 2. Anterior cruciate ligament (ACL), 3. Tibial (medial) collateral ligament (MCL), 4. Fibular (lateral) collateral ligament (LCL)
What movements do the cruciate ligaments restrict within the knee?
Anterior and posterior movements
Where do the collateral ligaments attach in the knee joint?
At the sides of the knee joint
What type of joint is the proximal tibofibular joint?
Synovial, gliding joint
What is the function of the cruciate ligaments in the knee joint?
To stabilize the knee and attach to the intercondylar eminence
What is the largest knee joint space in the body?
Femorotibial joint
What is the angle of the tibial plateaus sloping posteriorly?
10-20 degrees
Describe the anterior crest of the tibia.
A sharp ridge of bone located along the anterior surface of the tibia.
Where does the tibia extend from the anterior crest of the tibial tuberosity to?
Medial malleolus
What is the rough-textured prominence located distal to the condyles on the mid-anterior surface of the tibia?
Tibial tuberosity
In which age group does Osgood-Schlatter's Disease most commonly occur?
Boys ages 10-15
What is the fibula's location in relation to the tibia?
Laterally and posteriorly
What is the proximal end of the fibula called, which contains the head, neck, and apex?
Head
Where does the head of the fibula articulate with?
Tibia
What is the distal end of the fibula called, which forms the lateral malleolus?
Lateral malleolus
What is the articulation type of the costovertebral joint?
synovial, gliding
Where is the xiphisternal joint located?
between the body of the sternum and xiphoid process
What is the only articulation between sternoclavicular (SC) joints and the upper limbs?
interchondral joint
At which vertebral level is the sternal angle located?
T4-T5
What type of joint is the manubriosternal joint?
cartilaginous, synchondroses
What are the three main parts of the sternum?
manubrium, body, xiphoid process
Which portion of the sternum is most superior and the widest?
manubrium
What are the other names for the jugular notch?
suprasternal notch, manubrial notch
How many pairs of ribs are present in the bony thorax?
12
What does the clavicular notch of the manubrium articulate with?
clavicle
Which portion of the sternum is the xiphoid process located and what is its consistency through aging?
Most distal and smallest part; cartilaginous in early life, ossifies in adulthood
What is the xiphoid process known as, and what does it serve as?
Xiphoid process aka ensiform process; palpable landmark
Explain the difference between 'true ribs' and 'false ribs.'
True ribs are ribs 1-7 because they attach to the sternum; False ribs are ribs 8-12 because they do not attach directly to the sternum
What are ribs 11 and 12 commonly known as, and why?
Floating ribs; they have no sternal attachment
How many joints are present in the thorax, and what type of joint is the sternoclavicular joint?
Multiple joints; synovial, gliding joint
Study Notes
Foot Anatomy
- The foot consists of three areas: the forefoot, midfoot, and hindfoot.
- The longitudinal arch of the foot runs along the medial side of the foot from the heel to the ball of the foot.
- Dorsiflexion is the movement of the foot upwards towards the shin, and it increases the angle between the foot and the leg, affecting the ankle joint.
Foot Bones
- The 14 phalanges in the foot are located in the toes, with two in the great toe and three in each of the other toes.
- The base of a phalanx is the proximal end, and the head is the distal end.
- The largest and strongest bone in the foot is the calcaneus (heel bone).
- The sesamoid bones are located within the tendons that connect muscles to bones in the foot.
- The ankle joint is a synovial hinge joint.
Foot Features
- The lateral malleolus is located on the outer ankle bone, and the medial malleolus is located on the inner ankle bone.
- The ankle joint is also known as the talocrural joint.
- The five metatarsals in the foot are numbered from medial to lateral, and the prominent feature of the 5th metatarsal is its tuberosity.
Foot Joints
- The joints within the foot include the ankle joint, intertarsal joints, and intermetatarsal joints.
- All joints in the foot are classified as synovial joints.
- There are seven tarsal bones in the foot, which include the calcaneus, talus, cuboid, navicular, and three cuneiform bones.
Sesamoid Bones
- The sesamoid bones are located within the tendons that connect muscles to bones in the foot.
Lower Leg Anatomy
- The bones in the lower leg are the tibia (shin bone) and fibula.
- The weight-bearing bone in the lower leg is the tibia.
- The medial malleolus is located on the distal end of the tibia.
- The lateral malleolus is located on the distal end of the fibula.
Tibia Features
- The medial condyle of the tibia is larger than the lateral condyle.
- The intercondylar eminence is a bony projection between the condyles.
- The tibial plateau slopes posteriorly at an angle of about 20-25 degrees.
Knee Joint
- The main joint of the knee is the tibiofemoral joint.
- The four main ligaments that hold the knee joint together are the anterior cruciate ligament, posterior cruciate ligament, medial collateral ligament, and lateral collateral ligament.
- The cruciate ligaments restrict forward and backward movement within the knee.
- The collateral ligaments attach to the femur and tibia.
Fibula Features
- The fibula is located laterally to the tibia.
- The proximal end of the fibula is called the head, and it articulates with the tibia.
- The distal end of the fibula forms the lateral malleolus.
Other Anatomy
- The xiphisternal joint is located at the junction of the xiphoid process and the sternum.
- The sternal angle is located at the level of the second thoracic vertebra.
- The manubrium is the most superior and widest part of the sternum.
- The three main parts of the sternum are the manubrium, body, and xiphoid process.
Ribs and Thorax
- There are 24 ribs, divided into true ribs (1-7) and false ribs (8-12).
- Ribs 11 and 12 are commonly known as floating ribs.
- There are 12 thoracic vertebrae and 12 pairs of ribs in the bony thorax.
- The costovertebral joint is a synovial joint.
- The sternoclavicular joint is the only articulation between the upper limbs and the sternum.
Test your knowledge of foot anatomy, including the toes, foot bones, ankle, and heel. Learn about the different areas of the foot and the number of bones present in each part.
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