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Questions and Answers
What are the three areas of the foot?
What are the three areas of the foot?
Forefoot, midfoot, hindfoot
Explain the longitudinal arch of the foot.
Explain the longitudinal arch of the foot.
Long axis, from front of toes to back of the heel; shock absorber, weight bearing, permits smooth walking; medial more pronounced arch
Define dorsiflexion and its effect on the ankle joint.
Define dorsiflexion and its effect on the ankle joint.
Flex ankle joint; point foot upward
What is the function of the transverse arch of the foot?
What is the function of the transverse arch of the foot?
Describe the locations of the 14 phalanges in the foot.
Describe the locations of the 14 phalanges in the foot.
What is the difference between the phalanx base and head?
What is the difference between the phalanx base and head?
What is the largest and strongest bone in the foot?
What is the largest and strongest bone in the foot?
Where are the sesamoid bones in the foot located?
Where are the sesamoid bones in the foot located?
What type of joint is the ankle joint?
What type of joint is the ankle joint?
Where is the lateral malleolus located?
Where is the lateral malleolus located?
What is another name for the ankle joint?
What is another name for the ankle joint?
Where is the medial malleolus located?
Where is the medial malleolus located?
What are the names of the 5 metatarsals of the foot?
What are the names of the 5 metatarsals of the foot?
What is the prominent feature of the 5th metatarsal?
What is the prominent feature of the 5th metatarsal?
Name the joints within the foot.
Name the joints within the foot.
How are all the joints in the foot classified?
How are all the joints in the foot classified?
List the names of the 7 tarsal bones.
List the names of the 7 tarsal bones.
What is another name for the calcaneus?
What is another name for the calcaneus?
What is the other name for the talus bone?
What is the other name for the talus bone?
What is the alternative nomenclature for the navicular bone?
What is the alternative nomenclature for the navicular bone?
What are the bones in the lower leg?
What are the bones in the lower leg?
Which bone in the lower leg is the weight-bearing bone?
Which bone in the lower leg is the weight-bearing bone?
What is the name of the short, pyramid-shaped process at the medial distal end of the tibia?
What is the name of the short, pyramid-shaped process at the medial distal end of the tibia?
What is the flattened, triangular-shaped notch on the distal end of the tibia for articulation with the fibula?
What is the flattened, triangular-shaped notch on the distal end of the tibia for articulation with the fibula?
What is the name of the little 'mountain-shaped' protrusion on the superior aspect of the tibia?
What is the name of the little 'mountain-shaped' protrusion on the superior aspect of the tibia?
What are the two prominent processes on the proximal end of the tibia?
What are the two prominent processes on the proximal end of the tibia?
Where are the smooth facets located on the tibia?
Where are the smooth facets located on the tibia?
What is the angle by which the medial condyle of the femur extends lower than the lateral condyle?
What is the angle by which the medial condyle of the femur extends lower than the lateral condyle?
What is the name of the anterior surface of the patellar surface that separates the condyles anteriorly?
What is the name of the anterior surface of the patellar surface that separates the condyles anteriorly?
Where is the adductor tubercle located on the distal femur?
Where is the adductor tubercle located on the distal femur?
What is the function of extension in relation to the knee joint?
What is the function of extension in relation to the knee joint?
What structures separate the condyles distally and posteriorly in the femur?
What structures separate the condyles distally and posteriorly in the femur?
Where are the medial and lateral epicondyles located in relation to the condyles of the femur?
Where are the medial and lateral epicondyles located in relation to the condyles of the femur?
Which condyle of the distal femur is more prominent?
Which condyle of the distal femur is more prominent?
What is the main joint of the knee?
What is the main joint of the knee?
What are the 4 main ligaments that hold the knee joint together?
What are the 4 main ligaments that hold the knee joint together?
What movements do the cruciate ligaments restrict within the knee?
What movements do the cruciate ligaments restrict within the knee?
Where do the collateral ligaments attach in the knee joint?
Where do the collateral ligaments attach in the knee joint?
What type of joint is the proximal tibofibular joint?
What type of joint is the proximal tibofibular joint?
What is the function of the cruciate ligaments in the knee joint?
What is the function of the cruciate ligaments in the knee joint?
What is the largest knee joint space in the body?
What is the largest knee joint space in the body?
What is the angle of the tibial plateaus sloping posteriorly?
What is the angle of the tibial plateaus sloping posteriorly?
Describe the anterior crest of the tibia.
Describe the anterior crest of the tibia.
Where does the tibia extend from the anterior crest of the tibial tuberosity to?
Where does the tibia extend from the anterior crest of the tibial tuberosity to?
What is the rough-textured prominence located distal to the condyles on the mid-anterior surface of the tibia?
What is the rough-textured prominence located distal to the condyles on the mid-anterior surface of the tibia?
In which age group does Osgood-Schlatter's Disease most commonly occur?
In which age group does Osgood-Schlatter's Disease most commonly occur?
What is the fibula's location in relation to the tibia?
What is the fibula's location in relation to the tibia?
What is the proximal end of the fibula called, which contains the head, neck, and apex?
What is the proximal end of the fibula called, which contains the head, neck, and apex?
Where does the head of the fibula articulate with?
Where does the head of the fibula articulate with?
What is the distal end of the fibula called, which forms the lateral malleolus?
What is the distal end of the fibula called, which forms the lateral malleolus?
What is the articulation type of the costovertebral joint?
What is the articulation type of the costovertebral joint?
Where is the xiphisternal joint located?
Where is the xiphisternal joint located?
What is the only articulation between sternoclavicular (SC) joints and the upper limbs?
What is the only articulation between sternoclavicular (SC) joints and the upper limbs?
At which vertebral level is the sternal angle located?
At which vertebral level is the sternal angle located?
What type of joint is the manubriosternal joint?
What type of joint is the manubriosternal joint?
What are the three main parts of the sternum?
What are the three main parts of the sternum?
Which portion of the sternum is most superior and the widest?
Which portion of the sternum is most superior and the widest?
What are the other names for the jugular notch?
What are the other names for the jugular notch?
How many pairs of ribs are present in the bony thorax?
How many pairs of ribs are present in the bony thorax?
What does the clavicular notch of the manubrium articulate with?
What does the clavicular notch of the manubrium articulate with?
Which portion of the sternum is the xiphoid process located and what is its consistency through aging?
Which portion of the sternum is the xiphoid process located and what is its consistency through aging?
What is the xiphoid process known as, and what does it serve as?
What is the xiphoid process known as, and what does it serve as?
Explain the difference between 'true ribs' and 'false ribs.'
Explain the difference between 'true ribs' and 'false ribs.'
What are ribs 11 and 12 commonly known as, and why?
What are ribs 11 and 12 commonly known as, and why?
How many joints are present in the thorax, and what type of joint is the sternoclavicular joint?
How many joints are present in the thorax, and what type of joint is the sternoclavicular joint?
Study Notes
Foot Anatomy
- The foot consists of three areas: the forefoot, midfoot, and hindfoot.
- The longitudinal arch of the foot runs along the medial side of the foot from the heel to the ball of the foot.
- Dorsiflexion is the movement of the foot upwards towards the shin, and it increases the angle between the foot and the leg, affecting the ankle joint.
Foot Bones
- The 14 phalanges in the foot are located in the toes, with two in the great toe and three in each of the other toes.
- The base of a phalanx is the proximal end, and the head is the distal end.
- The largest and strongest bone in the foot is the calcaneus (heel bone).
- The sesamoid bones are located within the tendons that connect muscles to bones in the foot.
- The ankle joint is a synovial hinge joint.
Foot Features
- The lateral malleolus is located on the outer ankle bone, and the medial malleolus is located on the inner ankle bone.
- The ankle joint is also known as the talocrural joint.
- The five metatarsals in the foot are numbered from medial to lateral, and the prominent feature of the 5th metatarsal is its tuberosity.
Foot Joints
- The joints within the foot include the ankle joint, intertarsal joints, and intermetatarsal joints.
- All joints in the foot are classified as synovial joints.
- There are seven tarsal bones in the foot, which include the calcaneus, talus, cuboid, navicular, and three cuneiform bones.
Sesamoid Bones
- The sesamoid bones are located within the tendons that connect muscles to bones in the foot.
Lower Leg Anatomy
- The bones in the lower leg are the tibia (shin bone) and fibula.
- The weight-bearing bone in the lower leg is the tibia.
- The medial malleolus is located on the distal end of the tibia.
- The lateral malleolus is located on the distal end of the fibula.
Tibia Features
- The medial condyle of the tibia is larger than the lateral condyle.
- The intercondylar eminence is a bony projection between the condyles.
- The tibial plateau slopes posteriorly at an angle of about 20-25 degrees.
Knee Joint
- The main joint of the knee is the tibiofemoral joint.
- The four main ligaments that hold the knee joint together are the anterior cruciate ligament, posterior cruciate ligament, medial collateral ligament, and lateral collateral ligament.
- The cruciate ligaments restrict forward and backward movement within the knee.
- The collateral ligaments attach to the femur and tibia.
Fibula Features
- The fibula is located laterally to the tibia.
- The proximal end of the fibula is called the head, and it articulates with the tibia.
- The distal end of the fibula forms the lateral malleolus.
Other Anatomy
- The xiphisternal joint is located at the junction of the xiphoid process and the sternum.
- The sternal angle is located at the level of the second thoracic vertebra.
- The manubrium is the most superior and widest part of the sternum.
- The three main parts of the sternum are the manubrium, body, and xiphoid process.
Ribs and Thorax
- There are 24 ribs, divided into true ribs (1-7) and false ribs (8-12).
- Ribs 11 and 12 are commonly known as floating ribs.
- There are 12 thoracic vertebrae and 12 pairs of ribs in the bony thorax.
- The costovertebral joint is a synovial joint.
- The sternoclavicular joint is the only articulation between the upper limbs and the sternum.
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Description
Test your knowledge of foot anatomy, including the toes, foot bones, ankle, and heel. Learn about the different areas of the foot and the number of bones present in each part.
