Foot and Ankle anatomy 75 : history 150 : observation 240 : deformaty1 330

Which part of the foot is responsible for impact absorption and adaptation to uneven surfaces, propulsion, and support?

Which joint in the body sustains the greatest load per surface area?

How many sections are the joints of the foot divided into?

What are the three principal functions of the lower leg, ankle, and foot?

What can foot problems often be corrected by?

What can lesions of the ankle and foot cause?

How do the lower leg, ankle, and foot act for impact absorption and adaptation to uneven surfaces?

How do the lower leg, ankle, and foot act for support?

Which ligament provides stability against excessive inversion of the talus at the talocrural joint?

What is the close packed position of the subtalar joint?

Which joint allows a small amount of spread (1 to 2 mm) at the ankle joint during dorsiflexion?

What is the resting position of the talocrural joint?

Which joint is responsible for the anterior-posterior movement that occurs in the ankle-foot complex?

Which ligament is the most commonly injured by a lateral inversion ankle sprain?

Which ligament provides stability against maximum inversion at the ankle and subtalar joints?

What is the shape of the talus that provides a major source of natural stability to the ankle?

Which joint allows significant movement to enable the foot to adapt to many positions without putting undue stress on the joints?

Which joint is a ball-and-socket synovial joint with 3 degrees of freedom?

Which joint is a plane synovial joint with a close packed position of supination?

Which joint is saddle shaped with a close packed position of supination?

What is the normal varus-valgus range of motion (ROM) of the talocrural joint?

What movements are possible at the talocalcaneonavicular joint?

What movements are possible at the metatarsophalangeal joints?

What movements are possible at the interphalangeal joints?

What is the resting position of the metatarsophalangeal joints?

Which joint in the body sustains the greatest load per surface area?

What is the shape of the talus that provides a major source of natural stability to the ankle?

What can lesions of the ankle and foot cause?

What are the three principal functions of the lower leg, ankle, and foot?

Which part of the foot is responsible for impact absorption and adaptation to uneven surfaces, propulsion, and support?

Which joint allows significant movement to enable the foot to adapt to many positions without putting undue stress on the joints?

How do the lower leg, ankle, and foot act for impact absorption and adaptation to uneven surfaces?

How many sections are the joints of the foot divided into?

Which ligament provides stability against excessive inversion of the talus at the talocrural joint?

What is the ligament most commonly injured by a lateral inversion ankle sprain?

What movements are possible at the talocalcaneonavicular joint?

What is the close packed position of the subtalar joint?

What can lesions of the ankle and foot cause?

What is the normal varus-valgus range of motion (ROM) of the talocrural joint?

What are the three principal functions of the lower leg, ankle, and foot?

What can foot problems often be corrected by?

Which joint allows significant movement to enable the foot to adapt to many positions without putting undue stress on the joints?

What is the shape of the talus that provides a major source of natural stability to the ankle?

What movements are possible at the interphalangeal joints?

What movements are possible at the talocalcaneonavicular joint?

What movements are possible at the metatarsophalangeal joints?

What is the resting position of the metatarsophalangeal joints?

What is the close packed position of the subtalar joint?

What is the close packed position of the cuneocuboid joint?

Which ligament provides stability against maximum inversion at the ankle and subtalar joints?

Which joint in the lower leg, ankle, and foot sustains the greatest load per surface area?

Which ligament provides stability against excessive inversion of the talus at the talocrural joint?

What are the three principal functions of the lower leg, ankle, and foot?

What is the normal range of dorsiflexion at the ankle joint?

What is the shape of the talus that provides a major source of natural stability to the ankle?

Which ligament is the most commonly injured by a lateral inversion ankle sprain?

What is the resting position of the talocrural joint?

What can lesions of the ankle and foot cause?

What is the resting position of the metatarsophalangeal joints?

How many degrees of freedom does the subtalar joint have?

What is the close packed position of the subtalar joint?

Which ligament provides stability against maximum inversion at the ankle and subtalar joints?

What is the close packed position of the subtalar joint?

Which ligament provides stability against excessive inversion of the talus at the talocrural joint?

What movements are possible at the interphalangeal joints?

Which ligament resists lateral translation and lateral rotation of the talus at the talocrural joint?

Which joint in the foot is a ball-and-socket synovial joint with 3° of freedom?

What is the close packed position of the cuneonavicular joint?

What movements are possible at the cuboideonavicular joint?

What are the movements possible at the intercuneiform joints?

What is the close packed position of the cuneocuboid joint?

What is the movement possible at the calcaneocuboid joint?

What is the close packed position of the tarsometatarsal joints?

What movements are possible at the intermetatarsal joints?

What is the close packed position of the metatarsophalangeal joints?

Which of the following is a common symptom of tarsal navicular stress fractures in runners?

What does pain after activity suggest in the context of foot problems?

What does pain during the activity suggest in the context of foot problems?

In the context of foot problems, where is the pain typically more specific?

Which type of foot problem is commonly associated with lateral ankle instability?

What is the most common cause of heel pain on the antero-medial aspect of the heel?

Which ligament is most commonly injured in ankle sprains?

What is the term for injuries that result from forced lateral rotation of the tibia and/or hyperdorsiflexion?

What structures may be damaged on the medial side in ankle sprains with injury to the lateral ligaments?

What can lead to peroneal tendon injury, tibialis posterior tendon injury, and common peroneal nerve injury?

What grading system can be used to determine the severity of ankle sprains?

In ankle sprains, what type of pain may predominate if the lateral ligaments are completely torn and the capsule disrupted?

Which of the following is a common cause of Achilles tendinosis or paratenonitis?

What is a possible symptom of an Achilles tendon rupture?

What may indicate a tear of the peroneal retinaculum?

What may cause posterior ankle impingement in athletes?

What may chronic recurrent ankle instability be indicated by?

What is the purpose of asking about the patient's usual activity or pastime?

Which type of runners typically run 30 to 65 km [18.6 to 40 miles] per week at a pace of 5 to 6 minutes/km?

What is the pace range for long-distance runners who run 60 to 180 km [37 to 112 miles] per week?

What is the pace range for elite runners who run 100 to 270 km [62 to 168 miles] per week?

Which type of runners are more likely to need a cushioning shoe?

Which type of runners are more likely to need a control shoe?

What type of shoes should a person with a cavus foot wear?

What type of shoes should a person with a planus foot wear?

Which type of runner runs the least amount of distance per week?

At what pace do long-distance runners typically run?

What type of athletic shoes are recommended for people with a cavus foot?

What type of warmup and stretching activities are recommended for runners?

What is the range of weekly distance that elite runners typically run?

What is the recommended pace for sports runners?

What factors should be considered when examining the patient's shoes?

Which condition may result in thickening of the joint capsule and/or bone spurs adjacent to the anterior talocrural joint?

Which condition is often caused by overuse, increased activity, or change in a high-stress training program?

What may cause a pop or snap sensation in the area of the rupture, even if there was no one near the patient?

Which condition is most commonly associated with trauma and may accompany ankle sprains and fractures?

Which condition may result in chronic pain following an anterolateral talocrural sprain?

Which condition is indicated by one or more significant lateral ankle sprains involving functional and mechanical instability?

Which ligament is most commonly injured in ankle sprains?

What can lead to peroneal tendon injury, tibialis posterior tendon injury, common peroneal nerve injury, a malleolar or talar dome fracture, or sinus tarsi syndrome?

What is the most common mechanism of injury for ankle sprains?

What type of pain may predominate if the lateral ligaments of the ankle are completely torn and the capsule disrupted?

What is the most common cause of anterolateral pain in the ankle without a history of trauma?

What is the usual mechanism of injury for syndesmosis injuries ("high ankle sprains")?

Which of the following is a common symptom of tarsal navicular stress fractures in runners?

What is the close packed position of the talocrural joint?

What type of shoes should a person with a cavus foot wear?

What is the pace range for elite runners who run 100 to 270 km [62 to 168 miles] per week?

Which joint in the body sustains the greatest load per surface area?

What are the three principal functions of the lower leg, ankle, and foot?

Which of the following is a common symptom of plantar fasciitis?

What is the most common cause of heel pain on the antero-medial aspect of the heel?

Which condition may lead to a pes cavus?

Which type of terrain may bother a patient with foot problems more than walking on a sidewalk?

What type of shoe wear pattern is typically seen in over pronators?

What is the recommended distance for joggers to run per week?

Which of the following is a common mechanism for syndesmosis sprains?

What is the most likely cause of Achilles tendinosis or paratenonitis?

What is the characteristic sound associated with Achilles tendon ruptures?

What is the primary symptom of a tear of the peroneal retinaculum?

Which group of athletes is more likely to have posterior ankle impingement?

What is the primary cause of chronic pain following an anterolateral talocrural sprain?

Which type of foot problem is commonly associated with lateral ankle instability?

What is the normal range of dorsiflexion at the ankle joint?

What is the pace range for elite runners who run 100 to 270 km [62 to 168 miles] per week?

What movements are possible at the talocalcaneonavicular joint?

What can lead to peroneal tendon injury, tibialis posterior tendon injury, and common peroneal nerve injury?

What may chronic recurrent ankle instability be indicated by?

What can lesions of the ankle and foot cause?

Which ligament is most commonly injured in ankle sprains?

What can lead to peroneal tendon injury, tibialis posterior tendon injury, and common peroneal nerve injury?

What is the most common cause of anterolateral pain in the ankle without a history of trauma?

What is the most common cause of heel pain on the antero-medial aspect of the heel?

What is the mechanism of injury for syndesmosis injuries ("high ankle sprains")?

What can cause medial pain in ankle sprains with completely torn lateral ligaments and disrupted capsule?

Which metatarsal heads are most commonly affected by callus formation when there is a loss of the anterior metatarsal arch?

In the non-weight-bearing position, what is visible in a normal foot?

What may cause the metatarsal arch to fall?

What is the medical term for the most common clubfoot deformity in young children?

What may cause an abnormal width of one ankle in relation to the other?

What other anomalies are often associated with clubfoot deformities in young children?

Which joints should be parallel to the floor in weight-bearing position?

What type of foot is characterized by the first metatarsal being longer than the second metatarsal?

What type of foot is characterized by the first metatarsal being equal in length to the second metatarsal?

What type of foot is characterized by the second metatarsal being longer than the first and third metatarsals?

Which type of foot is associated with splaying of the forefoot and metatarsus primus varus?

What should be noted when examining the foot for foot problems?

What condition may be indicated by a fallen medial longitudinal arch, resulting in a pes planus (flatfoot) condition?

What is the role of the plantar aponeurosis in the foot during gait?

Which muscles help maintain the medial longitudinal arch?

Which bones make up the lateral longitudinal arch of the foot?

What is the primary function of the foot during early and midstance of gait?

What is the best measurement for the medial longitudinal arch of the foot?

Which movement of the foot involves inversion and outward rotation of the heel, adduction of the forefoot with inward rotation at the tarsometatarsal joints, and plantar flexion at the subtalar joint and midtarsal joints?

What is the common term for a medial tibial torsion deformity that causes pigeon toes?

Which movement of the foot involves eversion and inward rotation of the heel, abduction of the forefoot with outward rotation at the tarsometatarsal joints and inward rotation at the midtarsal joints, and medial rotation of the talus causing medial rotation of the leg in relation to the foot?

What is the normal weight distribution on the foot in a standing position?

What is the term for the angle at which the foot assumes a slight toe-out position in standing?

What is the common term for a medial tibial torsion deformity that causes pigeon toes?

During open-chain motion, the talus is considered fixed; during closed-chain motion, the talus moves to help the foot and leg adapt to the terrain and to the stresses that are applied to the foot. Which of the following describes the motion of the talus during closed-chain motion?

Which position shows how the body compensates for structural abnormalities of the foot?

During foot observation, what should the examiner note about the patient's feet?

Which of the following is a possible finding during foot observation?

Which of the following is a possible finding during foot observation?

Which of the following is a possible finding during foot observation?

What is the weight-bearing position of the foot in relation to the ankle?

What position should the subtalar and talocrural joints be in when weight-bearing?

What does it indicate if an asymmetry in standing disappears when the talus (or foot) is placed in neutral position?

What type of foot is characterized by the first metatarsal being longer than the second, with the others of progressively decreasing lengths?

What is the most likely cause of an asymmetry that is still present when the foot is in neutral position?

What should be noted if there is any swelling in the Achilles tendon, ankle, and foot?

Which condition is often associated with a 'fallen' metatarsal arch?

What may cause the arch to fall in the non-weight-bearing position?

Which deformity is the most common in young children?

What is the abnormal width of one ankle in relation to the other called?

What abnormalities should the examiner look for in the non-weight-bearing position?

What is the primary cause of callus formation under the heads of the metatarsal bones?

Which of the following is a characteristic of pes planus (flatfoot) condition?

What is the primary role of the longitudinal arches of the foot during gait?

Which muscles help maintain the medial longitudinal arch of the foot?

Which bones make up the lateral longitudinal arch of the foot?

What is the primary role of the plantar aponeurosis during gait?

Which muscles help maintain the transverse arch of the foot?

Which movement of the foot involves eversion and inward rotation of the heel, abduction of the forefoot with outward rotation at the tarsometatarsal joints and inward rotation at the midtarsal joints, and medial rotation of the talus causing medial rotation of the leg in relation to the foot?

What is the normal weight distribution on the foot during standing?

What is the term used to describe excessive lateral rotation of the hip or rotation of the trunk away from the opposite hip, which elevates the medial longitudinal arch of the foot?

What is the term used to describe medial rotation of the hip or trunk rotation toward the opposite hip, which tends to flatten the arch of the foot?

What is the condition called when the medial malleolus lies anterior to the lateral malleolus?

What is the term used to describe the condition of the foot when the medial longitudinal arch is accentuated due to inversion and outward rotation of the heel, adduction of the forefoot, and plantar flexion at the subtalar and midtarsal joints?

During open-chain motion, the talus is considered fixed; during closed-chain motion, the talus moves to help the foot and leg adapt to the terrain and to the stresses that are applied to the foot.

The weight-bearing stance of the foot shows how the body compensates for structural abnormalities.

The non-weight-bearing posture shows functional and structural abilities without compensation.

The examiner should note the patient’s willingness and ability to use the feet.

The bony and soft-tissue contours of the foot should be normal, foot type should be determined, and any deviation should be noted.

Painful callosities (hyperkeratosis) may be found over abnormal bony prominences due to increased friction or loading.

Which metatarsal heads are most commonly affected by callus formation when there is a loss of the anterior metatarsal arch?

In the non-weight-bearing position, what is visible if the metatarsal arch has not fallen?

What can cause the metatarsal arch to fall in the non-weight-bearing position?

What does the presence of callosities over the metatarsal heads indicate?

What can cause an abnormal width of one ankle in relation to the other?

What is the most common clubfoot deformity in young children?

What is the weight-bearing position of the subtalar joint and midtarsal joints?

What is the normal alignment of the forefoot and hindfoot in weight-bearing?

Which type of foot is characterized by the second metatarsal being longer than the first and third metatarsals?

What is the term for the widening of the forefoot?

What is the term for the condition where the first metatarsal is longer than the second, with the others of progressively decreasing lengths?

What should be noted if there is any asymmetry in standing?

What is the movement that causes the medial longitudinal arch of the foot to flatten?

What is the movement that causes the medial rotation of the hip?

What is the movement that causes the lateral rotation of the talus in relation to the leg?

What is the movement that causes the medial rotation of the talus in relation to the leg?

Which statement best describes the pronated foot?

What is the normal weight distribution on the foot in a standing position?

During open-chain motion, the talus is considered fixed; during closed-chain motion, the talus moves to help the foot and leg adapt to the terrain and to the stresses that are applied to the foot.

The weight-bearing stance of the foot shows how the body compensates for structural abnormalities.

What should be noted when examining the foot for foot problems?

What can painful callosities (hyperkeratosis) over abnormal bony prominences indicate?

What is the purpose of observing the foot in both weight-bearing and non-weight-bearing postures?

What is the main purpose of observing the foot from different angles?

Which muscles help maintain the medial longitudinal arch of the foot?

Which muscles help maintain the lateral longitudinal arch of the foot?

What are the three mechanisms that help maintain the arches of the feet?

What is the best measurement for the medial longitudinal arch?

What bones make up the lateral longitudinal arch?

What muscles help maintain the transverse arch?

Which deformity is characterized by prominence of the lateral aspect of the fifth toe metatarsal head?

What deformity results in hyperextension of the metatarsophalangeal joints and flexion of the proximal and distal interphalangeal joints?

What is the most common form of clubfoot?

What deformity is the result of weakening of the lateral collateral ligament of the metatarsophalangeal joint and insufficiency of the plantar plate?

What deformity is associated with pes cavus, fallen metatarsal arch, spina bifida, or other neurological problems?

What congenital deformity is relatively common and can take many forms?

What is the most common location for a curly toe deformity in children?

What is the primary cause of an equinus deformity?

What is the common cause of exostosis (bony spur) in the foot?

What condition is characterized by eversion of the forefoot on the hindfoot when the subtalar joint is in the neutral position?

What condition is characterized by inversion of the forefoot on the hindfoot when the subtalar joint is in the neutral position?

What is the most common type of hallux rigidus?

Which of the following conditions may cause a pes cavus?

What is a common characteristic of pes cavus?

What is the main cause of flatfoot?

What is the difference between rigid flatfoot and flexible flatfoot?

What is the common term for a hypermobile flatfoot?

When does the arch of the foot appear in infants?

What is the most common foot deviation in children?

Which foot deformity is characterized by the second toe being longer than the first?

Which foot deformity is associated with a flexion deformity of the distal interphalangeal joint?

Which foot deformity involves eversion of the calcaneus when the subtalar joint is in the neutral position?

Which foot deformity involves inversion of the calcaneus when the subtalar joint is in the neutral position?

Which foot deformity is associated with the formation of an interdigital neuroma as a result of injury to one of the digital nerves?

Which joint is affected in hallux valgus?

What is the cause of hallux valgus?

What are the three changes that make up a bunion?

What is the normal metatarsophalangeal angle?

What is the first type of hallux valgus?

What is a hammer toe deformity?

Which of the following is a common deformity characterized by prominence of the lateral aspect of the fifth toe metatarsal head?

What deformity results in hyperextension of the metatarsophalangeal joints and flexion of the proximal and distal interphalangeal joints?

Which congenital deformity is relatively common and can take many forms, with talipes equinovarus being the most common type?

What deformity is the result of weakening of the lateral collateral ligament of the metatarsophalangeal joint and insufficiency of the plantar plate?

Which deformity is characterized by limited range of motion and abnormal form of the foot?

Which deformity is associated with hallux valgus and is often found in the second or third toe?

Which joint is primarily affected in hallux valgus?

What is the main cause of hallux valgus?

What are the three changes that make up a bunion?

What is the normal metatarsophalangeal angle in a healthy foot?

What is the main cause of hammer toe deformity?

Which toe is most commonly affected by hammer toe deformity?

Which condition is characterized by accentuated longitudinal arches and a dropping of the forefoot on the hindfoot at the tarsometatarsal joints?

What is the most common cause of flatfoot or mobile foot?

What is the primary difference between rigid flatfoot and flexible flatfoot?

What is the characteristic appearance of a foot with pes planus?

What is the primary cause of a flexible flatfoot?

What type of foot deformity leads to a rigid foot with little ability to absorb shock and adapt to stress?

Which foot deformity is associated with inversion of the calcaneus when the subtalar joint is in the neutral position?

What foot deformity is characterized by a flexion deformity of the distal interphalangeal joint?

Which foot deformity is the most common in children and is characterized by the foot appearing adducted and supinated?

What is the term used to describe a foot deformity where the second toe is longer than the first?

What foot condition refers to the formation of an interdigital neuroma as a result of injury to one of the digital nerves?

What is the term used to describe a foot deformity characterized by inversion and outward rotation of the heel, adduction of the forefoot, and plantar flexion at the subtalar and midtarsal joints?

Which condition is characterized by limited dorsiflexion at the talocrural joint, often as a result of contracture of the gastrocnemius or soleus muscles or Achilles tendon?

What is an exostosis?

Which condition involves eversion of the forefoot on the hindfoot when the subtalar joint is in the neutral position?

What is a common cause of hallux rigidus?

What is the acute type of hallux rigidus characterized by?

Which condition involves inversion of the forefoot on the hindfoot when the subtalar joint is in the neutral position?

Which muscle contracture is responsible for a curly toe deformity?

What is the primary cause of equinus deformity (Talipes Equinus)?

What is the most common cause of exostosis (bony spur) in the foot?

What is the clinical resemblance of forefoot valgus?

What condition is characterized by inversion of the forefoot on the hindfoot?

What is the primary cause of hallux rigidus?

Which joint is affected in hallux valgus?

What is the primary symptom of hallux valgus?

What is the most common cause of hallux valgus?

What is the term used to describe the formation of a bunion in hallux valgus?

What is the normal metatarsophalangeal angle?

What is the primary cause of hammer toe deformity?

Which foot deformity is characterized by eversion of the calcaneus when the subtalar joint is in the neutral position?

What is the most common foot deviation in children?

Which foot deformity involves inversion of the calcaneus when the subtalar joint is in the neutral position?

Which foot deformity is associated with a flexion deformity of the distal interphalangeal joint?

What is the term used to describe a foot deformity where the second toe is longer than the first?

Which foot condition refers to the formation of an interdigital neuroma as a result of injury to one of the digital nerves?

Which foot deformity is characterized by prominence of the lateral aspect of the fifth toe metatarsal head?

What is the result of a claw-toe deformity?

Which congenital deformity is relatively common and can take many forms, with the most common being talipes equinovarus?

What is the cause of clubfoot?

What is the result of weakening of the lateral collateral ligament of the metatarsophalangeal joint and insufficiency of the plantar plate, along with the pull of the extrinsic muscles?

What is the most common associated deformity with a bunionette?

Which of the following conditions can cause a pes cavus?

What is the main difference between pes cavus and pes planus?

What is the most common cause of flatfoot or mobile foot?

What is the difference between rigid flatfoot and flexible flatfoot?

What is the term used to describe the condition of the foot when the medial longitudinal arch is accentuated due to inversion and outward rotation of the heel, adduction of the forefoot, and plantar flexion at the subtalar and midtarsal joints?

What is the main purpose of observing the foot from different angles?

Which type of shoes often cause painful knees due to increased stress on the patella?

What deformity can high-heeled and pointed shoes contribute to?

What does excessive bulging on the medial side of the shoe suggest?

What does excessive bulging on the lateral side of the shoe suggest?

What can continuous wearing of high-heeled shoes lead to?

What type of shoes offer more support than low-cut shoes?

What does drop foot resulting from musculature weakness or peroneal nerve injury do to the shoe?

What does absence of forefoot creases in the shoe indicate?

Which foot deformity is characterized by the forefoot being dorsiflexed on the hindfoot, resulting in a 'broken midfoot' with absent arches?

What is the term used to describe a structural deformity where the first ray (big toe) lies lower than the other four metatarsal bones, causing the forefoot to be everted when the metatarsal bones are aligned?

Which congenital anomaly is characterized by the presence of an extra digit or toe?

What foot deformity is often caused by weakness of the intrinsic muscles and associated weakness of the intermetatarsal ligament and dropping of the anterior metatarsal arch?

What is the term used to describe a hyperextension injury (sprain) combined with compressive loading to the metatarsophalangeal joint of the hallux?

What deformity occurs when the first ray (big toe) lies lower than the other four metatarsal bones, and if present congenitally, is indicative of a cavus foot?

What is the primary concern with the developmental anomaly of polydactyly?

What is the most common cause of pain in the knees when wearing high-heeled shoes?

What foot condition can be caused by continuous wearing of high-heeled shoes?

What type of shoes offer more support to the ankle?

What does excessive bulging on the medial side of the shoe suggest?

What foot condition may be indicated by oblique forefoot creases in the shoe?

What is the potential consequence of wearing shoes that are too small or too narrow?

What may be the result of wearing out shoes?

What may be the consequence of wearing stiff shoes?

What is the structural deformity called when the first ray (big toe) lies lower than the other four metatarsal bones, resulting in a forefoot that is everted when the metatarsal bones are aligned?

What is the developmental anomaly characterized by the presence of an extra digit or toe?

What is the foot deformity where the forefoot is dorsiflexed on the hindfoot, resulting in a 'broken midfoot' and absence of the medial and longitudinal arches?

What is the foot deformity characterized by broadening of the forefoot, often caused by weakness of the intrinsic muscles and associated weakness of the intermetatarsal ligament and dropping of the anterior metatarsal arch?

What is the hyperextension injury (sprain) combined with compressive loading to the metatarsophalangeal joint of the hallux called?

Which foot deformity is associated with inversion of the calcaneus when the subtalar joint is in the neutral position?

Which foot deformity is often caused by weakness of the intrinsic muscles and associated weakness of the intermetatarsal ligament and dropping of the anterior metatarsal arch?

Which type of footwear may increase the stress on the patella and cause painful knees?

What foot deformity can be caused by wearing high-heeled and pointed shoes?

What may be the result of wearing shoes that are too small or too narrow?

Which type of shoes may lead to hyperextension of the knees and patellofemoral syndrome?

What may excessive bulging on the medial side of the shoe suggest?

What may excessive bulging on the lateral side of the shoe suggest?

What type of shoes offer more support than low-cut shoes or those that do not cover the malleoli?

What may oblique forefoot creases in the shoe indicate?

Which deformity occurs when the first ray (big toe) lies lower than the other four metatarsal bones, resulting in a forefoot that is everted when the metatarsal bones are aligned?

Which developmental anomaly is characterized by the presence of an extra digit or toe?

Which deformity is characterized by a forefoot that is dorsiflexed on the hindfoot, resulting in a "broken midfoot" with absent medial and longitudinal arches?

Which deformity is characterized by broadening of the forefoot, often caused by weakness of the intrinsic muscles and associated weakness of the intermetatarsal ligament and dropping of the anterior metatarsal arch?

What is the term used to describe a hyperextension injury (sprain) combined with compressive loading to the metatarsophalangeal joint of the hallux?

Which deformity is characterized by inversion of the forefoot on the hindfoot when the subtalar joint is in the neutral position?

What is the primary concern with polydactyly?