375 Questions
Which part of the foot is responsible for impact absorption and adaptation to uneven surfaces, propulsion, and support?
Hindfoot
Which joint in the body sustains the greatest load per surface area?
Ankle joint
How many sections are the joints of the foot divided into?
Three
What are the three principal functions of the lower leg, ankle, and foot?
Impact absorption, propulsion, and support
What can foot problems often be corrected by?
Proper assessment, treatment, and care of the feet
What can lesions of the ankle and foot cause?
Movement impairments and stress on other lower limb joints
How do the lower leg, ankle, and foot act for impact absorption and adaptation to uneven surfaces?
Like a flexible lever
How do the lower leg, ankle, and foot act for support?
Like a rigid structure
Which ligament provides stability against excessive inversion of the talus at the talocrural joint?
Anterior talofibular ligament
What is the close packed position of the subtalar joint?
Supination
Which joint allows a small amount of spread (1 to 2 mm) at the ankle joint during dorsiflexion?
Tibiofibular joint
What is the resting position of the talocrural joint?
10° of plantar flexion
Which joint is responsible for the anterior-posterior movement that occurs in the ankle-foot complex?
Talocrural joint
Which ligament is the most commonly injured by a lateral inversion ankle sprain?
Anterior talofibular ligament
Which ligament provides stability against maximum inversion at the ankle and subtalar joints?
Calcaneofibular ligament
What is the shape of the talus that provides a major source of natural stability to the ankle?
Wedge shape
Which joint allows significant movement to enable the foot to adapt to many positions without putting undue stress on the joints?
Midtarsal joints
Which joint is a ball-and-socket synovial joint with 3 degrees of freedom?
Talocalcaneonavicular joint
Which joint is a plane synovial joint with a close packed position of supination?
Intercuneiform joints
Which joint is saddle shaped with a close packed position of supination?
Calcaneocuboid joint
What is the normal varus-valgus range of motion (ROM) of the talocrural joint?
20°-45°
What movements are possible at the talocalcaneonavicular joint?
Gliding and rotation
What movements are possible at the metatarsophalangeal joints?
Flexion and extension
What movements are possible at the interphalangeal joints?
Flexion and extension
What is the resting position of the metatarsophalangeal joints?
10° of extension
Which joint in the body sustains the greatest load per surface area?
Ankle joint
What is the shape of the talus that provides a major source of natural stability to the ankle?
Saddle shaped
What can lesions of the ankle and foot cause?
Movement impairments
What are the three principal functions of the lower leg, ankle, and foot?
Impact absorption, propulsion, and support
Which part of the foot is responsible for impact absorption and adaptation to uneven surfaces, propulsion, and support?
Hindfoot
Which joint allows significant movement to enable the foot to adapt to many positions without putting undue stress on the joints?
Subtalar joint
How do the lower leg, ankle, and foot act for impact absorption and adaptation to uneven surfaces?
Like a flexible lever
How many sections are the joints of the foot divided into?
3
Which ligament provides stability against excessive inversion of the talus at the talocrural joint?
Anterior talofibular ligament
What is the ligament most commonly injured by a lateral inversion ankle sprain?
Anterior talofibular ligament
What movements are possible at the talocalcaneonavicular joint?
Gliding and rotation
What is the close packed position of the subtalar joint?
Supination
What can lesions of the ankle and foot cause?
Referred pain to the foot
What is the normal varus-valgus range of motion (ROM) of the talocrural joint?
0-5 degrees
What are the three principal functions of the lower leg, ankle, and foot?
Support, propulsion, and adaptation to uneven surfaces
What can foot problems often be corrected by?
Proper footwear and orthotics
Which joint allows significant movement to enable the foot to adapt to many positions without putting undue stress on the joints?
Talocalcaneonavicular Joint
What is the shape of the talus that provides a major source of natural stability to the ankle?
Saddle shaped
What movements are possible at the interphalangeal joints?
Flexion and extension
What movements are possible at the talocalcaneonavicular joint?
Gliding and rotation
What movements are possible at the metatarsophalangeal joints?
Flexion, extension, abduction, and adduction
What is the resting position of the metatarsophalangeal joints?
10° of extension
What is the close packed position of the subtalar joint?
Supination
What is the close packed position of the cuneocuboid joint?
Supination
Which ligament provides stability against maximum inversion at the ankle and subtalar joints?
Bifurcated ligament
Which joint in the lower leg, ankle, and foot sustains the greatest load per surface area?
The talocrural joint
Which ligament provides stability against excessive inversion of the talus at the talocrural joint?
Anterior talofibular ligament
What are the three principal functions of the lower leg, ankle, and foot?
Impact absorption, propulsion, and support
What is the normal range of dorsiflexion at the ankle joint?
1 to 2 mm
What is the shape of the talus that provides a major source of natural stability to the ankle?
Saddle shaped
Which ligament is the most commonly injured by a lateral inversion ankle sprain?
Anterior talofibular ligament
What is the resting position of the talocrural joint?
10° of plantar flexion
What can lesions of the ankle and foot cause?
Movement impairments
What is the resting position of the metatarsophalangeal joints?
Extension
How many degrees of freedom does the subtalar joint have?
Three
What is the close packed position of the subtalar joint?
Supination
Which ligament provides stability against maximum inversion at the ankle and subtalar joints?
Calcaneofibular ligament
What is the close packed position of the subtalar joint?
Supination
Which ligament provides stability against excessive inversion of the talus at the talocrural joint?
Anterior talofibular ligament
What movements are possible at the interphalangeal joints?
Flexion and extension
Which ligament resists lateral translation and lateral rotation of the talus at the talocrural joint?
Anterior tibiotalar ligament
Which joint in the foot is a ball-and-socket synovial joint with 3° of freedom?
Talocalcaneonavicular Joint
What is the close packed position of the cuneonavicular joint?
Supination
What movements are possible at the cuboideonavicular joint?
Slight gliding and rotation
What are the movements possible at the intercuneiform joints?
Slight gliding and rotation
What is the close packed position of the cuneocuboid joint?
Supination
What is the movement possible at the calcaneocuboid joint?
Gliding with conjunct rotation
What is the close packed position of the tarsometatarsal joints?
Supination
What movements are possible at the intermetatarsal joints?
Slight gliding and rotation
What is the close packed position of the metatarsophalangeal joints?
Full extension
Which of the following is a common symptom of tarsal navicular stress fractures in runners?
Swelling in the midfoot
What does pain after activity suggest in the context of foot problems?
Overuse
What does pain during the activity suggest in the context of foot problems?
Stress on the injured structure
In the context of foot problems, where is the pain typically more specific?
With a stress fracture
Which type of foot problem is commonly associated with lateral ankle instability?
Peroneal tendon problems
What is the most common cause of heel pain on the antero-medial aspect of the heel?
Plantar fasciitis
Which ligament is most commonly injured in ankle sprains?
Anterior talofibular ligament
What is the term for injuries that result from forced lateral rotation of the tibia and/or hyperdorsiflexion?
Syndesmosis injuries
What structures may be damaged on the medial side in ankle sprains with injury to the lateral ligaments?
Articular surfaces
What can lead to peroneal tendon injury, tibialis posterior tendon injury, and common peroneal nerve injury?
Ankle sprains
What grading system can be used to determine the severity of ankle sprains?
West Point Sprain Grading System
In ankle sprains, what type of pain may predominate if the lateral ligaments are completely torn and the capsule disrupted?
Medial pain
Which of the following is a common cause of Achilles tendinosis or paratenonitis?
Overuse
What is a possible symptom of an Achilles tendon rupture?
Swelling and bruising
What may indicate a tear of the peroneal retinaculum?
Dorsiflexion injury
What may cause posterior ankle impingement in athletes?
Excessive repetitive plantar flexion of the foot
What may chronic recurrent ankle instability be indicated by?
One or more significant lateral ankle sprains
What is the purpose of asking about the patient's usual activity or pastime?
To understand the context of the injury
Which type of runners typically run 30 to 65 km [18.6 to 40 miles] per week at a pace of 5 to 6 minutes/km?
Sports runners
What is the pace range for long-distance runners who run 60 to 180 km [37 to 112 miles] per week?
4 to 5 minutes/km
What is the pace range for elite runners who run 100 to 270 km [62 to 168 miles] per week?
3.3 to 4 minutes/km
Which type of runners are more likely to need a cushioning shoe?
All runners
Which type of runners are more likely to need a control shoe?
All runners
What type of shoes should a person with a cavus foot wear?
Cushioning shoes
What type of shoes should a person with a planus foot wear?
Control shoes
Which type of runner runs the least amount of distance per week?
Recreational runners
At what pace do long-distance runners typically run?
4 to 5 minutes/km
What type of athletic shoes are recommended for people with a cavus foot?
Cushioning shoes
What type of warmup and stretching activities are recommended for runners?
A combination of static and ballistic activities
What is the range of weekly distance that elite runners typically run?
100 to 270 km
What is the recommended pace for sports runners?
5 to 6 minutes/km
What factors should be considered when examining the patient's shoes?
Both fit and type/style
Which condition may result in thickening of the joint capsule and/or bone spurs adjacent to the anterior talocrural joint?
Ankle impingement
Which condition is often caused by overuse, increased activity, or change in a high-stress training program?
Achilles tendinosis
What may cause a pop or snap sensation in the area of the rupture, even if there was no one near the patient?
Achilles tendinosis
Which condition is most commonly associated with trauma and may accompany ankle sprains and fractures?
Peroneal retinaculum tear
Which condition may result in chronic pain following an anterolateral talocrural sprain?
Ankle impingement
Which condition is indicated by one or more significant lateral ankle sprains involving functional and mechanical instability?
Chronic recurrent ankle instability
Which ligament is most commonly injured in ankle sprains?
Anterior talofibular ligament
What can lead to peroneal tendon injury, tibialis posterior tendon injury, common peroneal nerve injury, a malleolar or talar dome fracture, or sinus tarsi syndrome?
Ankle sprain
What is the most common mechanism of injury for ankle sprains?
Plantar flexion, inversion, and adduction of the foot
What type of pain may predominate if the lateral ligaments of the ankle are completely torn and the capsule disrupted?
Medial pain
What is the most common cause of anterolateral pain in the ankle without a history of trauma?
Anterior impingement
What is the usual mechanism of injury for syndesmosis injuries ("high ankle sprains")?
Forced lateral rotation of the tibia and/or hyperdorsiflexion
Which of the following is a common symptom of tarsal navicular stress fractures in runners?
Swelling in the midfoot region
What is the close packed position of the talocrural joint?
Plantarflexion and inversion
What type of shoes should a person with a cavus foot wear?
Shoes with extra arch support
What is the pace range for elite runners who run 100 to 270 km [62 to 168 miles] per week?
10 to 20 km/h [6.2 to 12.4 mph]
Which joint in the body sustains the greatest load per surface area?
Ankle joint
What are the three principal functions of the lower leg, ankle, and foot?
Absorption of impact, propulsion, and support
Which of the following is a common symptom of plantar fasciitis?
Pain in the medial arch
What is the most common cause of heel pain on the antero-medial aspect of the heel?
Plantar fasciitis
Which condition may lead to a pes cavus?
Poliomyelitis
Which type of terrain may bother a patient with foot problems more than walking on a sidewalk?
An uneven surface
What type of shoe wear pattern is typically seen in over pronators?
Medial shoe wear
What is the recommended distance for joggers to run per week?
20 to 30 km
Which of the following is a common mechanism for syndesmosis sprains?
Bone spurs adjacent to the anterior talocrural joint
What is the most likely cause of Achilles tendinosis or paratenonitis?
Overuse
What is the characteristic sound associated with Achilles tendon ruptures?
Snap
What is the primary symptom of a tear of the peroneal retinaculum?
Pain on the lateral aspect
Which group of athletes is more likely to have posterior ankle impingement?
All of the above
What is the primary cause of chronic pain following an anterolateral talocrural sprain?
Synovial impingement
Which type of foot problem is commonly associated with lateral ankle instability?
Planus foot
What is the normal range of dorsiflexion at the ankle joint?
20 to 25 degrees
What is the pace range for elite runners who run 100 to 270 km [62 to 168 miles] per week?
4 to 4.5 minutes/km
What movements are possible at the talocalcaneonavicular joint?
Inversion and eversion
What can lead to peroneal tendon injury, tibialis posterior tendon injury, and common peroneal nerve injury?
Forced lateral rotation of the tibia
What may chronic recurrent ankle instability be indicated by?
Feeling of giving way or instability
What can lesions of the ankle and foot cause?
All of the above
Which ligament is most commonly injured in ankle sprains?
Anterior talofibular ligament
What can lead to peroneal tendon injury, tibialis posterior tendon injury, and common peroneal nerve injury?
Anterior talofibular ligament injury
What is the most common cause of anterolateral pain in the ankle without a history of trauma?
Anterior impingement
What is the most common cause of heel pain on the antero-medial aspect of the heel?
Plantar fasciitis
What is the mechanism of injury for syndesmosis injuries ("high ankle sprains")?
Forced lateral rotation of the tibia and/or hyperdorsiflexion
What can cause medial pain in ankle sprains with completely torn lateral ligaments and disrupted capsule?
Compression leading to damage of medial structures
Which metatarsal heads are most commonly affected by callus formation when there is a loss of the anterior metatarsal arch?
Second and third
In the non-weight-bearing position, what is visible in a normal foot?
The arch
What may cause the metatarsal arch to fall?
Equinus forefoot
What is the medical term for the most common clubfoot deformity in young children?
Talipes equinovarus
What may cause an abnormal width of one ankle in relation to the other?
All of the above
What other anomalies are often associated with clubfoot deformities in young children?
Spina bifida
Which joints should be parallel to the floor in weight-bearing position?
Talocrural and subtalar joints
What type of foot is characterized by the first metatarsal being longer than the second metatarsal?
Egyptian-type foot
What type of foot is characterized by the first metatarsal being equal in length to the second metatarsal?
Squared-type foot
What type of foot is characterized by the second metatarsal being longer than the first and third metatarsals?
Morton's or Greek type foot
Which type of foot is associated with splaying of the forefoot and metatarsus primus varus?
Egyptian-type foot
What should be noted when examining the foot for foot problems?
All of the above
What condition may be indicated by a fallen medial longitudinal arch, resulting in a pes planus (flatfoot) condition?
Pes planus
What is the role of the plantar aponeurosis in the foot during gait?
Maintaining the longitudinal arches
Which muscles help maintain the medial longitudinal arch?
Tibialis anterior, tibialis posterior, flexor digitorum longus
Which bones make up the lateral longitudinal arch of the foot?
Calcaneus, cuboid, and fourth and fifth metatarsal bones
What is the primary function of the foot during early and midstance of gait?
Acting as a shock attenuator
What is the best measurement for the medial longitudinal arch of the foot?
Navicular height-to-foot length ratio
Which movement of the foot involves inversion and outward rotation of the heel, adduction of the forefoot with inward rotation at the tarsometatarsal joints, and plantar flexion at the subtalar joint and midtarsal joints?
Supination
What is the common term for a medial tibial torsion deformity that causes pigeon toes?
Medial tibial torsion
Which movement of the foot involves eversion and inward rotation of the heel, abduction of the forefoot with outward rotation at the tarsometatarsal joints and inward rotation at the midtarsal joints, and medial rotation of the talus causing medial rotation of the leg in relation to the foot?
Pronation
What is the normal weight distribution on the foot in a standing position?
60% on the heel, 40% on the forefoot
What is the term for the angle at which the foot assumes a slight toe-out position in standing?
Fick angle
What is the common term for a medial tibial torsion deformity that causes pigeon toes?
Medial tibial torsion
During open-chain motion, the talus is considered fixed; during closed-chain motion, the talus moves to help the foot and leg adapt to the terrain and to the stresses that are applied to the foot. Which of the following describes the motion of the talus during closed-chain motion?
The talus moves to help the foot and leg adapt to the terrain
Which position shows how the body compensates for structural abnormalities of the foot?
Weight-bearing (standing) position
During foot observation, what should the examiner note about the patient's feet?
The patient's willingness and ability to use the feet
Which of the following is a possible finding during foot observation?
Abnormal bony and soft-tissue contours
Which of the following is a possible finding during foot observation?
Abnormal foot type
Which of the following is a possible finding during foot observation?
Painful calluses
What is the weight-bearing position of the foot in relation to the ankle?
The forefoot and hindfoot should be parallel to each other and to the floor.
What position should the subtalar and talocrural joints be in when weight-bearing?
Neutral position
What does it indicate if an asymmetry in standing disappears when the talus (or foot) is placed in neutral position?
The asymmetry is a functional asymmetry.
What type of foot is characterized by the first metatarsal being longer than the second, with the others of progressively decreasing lengths?
Index plus type
What is the most likely cause of an asymmetry that is still present when the foot is in neutral position?
A structural deformity
What should be noted if there is any swelling in the Achilles tendon, ankle, and foot?
Whether the swelling is intracapsular or extracapsular
Which condition is often associated with a 'fallen' metatarsal arch?
Pes cavus
What may cause the arch to fall in the non-weight-bearing position?
Short heel cord
Which deformity is the most common in young children?
Talipes equinovarus
What is the abnormal width of one ankle in relation to the other called?
Keen sign
What abnormalities should the examiner look for in the non-weight-bearing position?
All of the above
What is the primary cause of callus formation under the heads of the metatarsal bones?
Loss of the anterior metatarsal arch
Which of the following is a characteristic of pes planus (flatfoot) condition?
Curving out of the Achilles tendon
What is the primary role of the longitudinal arches of the foot during gait?
Act as a shock attenuator
Which muscles help maintain the medial longitudinal arch of the foot?
Tibialis anterior and tibialis posterior
Which bones make up the lateral longitudinal arch of the foot?
Calcaneus, cuboid, and fourth and fifth metatarsal bones
What is the primary role of the plantar aponeurosis during gait?
Maintain the longitudinal arches of the foot
Which muscles help maintain the transverse arch of the foot?
Tibialis posterior, tibialis anterior, and peroneus longus
Which movement of the foot involves eversion and inward rotation of the heel, abduction of the forefoot with outward rotation at the tarsometatarsal joints and inward rotation at the midtarsal joints, and medial rotation of the talus causing medial rotation of the leg in relation to the foot?
Pronation
What is the normal weight distribution on the foot during standing?
50% to 60% on the heel and 40% to 50% on the metatarsal heads
What is the term used to describe excessive lateral rotation of the hip or rotation of the trunk away from the opposite hip, which elevates the medial longitudinal arch of the foot?
Pronation
What is the term used to describe medial rotation of the hip or trunk rotation toward the opposite hip, which tends to flatten the arch of the foot?
Supination
What is the condition called when the medial malleolus lies anterior to the lateral malleolus?
Pigeon toes
What is the term used to describe the condition of the foot when the medial longitudinal arch is accentuated due to inversion and outward rotation of the heel, adduction of the forefoot, and plantar flexion at the subtalar and midtarsal joints?
Supination
During open-chain motion, the talus is considered fixed; during closed-chain motion, the talus moves to help the foot and leg adapt to the terrain and to the stresses that are applied to the foot.
In open-chain motion, the talus is fixed while in closed-chain motion, the talus moves.
The weight-bearing stance of the foot shows how the body compensates for structural abnormalities.
Structural abnormalities in the foot.
The non-weight-bearing posture shows functional and structural abilities without compensation.
The body's ability to adapt to the terrain.
The examiner should note the patient’s willingness and ability to use the feet.
The patient's willingness to use their feet.
The bony and soft-tissue contours of the foot should be normal, foot type should be determined, and any deviation should be noted.
The bony and soft-tissue contours of the foot.
Painful callosities (hyperkeratosis) may be found over abnormal bony prominences due to increased friction or loading.
Painful callosities.
Which metatarsal heads are most commonly affected by callus formation when there is a loss of the anterior metatarsal arch?
Second and third
In the non-weight-bearing position, what is visible if the metatarsal arch has not fallen?
The arch
What can cause the metatarsal arch to fall in the non-weight-bearing position?
All of the above
What does the presence of callosities over the metatarsal heads indicate?
A fallen metatarsal arch
What can cause an abnormal width of one ankle in relation to the other?
All of the above
What is the most common clubfoot deformity in young children?
Talipes equinovarus
What is the weight-bearing position of the subtalar joint and midtarsal joints?
Maximum pronation
What is the normal alignment of the forefoot and hindfoot in weight-bearing?
Parallel to each other and to the floor
Which type of foot is characterized by the second metatarsal being longer than the first and third metatarsals?
Morton's or Greek type foot
What is the term for the widening of the forefoot?
Splaying
What is the term for the condition where the first metatarsal is longer than the second, with the others of progressively decreasing lengths?
Index plus type foot
What should be noted if there is any asymmetry in standing?
Place the talus (or foot) in neutral to see if the asymmetry disappears
What is the movement that causes the medial longitudinal arch of the foot to flatten?
Medial rotation of the hip
What is the movement that causes the medial rotation of the hip?
Medial rotation of the trunk
What is the movement that causes the lateral rotation of the talus in relation to the leg?
Supination of the foot
What is the movement that causes the medial rotation of the talus in relation to the leg?
Pronation of the foot
Which statement best describes the pronated foot?
The foot is less mobile and requires more muscle work than the supinated foot.
What is the normal weight distribution on the foot in a standing position?
50% to 60% of the weight on the heel and 40% to 50% on the metatarsal heads
During open-chain motion, the talus is considered fixed; during closed-chain motion, the talus moves to help the foot and leg adapt to the terrain and to the stresses that are applied to the foot.
Open-chain motion involves the moving of the talus, while closed-chain motion involves the fixed movement of the talus.
The weight-bearing stance of the foot shows how the body compensates for structural abnormalities.
The weight-bearing stance of the foot reveals the presence of structural abnormalities.
What should be noted when examining the foot for foot problems?
The willingness and ability of the patient to use their feet should be noted.
What can painful callosities (hyperkeratosis) over abnormal bony prominences indicate?
Increased friction or loading on the foot.
What is the purpose of observing the foot in both weight-bearing and non-weight-bearing postures?
To compare the bony and soft-tissue contours of the foot.
What is the main purpose of observing the foot from different angles?
To assess the bony and soft-tissue contours of the foot.
Which muscles help maintain the medial longitudinal arch of the foot?
Tibialis anterior, tibialis posterior, flexor digitorum longus
Which muscles help maintain the lateral longitudinal arch of the foot?
Peroneus longus, peroneus brevis, peroneus tertius
What are the three mechanisms that help maintain the arches of the feet?
Wedging of the interlocking tarsal and metatarsal bones, tightening of the ligaments on the plantar aspect of the foot, muscles and tendons
What is the best measurement for the medial longitudinal arch?
Navicular height-to-foot length ratio
What bones make up the lateral longitudinal arch?
Calcaneus, cuboid, fourth and fifth metatarsal bones
What muscles help maintain the transverse arch?
Tibialis posterior, tibialis anterior, peroneus longus
Which deformity is characterized by prominence of the lateral aspect of the fifth toe metatarsal head?
Bunionette
What deformity results in hyperextension of the metatarsophalangeal joints and flexion of the proximal and distal interphalangeal joints?
Claw Toes
What is the most common form of clubfoot?
Talipes Equinovarus
What deformity is the result of weakening of the lateral collateral ligament of the metatarsophalangeal joint and insufficiency of the plantar plate?
Crossover Toe
What deformity is associated with pes cavus, fallen metatarsal arch, spina bifida, or other neurological problems?
Claw Toes
What congenital deformity is relatively common and can take many forms?
Clubfoot
What is the most common location for a curly toe deformity in children?
Fifth toe
What is the primary cause of an equinus deformity?
Contracture of the gastrocnemius or soleus muscles or Achilles tendon
What is the common cause of exostosis (bony spur) in the foot?
All of the above
What condition is characterized by eversion of the forefoot on the hindfoot when the subtalar joint is in the neutral position?
Forefoot valgus
What condition is characterized by inversion of the forefoot on the hindfoot when the subtalar joint is in the neutral position?
Forefoot varus
What is the most common type of hallux rigidus?
Chronic type
Which of the following conditions may cause a pes cavus?
Neurological disorders
What is a common characteristic of pes cavus?
Prominent metatarsal heads
What is the main cause of flatfoot?
Congenital problem
What is the difference between rigid flatfoot and flexible flatfoot?
Presence of soft-tissue contractures and bony changes
What is the common term for a hypermobile flatfoot?
Pes planus
When does the arch of the foot appear in infants?
Around 2 years of age
What is the most common foot deviation in children?
Metatarsus Adductus
Which foot deformity is characterized by the second toe being longer than the first?
Morton's Foot
Which foot deformity is associated with a flexion deformity of the distal interphalangeal joint?
Mallet Toe
Which foot deformity involves eversion of the calcaneus when the subtalar joint is in the neutral position?
Hindfoot Valgus
Which foot deformity involves inversion of the calcaneus when the subtalar joint is in the neutral position?
Morton's Foot
Which foot deformity is associated with the formation of an interdigital neuroma as a result of injury to one of the digital nerves?
Morton's Foot
Which joint is affected in hallux valgus?
Metatarsophalangeal joint
What is the cause of hallux valgus?
Genetic factors
What are the three changes that make up a bunion?
Callus, thickened bursa, and exostosis
What is the normal metatarsophalangeal angle?
8° to 20°
What is the first type of hallux valgus?
Congruous hallux valgus
What is a hammer toe deformity?
All of the above
Which of the following is a common deformity characterized by prominence of the lateral aspect of the fifth toe metatarsal head?
Bunionette
What deformity results in hyperextension of the metatarsophalangeal joints and flexion of the proximal and distal interphalangeal joints?
Claw Toes
Which congenital deformity is relatively common and can take many forms, with talipes equinovarus being the most common type?
Clubfoot
What deformity is the result of weakening of the lateral collateral ligament of the metatarsophalangeal joint and insufficiency of the plantar plate?
Crossover Toe
Which deformity is characterized by limited range of motion and abnormal form of the foot?
Clubfoot
Which deformity is associated with hallux valgus and is often found in the second or third toe?
Crossover Toe
Which joint is primarily affected in hallux valgus?
Metatarsophalangeal joint
What is the main cause of hallux valgus?
Wearing tight or pointed shoes
What are the three changes that make up a bunion?
Callus, thickened bursa, and exostosis
What is the normal metatarsophalangeal angle in a healthy foot?
8° to 20°
What is the main cause of hammer toe deformity?
Imbalance of synergic muscles
Which toe is most commonly affected by hammer toe deformity?
Second toe
Which condition is characterized by accentuated longitudinal arches and a dropping of the forefoot on the hindfoot at the tarsometatarsal joints?
Pes cavus
What is the most common cause of flatfoot or mobile foot?
Congenital problem
What is the primary difference between rigid flatfoot and flexible flatfoot?
Rigid flatfoot has soft-tissue contractures and bony changes, while flexible flatfoot has few or no soft-tissue contractures and bony changes.
What is the characteristic appearance of a foot with pes planus?
Medial longitudinal arch reduced, rearfoot in valgus, talonavicular joint everted, forefoot abducted
What is the primary cause of a flexible flatfoot?
Hereditary factors
What type of foot deformity leads to a rigid foot with little ability to absorb shock and adapt to stress?
Pes cavus
Which foot deformity is associated with inversion of the calcaneus when the subtalar joint is in the neutral position?
Hindfoot Varus
What foot deformity is characterized by a flexion deformity of the distal interphalangeal joint?
Mallet Toe
Which foot deformity is the most common in children and is characterized by the foot appearing adducted and supinated?
Metatarsus Adductus
What is the term used to describe a foot deformity where the second toe is longer than the first?
Morton's Foot
What foot condition refers to the formation of an interdigital neuroma as a result of injury to one of the digital nerves?
Morton's Metatarsalgia
What is the term used to describe a foot deformity characterized by inversion and outward rotation of the heel, adduction of the forefoot, and plantar flexion at the subtalar and midtarsal joints?
Pes Cavus
Which condition is characterized by limited dorsiflexion at the talocrural joint, often as a result of contracture of the gastrocnemius or soleus muscles or Achilles tendon?
Equinus deformity
What is an exostosis?
An abnormal bony outgrowth extending from the surface of the bone
Which condition involves eversion of the forefoot on the hindfoot when the subtalar joint is in the neutral position?
Forefoot valgus
What is a common cause of hallux rigidus?
All of the above
What is the acute type of hallux rigidus characterized by?
All of the above
Which condition involves inversion of the forefoot on the hindfoot when the subtalar joint is in the neutral position?
Forefoot varus
Which muscle contracture is responsible for a curly toe deformity?
Flexor digitorum brevis
What is the primary cause of equinus deformity (Talipes Equinus)?
Contracture of gastrocnemius or soleus muscles or Achilles tendon
What is the most common cause of exostosis (bony spur) in the foot?
Poorly fitting footwear
What is the clinical resemblance of forefoot valgus?
Pes planus
What condition is characterized by inversion of the forefoot on the hindfoot?
Forefoot varus
What is the primary cause of hallux rigidus?
Repeated minor trauma
Which joint is affected in hallux valgus?
Metatarsophalangeal joint
What is the primary symptom of hallux valgus?
Pain at the base of the big toe
What is the most common cause of hallux valgus?
Wearing tight or pointed shoes
What is the term used to describe the formation of a bunion in hallux valgus?
Bunion
What is the normal metatarsophalangeal angle?
8° to 20°
What is the primary cause of hammer toe deformity?
Imbalance of synergic muscles
Which foot deformity is characterized by eversion of the calcaneus when the subtalar joint is in the neutral position?
Hindfoot Valgus
What is the most common foot deviation in children?
Metatarsus Adductus
Which foot deformity involves inversion of the calcaneus when the subtalar joint is in the neutral position?
Hindfoot Varus
Which foot deformity is associated with a flexion deformity of the distal interphalangeal joint?
Mallet Toe
What is the term used to describe a foot deformity where the second toe is longer than the first?
Morton's Foot
Which foot condition refers to the formation of an interdigital neuroma as a result of injury to one of the digital nerves?
Morton's Metatarsalgia
Which foot deformity is characterized by prominence of the lateral aspect of the fifth toe metatarsal head?
Bunionette
What is the result of a claw-toe deformity?
Hyperextension of the metatarsophalangeal joints and flexion of the proximal and distal interphalangeal joints
Which congenital deformity is relatively common and can take many forms, with the most common being talipes equinovarus?
Clubfoot
What is the cause of clubfoot?
Unknown, but probably multifactorial genetic causes modified by environmental factors
What is the result of weakening of the lateral collateral ligament of the metatarsophalangeal joint and insufficiency of the plantar plate, along with the pull of the extrinsic muscles?
Medial deviation of the toe
What is the most common associated deformity with a bunionette?
Hallux valgus
Which of the following conditions can cause a pes cavus?
Tibial or femoral torsion
What is the main difference between pes cavus and pes planus?
Pes cavus is a rigid foot deformity, while pes planus is a flexible foot deformity
What is the most common cause of flatfoot or mobile foot?
Congenital problem
What is the difference between rigid flatfoot and flexible flatfoot?
Rigid flatfoot is associated with soft-tissue contractures and bony changes, while flexible flatfoot has few, if any, soft-tissue contractures and bony changes
What is the term used to describe the condition of the foot when the medial longitudinal arch is accentuated due to inversion and outward rotation of the heel, adduction of the forefoot, and plantar flexion at the subtalar and midtarsal joints?
Pes cavus
What is the main purpose of observing the foot from different angles?
To determine the cause of flatfoot
Which type of shoes often cause painful knees due to increased stress on the patella?
Platform-type or high-heeled shoes
What deformity can high-heeled and pointed shoes contribute to?
Bunions
What does excessive bulging on the medial side of the shoe suggest?
Valgus foot
What does excessive bulging on the lateral side of the shoe suggest?
Inverted foot
What can continuous wearing of high-heeled shoes lead to?
Sore knees and a painful back
What type of shoes offer more support than low-cut shoes?
High-cut or high-top shoes
What does drop foot resulting from musculature weakness or peroneal nerve injury do to the shoe?
Scuffs the toe
What does absence of forefoot creases in the shoe indicate?
Possible hallux rigidus
Which foot deformity is characterized by the forefoot being dorsiflexed on the hindfoot, resulting in a 'broken midfoot' with absent arches?
Rocker-Bottom Foot
What is the term used to describe a structural deformity where the first ray (big toe) lies lower than the other four metatarsal bones, causing the forefoot to be everted when the metatarsal bones are aligned?
Plantar Flexed First Ray
Which congenital anomaly is characterized by the presence of an extra digit or toe?
Polydactyly
What foot deformity is often caused by weakness of the intrinsic muscles and associated weakness of the intermetatarsal ligament and dropping of the anterior metatarsal arch?
Splay Foot
What is the term used to describe a hyperextension injury (sprain) combined with compressive loading to the metatarsophalangeal joint of the hallux?
Turf Toe
What deformity occurs when the first ray (big toe) lies lower than the other four metatarsal bones, and if present congenitally, is indicative of a cavus foot?
Plantar Flexed First Ray
What is the primary concern with the developmental anomaly of polydactyly?
Cosmesis
What is the most common cause of pain in the knees when wearing high-heeled shoes?
Increased stress on the patella
What foot condition can be caused by continuous wearing of high-heeled shoes?
Morton's metatarsalgia
What type of shoes offer more support to the ankle?
High-cut or high-top shoes
What does excessive bulging on the medial side of the shoe suggest?
A valgus or everted foot
What foot condition may be indicated by oblique forefoot creases in the shoe?
Hallux rigidus
What is the potential consequence of wearing shoes that are too small or too narrow?
Deformities and affecting normal growth
What may be the result of wearing out shoes?
Little support
What may be the consequence of wearing stiff shoes?
Limited movement of the foot
What is the structural deformity called when the first ray (big toe) lies lower than the other four metatarsal bones, resulting in a forefoot that is everted when the metatarsal bones are aligned?
Plantar Flexed First Ray
What is the developmental anomaly characterized by the presence of an extra digit or toe?
Polydactyly
What is the foot deformity where the forefoot is dorsiflexed on the hindfoot, resulting in a 'broken midfoot' and absence of the medial and longitudinal arches?
Rocker-Bottom Foot
What is the foot deformity characterized by broadening of the forefoot, often caused by weakness of the intrinsic muscles and associated weakness of the intermetatarsal ligament and dropping of the anterior metatarsal arch?
Splay Foot
What is the hyperextension injury (sprain) combined with compressive loading to the metatarsophalangeal joint of the hallux called?
Turf Toe
Which foot deformity is associated with inversion of the calcaneus when the subtalar joint is in the neutral position?
Plantar Flexed First Ray
Which foot deformity is often caused by weakness of the intrinsic muscles and associated weakness of the intermetatarsal ligament and dropping of the anterior metatarsal arch?
Splay Foot
Which type of footwear may increase the stress on the patella and cause painful knees?
High-heeled shoes
What foot deformity can be caused by wearing high-heeled and pointed shoes?
Hallux valgus
What may be the result of wearing shoes that are too small or too narrow?
Deformities
Which type of shoes may lead to hyperextension of the knees and patellofemoral syndrome?
Shoes with a negative heel
What may excessive bulging on the medial side of the shoe suggest?
Valgus or everted foot
What may excessive bulging on the lateral side of the shoe suggest?
Inverted foot
What type of shoes offer more support than low-cut shoes or those that do not cover the malleoli?
High-cut or high-top shoes
What may oblique forefoot creases in the shoe indicate?
Hallux rigidus
Which deformity occurs when the first ray (big toe) lies lower than the other four metatarsal bones, resulting in a forefoot that is everted when the metatarsal bones are aligned?
Plantar Flexed First Ray
Which developmental anomaly is characterized by the presence of an extra digit or toe?
Polydactyly
Which deformity is characterized by a forefoot that is dorsiflexed on the hindfoot, resulting in a "broken midfoot" with absent medial and longitudinal arches?
Rocker-Bottom Foot
Which deformity is characterized by broadening of the forefoot, often caused by weakness of the intrinsic muscles and associated weakness of the intermetatarsal ligament and dropping of the anterior metatarsal arch?
Splay Foot
What is the term used to describe a hyperextension injury (sprain) combined with compressive loading to the metatarsophalangeal joint of the hallux?
Turf Toe
Which deformity is characterized by inversion of the forefoot on the hindfoot when the subtalar joint is in the neutral position?
Plantar Flexed First Ray
What is the primary concern with polydactyly?
Cosmesis
Test your knowledge about foot and ankle health with this quiz. Learn about common foot problems, their causes, and how to effectively care for your feet. Discover the impact of foot and ankle conditions on overall movement and joint health.
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