Foot and Ankle anatomy 75 :  history 150 : observation 240 : deformaty1 330
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Questions and Answers

Which part of the foot is responsible for impact absorption and adaptation to uneven surfaces, propulsion, and support?

  • Ankle joint
  • Forefoot
  • Hindfoot (correct)
  • Midfoot
  • Which joint in the body sustains the greatest load per surface area?

  • Hindfoot joint
  • Midfoot joint
  • Ankle joint (correct)
  • Forefoot joint
  • How many sections are the joints of the foot divided into?

  • One
  • Two
  • Four
  • Three (correct)
  • What are the three principal functions of the lower leg, ankle, and foot?

    <p>Impact absorption, propulsion, and support</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What can foot problems often be corrected by?

    <p>Proper assessment, treatment, and care of the feet</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What can lesions of the ankle and foot cause?

    <p>Movement impairments and stress on other lower limb joints</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do the lower leg, ankle, and foot act for impact absorption and adaptation to uneven surfaces?

    <p>Like a flexible lever</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do the lower leg, ankle, and foot act for support?

    <p>Like a rigid structure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which ligament provides stability against excessive inversion of the talus at the talocrural joint?

    <p>Anterior talofibular ligament</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the close packed position of the subtalar joint?

    <p>Supination</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which joint allows a small amount of spread (1 to 2 mm) at the ankle joint during dorsiflexion?

    <p>Tibiofibular joint</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the resting position of the talocrural joint?

    <p>10° of plantar flexion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which joint is responsible for the anterior-posterior movement that occurs in the ankle-foot complex?

    <p>Talocrural joint</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which ligament is the most commonly injured by a lateral inversion ankle sprain?

    <p>Anterior talofibular ligament</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which ligament provides stability against maximum inversion at the ankle and subtalar joints?

    <p>Calcaneofibular ligament</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the shape of the talus that provides a major source of natural stability to the ankle?

    <p>Wedge shape</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which joint allows significant movement to enable the foot to adapt to many positions without putting undue stress on the joints?

    <p>Midtarsal joints</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which joint is a ball-and-socket synovial joint with 3 degrees of freedom?

    <p>Talocalcaneonavicular joint</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which joint is a plane synovial joint with a close packed position of supination?

    <p>Intercuneiform joints</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which joint is saddle shaped with a close packed position of supination?

    <p>Calcaneocuboid joint</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the normal varus-valgus range of motion (ROM) of the talocrural joint?

    <p>20°-45°</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What movements are possible at the talocalcaneonavicular joint?

    <p>Gliding and rotation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What movements are possible at the metatarsophalangeal joints?

    <p>Flexion and extension</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What movements are possible at the interphalangeal joints?

    <p>Flexion and extension</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the resting position of the metatarsophalangeal joints?

    <p>10° of extension</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which joint in the body sustains the greatest load per surface area?

    <p>Ankle joint</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the shape of the talus that provides a major source of natural stability to the ankle?

    <p>Saddle shaped</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What can lesions of the ankle and foot cause?

    <p>Movement impairments</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the three principal functions of the lower leg, ankle, and foot?

    <p>Impact absorption, propulsion, and support</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which part of the foot is responsible for impact absorption and adaptation to uneven surfaces, propulsion, and support?

    <p>Hindfoot</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which joint allows significant movement to enable the foot to adapt to many positions without putting undue stress on the joints?

    <p>Subtalar joint</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do the lower leg, ankle, and foot act for impact absorption and adaptation to uneven surfaces?

    <p>Like a flexible lever</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many sections are the joints of the foot divided into?

    <p>3</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which ligament provides stability against excessive inversion of the talus at the talocrural joint?

    <p>Anterior talofibular ligament</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the ligament most commonly injured by a lateral inversion ankle sprain?

    <p>Anterior talofibular ligament</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What movements are possible at the talocalcaneonavicular joint?

    <p>Gliding and rotation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the close packed position of the subtalar joint?

    <p>Supination</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What can lesions of the ankle and foot cause?

    <p>Referred pain to the foot</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the normal varus-valgus range of motion (ROM) of the talocrural joint?

    <p>0-5 degrees</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the three principal functions of the lower leg, ankle, and foot?

    <p>Support, propulsion, and adaptation to uneven surfaces</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What can foot problems often be corrected by?

    <p>Proper footwear and orthotics</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which joint allows significant movement to enable the foot to adapt to many positions without putting undue stress on the joints?

    <p>Talocalcaneonavicular Joint</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the shape of the talus that provides a major source of natural stability to the ankle?

    <p>Saddle shaped</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What movements are possible at the interphalangeal joints?

    <p>Flexion and extension</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What movements are possible at the talocalcaneonavicular joint?

    <p>Gliding and rotation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What movements are possible at the metatarsophalangeal joints?

    <p>Flexion, extension, abduction, and adduction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the resting position of the metatarsophalangeal joints?

    <p>10° of extension</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the close packed position of the subtalar joint?

    <p>Supination</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the close packed position of the cuneocuboid joint?

    <p>Supination</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which ligament provides stability against maximum inversion at the ankle and subtalar joints?

    <p>Bifurcated ligament</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which joint in the lower leg, ankle, and foot sustains the greatest load per surface area?

    <p>The talocrural joint</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which ligament provides stability against excessive inversion of the talus at the talocrural joint?

    <p>Anterior talofibular ligament</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the three principal functions of the lower leg, ankle, and foot?

    <p>Impact absorption, propulsion, and support</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the normal range of dorsiflexion at the ankle joint?

    <p>1 to 2 mm</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the shape of the talus that provides a major source of natural stability to the ankle?

    <p>Saddle shaped</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which ligament is the most commonly injured by a lateral inversion ankle sprain?

    <p>Anterior talofibular ligament</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the resting position of the talocrural joint?

    <p>10° of plantar flexion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What can lesions of the ankle and foot cause?

    <p>Movement impairments</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the resting position of the metatarsophalangeal joints?

    <p>Extension</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many degrees of freedom does the subtalar joint have?

    <p>Three</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the close packed position of the subtalar joint?

    <p>Supination</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which ligament provides stability against maximum inversion at the ankle and subtalar joints?

    <p>Calcaneofibular ligament</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the close packed position of the subtalar joint?

    <p>Supination</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which ligament provides stability against excessive inversion of the talus at the talocrural joint?

    <p>Anterior talofibular ligament</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What movements are possible at the interphalangeal joints?

    <p>Flexion and extension</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which ligament resists lateral translation and lateral rotation of the talus at the talocrural joint?

    <p>Anterior tibiotalar ligament</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which joint in the foot is a ball-and-socket synovial joint with 3° of freedom?

    <p>Talocalcaneonavicular Joint</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the close packed position of the cuneonavicular joint?

    <p>Supination</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What movements are possible at the cuboideonavicular joint?

    <p>Slight gliding and rotation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the movements possible at the intercuneiform joints?

    <p>Slight gliding and rotation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the close packed position of the cuneocuboid joint?

    <p>Supination</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the movement possible at the calcaneocuboid joint?

    <p>Gliding with conjunct rotation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the close packed position of the tarsometatarsal joints?

    <p>Supination</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What movements are possible at the intermetatarsal joints?

    <p>Slight gliding and rotation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the close packed position of the metatarsophalangeal joints?

    <p>Full extension</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a common symptom of tarsal navicular stress fractures in runners?

    <p>Swelling in the midfoot</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does pain after activity suggest in the context of foot problems?

    <p>Overuse</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does pain during the activity suggest in the context of foot problems?

    <p>Stress on the injured structure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the context of foot problems, where is the pain typically more specific?

    <p>With a stress fracture</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of foot problem is commonly associated with lateral ankle instability?

    <p>Peroneal tendon problems</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the most common cause of heel pain on the antero-medial aspect of the heel?

    <p>Plantar fasciitis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which ligament is most commonly injured in ankle sprains?

    <p>Anterior talofibular ligament</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for injuries that result from forced lateral rotation of the tibia and/or hyperdorsiflexion?

    <p>Syndesmosis injuries</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What structures may be damaged on the medial side in ankle sprains with injury to the lateral ligaments?

    <p>Articular surfaces</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What can lead to peroneal tendon injury, tibialis posterior tendon injury, and common peroneal nerve injury?

    <p>Ankle sprains</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What grading system can be used to determine the severity of ankle sprains?

    <p>West Point Sprain Grading System</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In ankle sprains, what type of pain may predominate if the lateral ligaments are completely torn and the capsule disrupted?

    <p>Medial pain</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a common cause of Achilles tendinosis or paratenonitis?

    <p>Overuse</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a possible symptom of an Achilles tendon rupture?

    <p>Swelling and bruising</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What may indicate a tear of the peroneal retinaculum?

    <p>Dorsiflexion injury</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What may cause posterior ankle impingement in athletes?

    <p>Excessive repetitive plantar flexion of the foot</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What may chronic recurrent ankle instability be indicated by?

    <p>One or more significant lateral ankle sprains</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of asking about the patient's usual activity or pastime?

    <p>To understand the context of the injury</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of runners typically run 30 to 65 km [18.6 to 40 miles] per week at a pace of 5 to 6 minutes/km?

    <p>Sports runners</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the pace range for long-distance runners who run 60 to 180 km [37 to 112 miles] per week?

    <p>4 to 5 minutes/km</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the pace range for elite runners who run 100 to 270 km [62 to 168 miles] per week?

    <p>3.3 to 4 minutes/km</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of runners are more likely to need a cushioning shoe?

    <p>All runners</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of runners are more likely to need a control shoe?

    <p>All runners</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of shoes should a person with a cavus foot wear?

    <p>Cushioning shoes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of shoes should a person with a planus foot wear?

    <p>Control shoes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of runner runs the least amount of distance per week?

    <p>Recreational runners</p> Signup and view all the answers

    At what pace do long-distance runners typically run?

    <p>4 to 5 minutes/km</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of athletic shoes are recommended for people with a cavus foot?

    <p>Cushioning shoes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of warmup and stretching activities are recommended for runners?

    <p>A combination of static and ballistic activities</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the range of weekly distance that elite runners typically run?

    <p>100 to 270 km</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the recommended pace for sports runners?

    <p>5 to 6 minutes/km</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What factors should be considered when examining the patient's shoes?

    <p>Both fit and type/style</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which condition may result in thickening of the joint capsule and/or bone spurs adjacent to the anterior talocrural joint?

    <p>Ankle impingement</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which condition is often caused by overuse, increased activity, or change in a high-stress training program?

    <p>Achilles tendinosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What may cause a pop or snap sensation in the area of the rupture, even if there was no one near the patient?

    <p>Achilles tendinosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which condition is most commonly associated with trauma and may accompany ankle sprains and fractures?

    <p>Peroneal retinaculum tear</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which condition may result in chronic pain following an anterolateral talocrural sprain?

    <p>Ankle impingement</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which condition is indicated by one or more significant lateral ankle sprains involving functional and mechanical instability?

    <p>Chronic recurrent ankle instability</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which ligament is most commonly injured in ankle sprains?

    <p>Anterior talofibular ligament</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What can lead to peroneal tendon injury, tibialis posterior tendon injury, common peroneal nerve injury, a malleolar or talar dome fracture, or sinus tarsi syndrome?

    <p>Ankle sprain</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the most common mechanism of injury for ankle sprains?

    <p>Plantar flexion, inversion, and adduction of the foot</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of pain may predominate if the lateral ligaments of the ankle are completely torn and the capsule disrupted?

    <p>Medial pain</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the most common cause of anterolateral pain in the ankle without a history of trauma?

    <p>Anterior impingement</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the usual mechanism of injury for syndesmosis injuries ("high ankle sprains")?

    <p>Forced lateral rotation of the tibia and/or hyperdorsiflexion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a common symptom of tarsal navicular stress fractures in runners?

    <p>Swelling in the midfoot region</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the close packed position of the talocrural joint?

    <p>Plantarflexion and inversion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of shoes should a person with a cavus foot wear?

    <p>Shoes with extra arch support</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the pace range for elite runners who run 100 to 270 km [62 to 168 miles] per week?

    <p>10 to 20 km/h [6.2 to 12.4 mph]</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which joint in the body sustains the greatest load per surface area?

    <p>Ankle joint</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the three principal functions of the lower leg, ankle, and foot?

    <p>Absorption of impact, propulsion, and support</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a common symptom of plantar fasciitis?

    <p>Pain in the medial arch</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the most common cause of heel pain on the antero-medial aspect of the heel?

    <p>Plantar fasciitis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which condition may lead to a pes cavus?

    <p>Poliomyelitis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of terrain may bother a patient with foot problems more than walking on a sidewalk?

    <p>An uneven surface</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of shoe wear pattern is typically seen in over pronators?

    <p>Medial shoe wear</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the recommended distance for joggers to run per week?

    <p>20 to 30 km</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a common mechanism for syndesmosis sprains?

    <p>Bone spurs adjacent to the anterior talocrural joint</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the most likely cause of Achilles tendinosis or paratenonitis?

    <p>Overuse</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic sound associated with Achilles tendon ruptures?

    <p>Snap</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary symptom of a tear of the peroneal retinaculum?

    <p>Pain on the lateral aspect</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which group of athletes is more likely to have posterior ankle impingement?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary cause of chronic pain following an anterolateral talocrural sprain?

    <p>Synovial impingement</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of foot problem is commonly associated with lateral ankle instability?

    <p>Planus foot</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the normal range of dorsiflexion at the ankle joint?

    <p>20 to 25 degrees</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the pace range for elite runners who run 100 to 270 km [62 to 168 miles] per week?

    <p>4 to 4.5 minutes/km</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What movements are possible at the talocalcaneonavicular joint?

    <p>Inversion and eversion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What can lead to peroneal tendon injury, tibialis posterior tendon injury, and common peroneal nerve injury?

    <p>Forced lateral rotation of the tibia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What may chronic recurrent ankle instability be indicated by?

    <p>Feeling of giving way or instability</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What can lesions of the ankle and foot cause?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which ligament is most commonly injured in ankle sprains?

    <p>Anterior talofibular ligament</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What can lead to peroneal tendon injury, tibialis posterior tendon injury, and common peroneal nerve injury?

    <p>Anterior talofibular ligament injury</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the most common cause of anterolateral pain in the ankle without a history of trauma?

    <p>Anterior impingement</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the most common cause of heel pain on the antero-medial aspect of the heel?

    <p>Plantar fasciitis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the mechanism of injury for syndesmosis injuries ("high ankle sprains")?

    <p>Forced lateral rotation of the tibia and/or hyperdorsiflexion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What can cause medial pain in ankle sprains with completely torn lateral ligaments and disrupted capsule?

    <p>Compression leading to damage of medial structures</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which metatarsal heads are most commonly affected by callus formation when there is a loss of the anterior metatarsal arch?

    <p>Second and third</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the non-weight-bearing position, what is visible in a normal foot?

    <p>The arch</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What may cause the metatarsal arch to fall?

    <p>Equinus forefoot</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the medical term for the most common clubfoot deformity in young children?

    <p>Talipes equinovarus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What may cause an abnormal width of one ankle in relation to the other?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What other anomalies are often associated with clubfoot deformities in young children?

    <p>Spina bifida</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which joints should be parallel to the floor in weight-bearing position?

    <p>Talocrural and subtalar joints</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of foot is characterized by the first metatarsal being longer than the second metatarsal?

    <p>Egyptian-type foot</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of foot is characterized by the first metatarsal being equal in length to the second metatarsal?

    <p>Squared-type foot</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of foot is characterized by the second metatarsal being longer than the first and third metatarsals?

    <p>Morton's or Greek type foot</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of foot is associated with splaying of the forefoot and metatarsus primus varus?

    <p>Egyptian-type foot</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What should be noted when examining the foot for foot problems?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What condition may be indicated by a fallen medial longitudinal arch, resulting in a pes planus (flatfoot) condition?

    <p>Pes planus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of the plantar aponeurosis in the foot during gait?

    <p>Maintaining the longitudinal arches</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which muscles help maintain the medial longitudinal arch?

    <p>Tibialis anterior, tibialis posterior, flexor digitorum longus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which bones make up the lateral longitudinal arch of the foot?

    <p>Calcaneus, cuboid, and fourth and fifth metatarsal bones</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the foot during early and midstance of gait?

    <p>Acting as a shock attenuator</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the best measurement for the medial longitudinal arch of the foot?

    <p>Navicular height-to-foot length ratio</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which movement of the foot involves inversion and outward rotation of the heel, adduction of the forefoot with inward rotation at the tarsometatarsal joints, and plantar flexion at the subtalar joint and midtarsal joints?

    <p>Supination</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the common term for a medial tibial torsion deformity that causes pigeon toes?

    <p>Medial tibial torsion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which movement of the foot involves eversion and inward rotation of the heel, abduction of the forefoot with outward rotation at the tarsometatarsal joints and inward rotation at the midtarsal joints, and medial rotation of the talus causing medial rotation of the leg in relation to the foot?

    <p>Pronation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the normal weight distribution on the foot in a standing position?

    <p>60% on the heel, 40% on the forefoot</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the angle at which the foot assumes a slight toe-out position in standing?

    <p>Fick angle</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the common term for a medial tibial torsion deformity that causes pigeon toes?

    <p>Medial tibial torsion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During open-chain motion, the talus is considered fixed; during closed-chain motion, the talus moves to help the foot and leg adapt to the terrain and to the stresses that are applied to the foot. Which of the following describes the motion of the talus during closed-chain motion?

    <p>The talus moves to help the foot and leg adapt to the terrain</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which position shows how the body compensates for structural abnormalities of the foot?

    <p>Weight-bearing (standing) position</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During foot observation, what should the examiner note about the patient's feet?

    <p>The patient's willingness and ability to use the feet</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a possible finding during foot observation?

    <p>Abnormal bony and soft-tissue contours</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a possible finding during foot observation?

    <p>Abnormal foot type</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a possible finding during foot observation?

    <p>Painful calluses</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the weight-bearing position of the foot in relation to the ankle?

    <p>The forefoot and hindfoot should be parallel to each other and to the floor.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What position should the subtalar and talocrural joints be in when weight-bearing?

    <p>Neutral position</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does it indicate if an asymmetry in standing disappears when the talus (or foot) is placed in neutral position?

    <p>The asymmetry is a functional asymmetry.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of foot is characterized by the first metatarsal being longer than the second, with the others of progressively decreasing lengths?

    <p>Index plus type</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the most likely cause of an asymmetry that is still present when the foot is in neutral position?

    <p>A structural deformity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What should be noted if there is any swelling in the Achilles tendon, ankle, and foot?

    <p>Whether the swelling is intracapsular or extracapsular</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which condition is often associated with a 'fallen' metatarsal arch?

    <p>Pes cavus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What may cause the arch to fall in the non-weight-bearing position?

    <p>Short heel cord</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which deformity is the most common in young children?

    <p>Talipes equinovarus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the abnormal width of one ankle in relation to the other called?

    <p>Keen sign</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What abnormalities should the examiner look for in the non-weight-bearing position?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary cause of callus formation under the heads of the metatarsal bones?

    <p>Loss of the anterior metatarsal arch</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a characteristic of pes planus (flatfoot) condition?

    <p>Curving out of the Achilles tendon</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of the longitudinal arches of the foot during gait?

    <p>Act as a shock attenuator</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which muscles help maintain the medial longitudinal arch of the foot?

    <p>Tibialis anterior and tibialis posterior</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which bones make up the lateral longitudinal arch of the foot?

    <p>Calcaneus, cuboid, and fourth and fifth metatarsal bones</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of the plantar aponeurosis during gait?

    <p>Maintain the longitudinal arches of the foot</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which muscles help maintain the transverse arch of the foot?

    <p>Tibialis posterior, tibialis anterior, and peroneus longus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which movement of the foot involves eversion and inward rotation of the heel, abduction of the forefoot with outward rotation at the tarsometatarsal joints and inward rotation at the midtarsal joints, and medial rotation of the talus causing medial rotation of the leg in relation to the foot?

    <p>Pronation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the normal weight distribution on the foot during standing?

    <p>50% to 60% on the heel and 40% to 50% on the metatarsal heads</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term used to describe excessive lateral rotation of the hip or rotation of the trunk away from the opposite hip, which elevates the medial longitudinal arch of the foot?

    <p>Pronation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term used to describe medial rotation of the hip or trunk rotation toward the opposite hip, which tends to flatten the arch of the foot?

    <p>Supination</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the condition called when the medial malleolus lies anterior to the lateral malleolus?

    <p>Pigeon toes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term used to describe the condition of the foot when the medial longitudinal arch is accentuated due to inversion and outward rotation of the heel, adduction of the forefoot, and plantar flexion at the subtalar and midtarsal joints?

    <p>Supination</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During open-chain motion, the talus is considered fixed; during closed-chain motion, the talus moves to help the foot and leg adapt to the terrain and to the stresses that are applied to the foot.

    <p>In open-chain motion, the talus is fixed while in closed-chain motion, the talus moves.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The weight-bearing stance of the foot shows how the body compensates for structural abnormalities.

    <p>Structural abnormalities in the foot.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The non-weight-bearing posture shows functional and structural abilities without compensation.

    <p>The body's ability to adapt to the terrain.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The examiner should note the patient’s willingness and ability to use the feet.

    <p>The patient's willingness to use their feet.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The bony and soft-tissue contours of the foot should be normal, foot type should be determined, and any deviation should be noted.

    <p>The bony and soft-tissue contours of the foot.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Painful callosities (hyperkeratosis) may be found over abnormal bony prominences due to increased friction or loading.

    <p>Painful callosities.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which metatarsal heads are most commonly affected by callus formation when there is a loss of the anterior metatarsal arch?

    <p>Second and third</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the non-weight-bearing position, what is visible if the metatarsal arch has not fallen?

    <p>The arch</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What can cause the metatarsal arch to fall in the non-weight-bearing position?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the presence of callosities over the metatarsal heads indicate?

    <p>A fallen metatarsal arch</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What can cause an abnormal width of one ankle in relation to the other?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the most common clubfoot deformity in young children?

    <p>Talipes equinovarus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the weight-bearing position of the subtalar joint and midtarsal joints?

    <p>Maximum pronation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the normal alignment of the forefoot and hindfoot in weight-bearing?

    <p>Parallel to each other and to the floor</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of foot is characterized by the second metatarsal being longer than the first and third metatarsals?

    <p>Morton's or Greek type foot</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the widening of the forefoot?

    <p>Splaying</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the condition where the first metatarsal is longer than the second, with the others of progressively decreasing lengths?

    <p>Index plus type foot</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What should be noted if there is any asymmetry in standing?

    <p>Place the talus (or foot) in neutral to see if the asymmetry disappears</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the movement that causes the medial longitudinal arch of the foot to flatten?

    <p>Medial rotation of the hip</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the movement that causes the medial rotation of the hip?

    <p>Medial rotation of the trunk</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the movement that causes the lateral rotation of the talus in relation to the leg?

    <p>Supination of the foot</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the movement that causes the medial rotation of the talus in relation to the leg?

    <p>Pronation of the foot</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement best describes the pronated foot?

    <p>The foot is less mobile and requires more muscle work than the supinated foot.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the normal weight distribution on the foot in a standing position?

    <p>50% to 60% of the weight on the heel and 40% to 50% on the metatarsal heads</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During open-chain motion, the talus is considered fixed; during closed-chain motion, the talus moves to help the foot and leg adapt to the terrain and to the stresses that are applied to the foot.

    <p>Open-chain motion involves the moving of the talus, while closed-chain motion involves the fixed movement of the talus.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The weight-bearing stance of the foot shows how the body compensates for structural abnormalities.

    <p>The weight-bearing stance of the foot reveals the presence of structural abnormalities.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What should be noted when examining the foot for foot problems?

    <p>The willingness and ability of the patient to use their feet should be noted.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What can painful callosities (hyperkeratosis) over abnormal bony prominences indicate?

    <p>Increased friction or loading on the foot.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of observing the foot in both weight-bearing and non-weight-bearing postures?

    <p>To compare the bony and soft-tissue contours of the foot.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main purpose of observing the foot from different angles?

    <p>To assess the bony and soft-tissue contours of the foot.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which muscles help maintain the medial longitudinal arch of the foot?

    <p>Tibialis anterior, tibialis posterior, flexor digitorum longus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which muscles help maintain the lateral longitudinal arch of the foot?

    <p>Peroneus longus, peroneus brevis, peroneus tertius</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the three mechanisms that help maintain the arches of the feet?

    <p>Wedging of the interlocking tarsal and metatarsal bones, tightening of the ligaments on the plantar aspect of the foot, muscles and tendons</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the best measurement for the medial longitudinal arch?

    <p>Navicular height-to-foot length ratio</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What bones make up the lateral longitudinal arch?

    <p>Calcaneus, cuboid, fourth and fifth metatarsal bones</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What muscles help maintain the transverse arch?

    <p>Tibialis posterior, tibialis anterior, peroneus longus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which deformity is characterized by prominence of the lateral aspect of the fifth toe metatarsal head?

    <p>Bunionette</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What deformity results in hyperextension of the metatarsophalangeal joints and flexion of the proximal and distal interphalangeal joints?

    <p>Claw Toes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the most common form of clubfoot?

    <p>Talipes Equinovarus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What deformity is the result of weakening of the lateral collateral ligament of the metatarsophalangeal joint and insufficiency of the plantar plate?

    <p>Crossover Toe</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What deformity is associated with pes cavus, fallen metatarsal arch, spina bifida, or other neurological problems?

    <p>Claw Toes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What congenital deformity is relatively common and can take many forms?

    <p>Clubfoot</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the most common location for a curly toe deformity in children?

    <p>Fifth toe</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary cause of an equinus deformity?

    <p>Contracture of the gastrocnemius or soleus muscles or Achilles tendon</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the common cause of exostosis (bony spur) in the foot?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What condition is characterized by eversion of the forefoot on the hindfoot when the subtalar joint is in the neutral position?

    <p>Forefoot valgus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What condition is characterized by inversion of the forefoot on the hindfoot when the subtalar joint is in the neutral position?

    <p>Forefoot varus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the most common type of hallux rigidus?

    <p>Chronic type</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following conditions may cause a pes cavus?

    <p>Neurological disorders</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common characteristic of pes cavus?

    <p>Prominent metatarsal heads</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main cause of flatfoot?

    <p>Congenital problem</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the difference between rigid flatfoot and flexible flatfoot?

    <p>Presence of soft-tissue contractures and bony changes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the common term for a hypermobile flatfoot?

    <p>Pes planus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When does the arch of the foot appear in infants?

    <p>Around 2 years of age</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the most common foot deviation in children?

    <p>Metatarsus Adductus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which foot deformity is characterized by the second toe being longer than the first?

    <p>Morton's Foot</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which foot deformity is associated with a flexion deformity of the distal interphalangeal joint?

    <p>Mallet Toe</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which foot deformity involves eversion of the calcaneus when the subtalar joint is in the neutral position?

    <p>Hindfoot Valgus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which foot deformity involves inversion of the calcaneus when the subtalar joint is in the neutral position?

    <p>Morton's Foot</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which foot deformity is associated with the formation of an interdigital neuroma as a result of injury to one of the digital nerves?

    <p>Morton's Foot</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which joint is affected in hallux valgus?

    <p>Metatarsophalangeal joint</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the cause of hallux valgus?

    <p>Genetic factors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the three changes that make up a bunion?

    <p>Callus, thickened bursa, and exostosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the normal metatarsophalangeal angle?

    <p>8° to 20°</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the first type of hallux valgus?

    <p>Congruous hallux valgus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a hammer toe deformity?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a common deformity characterized by prominence of the lateral aspect of the fifth toe metatarsal head?

    <p>Bunionette</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What deformity results in hyperextension of the metatarsophalangeal joints and flexion of the proximal and distal interphalangeal joints?

    <p>Claw Toes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which congenital deformity is relatively common and can take many forms, with talipes equinovarus being the most common type?

    <p>Clubfoot</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What deformity is the result of weakening of the lateral collateral ligament of the metatarsophalangeal joint and insufficiency of the plantar plate?

    <p>Crossover Toe</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which deformity is characterized by limited range of motion and abnormal form of the foot?

    <p>Clubfoot</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which deformity is associated with hallux valgus and is often found in the second or third toe?

    <p>Crossover Toe</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which joint is primarily affected in hallux valgus?

    <p>Metatarsophalangeal joint</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main cause of hallux valgus?

    <p>Wearing tight or pointed shoes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the three changes that make up a bunion?

    <p>Callus, thickened bursa, and exostosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the normal metatarsophalangeal angle in a healthy foot?

    <p>8° to 20°</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main cause of hammer toe deformity?

    <p>Imbalance of synergic muscles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which toe is most commonly affected by hammer toe deformity?

    <p>Second toe</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which condition is characterized by accentuated longitudinal arches and a dropping of the forefoot on the hindfoot at the tarsometatarsal joints?

    <p>Pes cavus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the most common cause of flatfoot or mobile foot?

    <p>Congenital problem</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary difference between rigid flatfoot and flexible flatfoot?

    <p>Rigid flatfoot has soft-tissue contractures and bony changes, while flexible flatfoot has few or no soft-tissue contractures and bony changes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic appearance of a foot with pes planus?

    <p>Medial longitudinal arch reduced, rearfoot in valgus, talonavicular joint everted, forefoot abducted</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary cause of a flexible flatfoot?

    <p>Hereditary factors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of foot deformity leads to a rigid foot with little ability to absorb shock and adapt to stress?

    <p>Pes cavus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which foot deformity is associated with inversion of the calcaneus when the subtalar joint is in the neutral position?

    <p>Hindfoot Varus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What foot deformity is characterized by a flexion deformity of the distal interphalangeal joint?

    <p>Mallet Toe</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which foot deformity is the most common in children and is characterized by the foot appearing adducted and supinated?

    <p>Metatarsus Adductus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term used to describe a foot deformity where the second toe is longer than the first?

    <p>Morton's Foot</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What foot condition refers to the formation of an interdigital neuroma as a result of injury to one of the digital nerves?

    <p>Morton's Metatarsalgia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term used to describe a foot deformity characterized by inversion and outward rotation of the heel, adduction of the forefoot, and plantar flexion at the subtalar and midtarsal joints?

    <p>Pes Cavus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which condition is characterized by limited dorsiflexion at the talocrural joint, often as a result of contracture of the gastrocnemius or soleus muscles or Achilles tendon?

    <p>Equinus deformity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is an exostosis?

    <p>An abnormal bony outgrowth extending from the surface of the bone</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which condition involves eversion of the forefoot on the hindfoot when the subtalar joint is in the neutral position?

    <p>Forefoot valgus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common cause of hallux rigidus?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the acute type of hallux rigidus characterized by?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which condition involves inversion of the forefoot on the hindfoot when the subtalar joint is in the neutral position?

    <p>Forefoot varus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which muscle contracture is responsible for a curly toe deformity?

    <p>Flexor digitorum brevis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary cause of equinus deformity (Talipes Equinus)?

    <p>Contracture of gastrocnemius or soleus muscles or Achilles tendon</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the most common cause of exostosis (bony spur) in the foot?

    <p>Poorly fitting footwear</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the clinical resemblance of forefoot valgus?

    <p>Pes planus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What condition is characterized by inversion of the forefoot on the hindfoot?

    <p>Forefoot varus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary cause of hallux rigidus?

    <p>Repeated minor trauma</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which joint is affected in hallux valgus?

    <p>Metatarsophalangeal joint</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary symptom of hallux valgus?

    <p>Pain at the base of the big toe</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the most common cause of hallux valgus?

    <p>Wearing tight or pointed shoes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term used to describe the formation of a bunion in hallux valgus?

    <p>Bunion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the normal metatarsophalangeal angle?

    <p>8° to 20°</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary cause of hammer toe deformity?

    <p>Imbalance of synergic muscles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which foot deformity is characterized by eversion of the calcaneus when the subtalar joint is in the neutral position?

    <p>Hindfoot Valgus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the most common foot deviation in children?

    <p>Metatarsus Adductus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which foot deformity involves inversion of the calcaneus when the subtalar joint is in the neutral position?

    <p>Hindfoot Varus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which foot deformity is associated with a flexion deformity of the distal interphalangeal joint?

    <p>Mallet Toe</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term used to describe a foot deformity where the second toe is longer than the first?

    <p>Morton's Foot</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which foot condition refers to the formation of an interdigital neuroma as a result of injury to one of the digital nerves?

    <p>Morton's Metatarsalgia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which foot deformity is characterized by prominence of the lateral aspect of the fifth toe metatarsal head?

    <p>Bunionette</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of a claw-toe deformity?

    <p>Hyperextension of the metatarsophalangeal joints and flexion of the proximal and distal interphalangeal joints</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which congenital deformity is relatively common and can take many forms, with the most common being talipes equinovarus?

    <p>Clubfoot</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the cause of clubfoot?

    <p>Unknown, but probably multifactorial genetic causes modified by environmental factors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of weakening of the lateral collateral ligament of the metatarsophalangeal joint and insufficiency of the plantar plate, along with the pull of the extrinsic muscles?

    <p>Medial deviation of the toe</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the most common associated deformity with a bunionette?

    <p>Hallux valgus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following conditions can cause a pes cavus?

    <p>Tibial or femoral torsion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main difference between pes cavus and pes planus?

    <p>Pes cavus is a rigid foot deformity, while pes planus is a flexible foot deformity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the most common cause of flatfoot or mobile foot?

    <p>Congenital problem</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the difference between rigid flatfoot and flexible flatfoot?

    <p>Rigid flatfoot is associated with soft-tissue contractures and bony changes, while flexible flatfoot has few, if any, soft-tissue contractures and bony changes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term used to describe the condition of the foot when the medial longitudinal arch is accentuated due to inversion and outward rotation of the heel, adduction of the forefoot, and plantar flexion at the subtalar and midtarsal joints?

    <p>Pes cavus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main purpose of observing the foot from different angles?

    <p>To determine the cause of flatfoot</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of shoes often cause painful knees due to increased stress on the patella?

    <p>Platform-type or high-heeled shoes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What deformity can high-heeled and pointed shoes contribute to?

    <p>Bunions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does excessive bulging on the medial side of the shoe suggest?

    <p>Valgus foot</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does excessive bulging on the lateral side of the shoe suggest?

    <p>Inverted foot</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What can continuous wearing of high-heeled shoes lead to?

    <p>Sore knees and a painful back</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of shoes offer more support than low-cut shoes?

    <p>High-cut or high-top shoes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does drop foot resulting from musculature weakness or peroneal nerve injury do to the shoe?

    <p>Scuffs the toe</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does absence of forefoot creases in the shoe indicate?

    <p>Possible hallux rigidus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which foot deformity is characterized by the forefoot being dorsiflexed on the hindfoot, resulting in a 'broken midfoot' with absent arches?

    <p>Rocker-Bottom Foot</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term used to describe a structural deformity where the first ray (big toe) lies lower than the other four metatarsal bones, causing the forefoot to be everted when the metatarsal bones are aligned?

    <p>Plantar Flexed First Ray</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which congenital anomaly is characterized by the presence of an extra digit or toe?

    <p>Polydactyly</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What foot deformity is often caused by weakness of the intrinsic muscles and associated weakness of the intermetatarsal ligament and dropping of the anterior metatarsal arch?

    <p>Splay Foot</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term used to describe a hyperextension injury (sprain) combined with compressive loading to the metatarsophalangeal joint of the hallux?

    <p>Turf Toe</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What deformity occurs when the first ray (big toe) lies lower than the other four metatarsal bones, and if present congenitally, is indicative of a cavus foot?

    <p>Plantar Flexed First Ray</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary concern with the developmental anomaly of polydactyly?

    <p>Cosmesis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the most common cause of pain in the knees when wearing high-heeled shoes?

    <p>Increased stress on the patella</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What foot condition can be caused by continuous wearing of high-heeled shoes?

    <p>Morton's metatarsalgia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of shoes offer more support to the ankle?

    <p>High-cut or high-top shoes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does excessive bulging on the medial side of the shoe suggest?

    <p>A valgus or everted foot</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What foot condition may be indicated by oblique forefoot creases in the shoe?

    <p>Hallux rigidus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the potential consequence of wearing shoes that are too small or too narrow?

    <p>Deformities and affecting normal growth</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What may be the result of wearing out shoes?

    <p>Little support</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What may be the consequence of wearing stiff shoes?

    <p>Limited movement of the foot</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the structural deformity called when the first ray (big toe) lies lower than the other four metatarsal bones, resulting in a forefoot that is everted when the metatarsal bones are aligned?

    <p>Plantar Flexed First Ray</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the developmental anomaly characterized by the presence of an extra digit or toe?

    <p>Polydactyly</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the foot deformity where the forefoot is dorsiflexed on the hindfoot, resulting in a 'broken midfoot' and absence of the medial and longitudinal arches?

    <p>Rocker-Bottom Foot</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the foot deformity characterized by broadening of the forefoot, often caused by weakness of the intrinsic muscles and associated weakness of the intermetatarsal ligament and dropping of the anterior metatarsal arch?

    <p>Splay Foot</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the hyperextension injury (sprain) combined with compressive loading to the metatarsophalangeal joint of the hallux called?

    <p>Turf Toe</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which foot deformity is associated with inversion of the calcaneus when the subtalar joint is in the neutral position?

    <p>Plantar Flexed First Ray</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which foot deformity is often caused by weakness of the intrinsic muscles and associated weakness of the intermetatarsal ligament and dropping of the anterior metatarsal arch?

    <p>Splay Foot</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of footwear may increase the stress on the patella and cause painful knees?

    <p>High-heeled shoes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What foot deformity can be caused by wearing high-heeled and pointed shoes?

    <p>Hallux valgus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What may be the result of wearing shoes that are too small or too narrow?

    <p>Deformities</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of shoes may lead to hyperextension of the knees and patellofemoral syndrome?

    <p>Shoes with a negative heel</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What may excessive bulging on the medial side of the shoe suggest?

    <p>Valgus or everted foot</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What may excessive bulging on the lateral side of the shoe suggest?

    <p>Inverted foot</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of shoes offer more support than low-cut shoes or those that do not cover the malleoli?

    <p>High-cut or high-top shoes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What may oblique forefoot creases in the shoe indicate?

    <p>Hallux rigidus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which deformity occurs when the first ray (big toe) lies lower than the other four metatarsal bones, resulting in a forefoot that is everted when the metatarsal bones are aligned?

    <p>Plantar Flexed First Ray</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which developmental anomaly is characterized by the presence of an extra digit or toe?

    <p>Polydactyly</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which deformity is characterized by a forefoot that is dorsiflexed on the hindfoot, resulting in a "broken midfoot" with absent medial and longitudinal arches?

    <p>Rocker-Bottom Foot</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which deformity is characterized by broadening of the forefoot, often caused by weakness of the intrinsic muscles and associated weakness of the intermetatarsal ligament and dropping of the anterior metatarsal arch?

    <p>Splay Foot</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term used to describe a hyperextension injury (sprain) combined with compressive loading to the metatarsophalangeal joint of the hallux?

    <p>Turf Toe</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which deformity is characterized by inversion of the forefoot on the hindfoot when the subtalar joint is in the neutral position?

    <p>Plantar Flexed First Ray</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary concern with polydactyly?

    <p>Cosmesis</p> Signup and view all the answers

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