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Questions and Answers
What title did Allauddin Khilji take after expanding his empire to South India?
What title did Allauddin Khilji take after expanding his empire to South India?
Which tax was specifically applied to non-Muslims during Allauddin Khilji's reign?
Which tax was specifically applied to non-Muslims during Allauddin Khilji's reign?
Who established the Tughlaq dynasty after dethroning Mubarak Shah Khilji?
Who established the Tughlaq dynasty after dethroning Mubarak Shah Khilji?
Which battle marked the beginning of Sher Khan's title as Shershah?
Which battle marked the beginning of Sher Khan's title as Shershah?
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What significant event happened in Amarket, Rajasthan, in 1542?
What significant event happened in Amarket, Rajasthan, in 1542?
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Which of the following structures was NOT built by Allauddin Khilji?
Which of the following structures was NOT built by Allauddin Khilji?
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What was the main characteristic of Mohammad-bin-Tughlaq's rule?
What was the main characteristic of Mohammad-bin-Tughlaq's rule?
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Who was the ruler of the Kalinjar fort when Humayun launched his attack in 1531?
Who was the ruler of the Kalinjar fort when Humayun launched his attack in 1531?
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Which irrigation advancement is attributed to Giyazuddin Tughlaq?
Which irrigation advancement is attributed to Giyazuddin Tughlaq?
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What was the outcome of the Battle of Bilgram in 1540?
What was the outcome of the Battle of Bilgram in 1540?
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In which year did Ibrahim Khilji die?
In which year did Ibrahim Khilji die?
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Which Sikh Guru's blessings did Humayun seek?
Which Sikh Guru's blessings did Humayun seek?
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Which prominent Sufi saint was contemporary to Giyazuddin Tughlaq?
Which prominent Sufi saint was contemporary to Giyazuddin Tughlaq?
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In what year did Humayun's son Akbar's birth take place?
In what year did Humayun's son Akbar's birth take place?
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What was the relationship between Humayun and Behram Khan?
What was the relationship between Humayun and Behram Khan?
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How did Humayun's reign come to an end?
How did Humayun's reign come to an end?
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What was the outcome of the Battle of Karnal in 1739?
What was the outcome of the Battle of Karnal in 1739?
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Which ruler was known as Rangeela Badshah?
Which ruler was known as Rangeela Badshah?
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What major artifact did Nadir Shah loot from the Mughals?
What major artifact did Nadir Shah loot from the Mughals?
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What was the result of the Third Battle of Panipat?
What was the result of the Third Battle of Panipat?
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Who was the ally that helped Robert Clive in the Battle of Plassey?
Who was the ally that helped Robert Clive in the Battle of Plassey?
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Which Peshwa was in power during the Third Battle of Panipat?
Which Peshwa was in power during the Third Battle of Panipat?
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What was the consequence of Ahmad Shah Abdali's first attack in 1748?
What was the consequence of Ahmad Shah Abdali's first attack in 1748?
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In which year did the British officially begin ruling Delhi?
In which year did the British officially begin ruling Delhi?
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Which province was conquered by Dalhousie under the Doctrine of Lapse?
Which province was conquered by Dalhousie under the Doctrine of Lapse?
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Who was the last Nawab of Awadh during the annexation in 1856?
Who was the last Nawab of Awadh during the annexation in 1856?
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Which year did the Christian missionaries arrive in India?
Which year did the Christian missionaries arrive in India?
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What was the significance of the Enfield rifle in relation to the revolt of 1857?
What was the significance of the Enfield rifle in relation to the revolt of 1857?
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Who was the leader of the soldiers in Meerut that refused to use the new bullets?
Who was the leader of the soldiers in Meerut that refused to use the new bullets?
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What event is considered the first incident of the Revolt of 1857?
What event is considered the first incident of the Revolt of 1857?
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What was a main reason for the failure of the Revolt of 1857?
What was a main reason for the failure of the Revolt of 1857?
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What was the motive behind Dalhousie's Widow Remarriage Bill presented in 1856?
What was the motive behind Dalhousie's Widow Remarriage Bill presented in 1856?
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Who is referred to as the 'Father of History'?
Who is referred to as the 'Father of History'?
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Which period is referred to as the Bronze Age in the context of Proto-historic period?
Which period is referred to as the Bronze Age in the context of Proto-historic period?
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What is the first name of India derived from the invasion of Aryans?
What is the first name of India derived from the invasion of Aryans?
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What does 'Zakat' refer to in Islam?
What does 'Zakat' refer to in Islam?
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Which literary source includes religious texts such as the Rigveda?
Which literary source includes religious texts such as the Rigveda?
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In which year did Hazrat Mohammad receive enlightenment?
In which year did Hazrat Mohammad receive enlightenment?
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What is the oldest instrument of India mentioned?
What is the oldest instrument of India mentioned?
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Which museum is not associated with Alexander Cunningham?
Which museum is not associated with Alexander Cunningham?
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Study Notes
History
- The word "Historia" is of Greek origin.
- Herodotus is known as the "Father of History."
- Sources for historical research include archaeological sources (fossils, monuments, inscriptions, coins, statues), literary sources (religious and non-religious texts), and descriptions by foreign travelers.
- Alexander Cunningham is considered the "Father of Indian Archaeology." He established the Indian Museum in Kolkata, the National Museum in Delhi, and the Salanjhar Museum in Hyderabad.
Proto-historic Period (Bronze Age)
- The Indus Valley Civilization (2500BC – 1750BC) was a significant civilization during the Bronze Age.
- The Vedic Civilization (1500BC – 600BC) originated in central Asia and is believed to have given India its first name, "Aryavart."
Medieval India: Islam
- The pillars of Islam include belief in Qalna (the Quran), 5 times Namaz (prayer), Ramzan Roza (fasting during Ramadan), Haj (pilgrimage to Mecca), and Zakat (alms-giving).
- Non-Muslims are referred to as "Qafir," and those who kill them are considered "Ghazi."
- The founder of Islam, Hazrat Mohammad, was born in 570 AD in Mecca and received enlightenment in the Heera Cave in 610 AD.
- He migrated from Mecca to Medina in 622 AD.
Allauddin Khilji (1296 – 1316)
- Allauddin Khilji, after expanding his empire to South India, adopted the title "Sikandar-e-Sani" (Alexander II).
- He was given the title "Sultan-e-Jahan" by Amir Khusro.
- He implemented Jaziya (tax paid by non-Muslims) and Zakat (tax paid by Muslims).
- Other taxes levied by Allauddin Khilji included a house tax (Gharai), an agriculture tax, an irrigation tax, and an animal feeding tax (charai).
- A dedicated tax department, Diwan-e-Moosat kharaj, was established to control corruption.
- Allauddin Khilji implemented the Masohat system for measuring land.
- He was the first Sultan to regulate prices of commodities in the market.
- He introduced the Huliya-Dagh system, which was later adopted by Sher Shah Suri.
- Allauddin Khilji built the Alai Minar, Alai Darwaza, Siri Fort, and Hauz Khas in Delhi.
- His tomb is located in the Qutub Minar complex in Delhi.
Mubarak Shah Khilji (1316 – 1320)
- Mubarak Shah Khilji, the son of Allauddin Khilji, was the only Sultan of Delhi to declare himself as Khalifa.
- He was killed by Ghazi Malik, the Governor of Punjab, who dethroned him and founded the Tughlaq dynasty.
Tughlaq Dynasty (1320 – 1414)
- Giyazuddin Tughlaq (1310–1325) founded the city of Tughlaqabad in Delhi and was the first Sultan known to have built irrigation canals.
- In 1323, he sent his son Jauna Khan on a mission to Telangana, renaming the region Sultanpur.
- Telangana was formed into a separate state on 2 June 2014.
- Giyazuddin Tughlaq was killed in a revolt by Bugara Khan in Bengal in 1325.
- His tomb is located in Tughlaqabad.
- Mohammad-bin-Tughlaq (1325-1351), also known as Jauna Khan, was the son of Giyauddin Tughlaq. He was known as an intelligent scholar but also considered a mad ruler.
- During his reign, Ibn-e-Batuta, a famous African traveler from Morocco, visited his court.
- Ibn-e-Batuta was appointed as Qazi by Mohammad-bin-Tughlaq.
- Ibn-e-Batuta wrote a famous book called Rehala.
- His tomb is located in Kabul.
Humayun (1530 – 1540, 1555 – 1556)
- Humayun was born in 1508 in Kabul.
- His main rivals were Mehmood Lodhi (Bengal), Sher Khan (Bihar), and Bahadur Shah (Gujrat).
- He attacked the fort of Kalinjar in 1531, then ruled by Pratap Rudra Dev.
- In 1531, he fought the Battle of Dohariya.
- Sher Khan captured Bengal and became the ruler of Bihar and Bengal.
- He resided in the Chauragarh fort.
- Humayun attacked Chauragah in 1532.
- Bahadur Shah sent his forces to help Sher Khan in 1533, and Humayun defeated Bahadur Shah.
- Humayun attacked Chaunagarh again in 1538.
- In 1539, the Battle of Chausa took place, where Sher Khan defeated Humayun and took the title Shershah.
- Nizam, a boatman who saved Humayun's life, was gifted a Sultanate.
- In 1540, the Battle of Bilgram or Kannauj was fought, where Sher Khan defeated Humayun and established the Suri dynasty.
- Humayun married Hamide Bano Begum in 1541.
- Akbar was born in 1542 in Amarket (Rajasthan).
- Humayun sought blessings from Guru Angad Dev, the second Guru of the Sikhs.
- Guru Angad Dev developed the Gurumuki script.
- In 1545, Humayun killed his brother Kamran and conquered Kabul and Kandhar.
- Behram Khan became his chief commander.
- In 1554, he conquered Peshawar.
- In 1555, he conquered Lahore and defeated Sikandar Suri in the Battle of Macchiwada.
- Humayun re-established the Mughal dynasty in India.
- He died in 1556, falling down the stairs of his library in Delhi's Deenpanah.
- After Humayun's death, his son, Akbar, became the Mughal emperor.
Maratha Empire: Bajirao-I (1720 – 1740)
- Balaji Vishwanath, the first Peshwa of the Marathas, died, and his son Bajirao-I became the second Peshwa.
- Mohammad Shah, known as Rangeela Badshah, was fascinated by his Harem.
- In 1739, Nadir Shah of Iran, known as the "Napoleon of India," invaded India.
- The Battle of Karnal took place in 1739, where Nadir Shah defeated the Mughal forces.
- Mohammad Shah offered Nadir Shah 5 lakh rupees to return to Iran, but Nadir Shah looted Delhi.
- Nadir Shah stole a diamond known as Kohinoor from the Takth-e-tous and plundered 70 crore rupees, including the Kohinoor and the Mayur Sinhasan (Peacock Throne).
- Mohammad Shah was the last Mughal emperor to sit on the Mayur Sinhasan and see the Kohinoor.
- After the death of Nadir Shah in 1747, his son Ahmad Shah Abdali became the ruler of Iran.
Mughal Empire: Ahmed Shah (1748 – 1754)
- Mohammad Shah passed away, and his son Ahmed Shah became the next Mughal emperor.
- In 1748, Ahmad Shah faced Ahmad Shah Abdali in battle.
- Abdali was defeated.
- In 1764, Ahmed Shah died.
Mughal Empire: Alamgir II (1754 – 1759)
- During Alamgir II's reign, the Battle of Plassey was fought.
- The Battle of Plassey was one of the shortest battles in Indian history, lasting only one and a half hours.
- During the battle, Robert Clive (East India Company), the first Governor of Bengal, defeated Sirajuddaula, the Nawab of Bengal.
- Factors contributing to Robert Clive's victory included Mir Jafar, the Senapati (army commander) of Sirajuddaula, who sided with the British, and the superior firepower of the British guns.
Mughal Empire: Shah Alam II (1759 – 1806)
- On January 14, 1761, the Third Battle of Panipat took place.
- Ahmad Shah Abdali, allied with the Nawab Sujauddaula and Bharat Mal Jaat, defeated the Marathas led by Sadashiv Rao Bhau.
- The Marathas suffered a significant loss of 30,000 soldiers.
- Balaji Bajirao (Nana Saheb Peshwa) was the Peshwa during the battle.
- In 1803, the British conquered Delhi and made the Mughals their pensioners, effectively marking the beginning of the British rule in Bengal.
- Shah Alam II became the first pensioner of the British.
Doctrine of Lapse
- Lord Dalhousie annexed various states under the Doctrine of Lapse: Satara, Sambhalpur, Jaitpur, Baghat, Udaipur, Jhansi, Nagpur, Awadh, and Karauli.
1857: Sepoy Mutiny
- In 1856, Lord Dalhousie presented the Widow Remarriage Bill, supported by Ishwar Chandra Vidhya Sagar.
- The arrival of Christian missionaries in India in 1813 was another factor that contributed to the rising tensions.
- Enfied Rifle cartridges, rumors of which were greased with animal fat (cow and pig), sparked the mutiny.
- The first incident related to the cartridges occurred on 29 March 1857, when Mangal Pandey, a soldier of the 34th native infantry, refused to use the cartridges in the Barrakpur Cantonment, West Bengal.
- Mangal Pandey attacked a British officer, Lt. Baugh, who had forced him to use the cartridges, resulting in his death.
- Mangal Pandey was executed on 8 April 1857.
- On 24 April 1857, 99 soldiers from the 3rd native infantry in Meerut cantonment also refused to use the cartridges.
- The protesting soldiers were arrested, and 85 of them were sentenced to life imprisonment.
- On 10 May 1857, these soldiers, led by Kadam Singh, attacked their commanding officers, triggering the mutiny.
- The soldiers gathered at the Red Fort on 11 May 1857 and declared Bahadur Shah Zafar as their leader.
- On 12 May 1857, Bahadur Shah Zafar was arrested at Humayun's Tomb by British officers, Lt. Nicocon and Lt. Hudson.
- Bahadur Shah Zafar was sent to Rangoon, Burma, by the British on 19 September 1857.
- The sepoy mutiny failed due to premature planning and lack of coordination among the rebel forces.
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