Road Transportation

• The road is a major mode of land transportation, with origins tracing back to before 3,000 B.C.
• Early civilizations created trails for movement, which later evolved into roads for commercial purposes as empires grew.
• The roads improved to support heavier modes of transport.
• Modern nations use national highway systems

Functional Hierarchies of Roads

• Freeways (highways) are roads with limited access points and no intersections
  • Examples include South Luzon Expressway (SLEX) and North Luzon Expressway (NLEX).
• Arterials roads have traffic signals at intersections to connect residences, industries, and retail stores.
  • Local and provincial roads are examples.
• The combination of freeways and arterials creates a transport network that connects locations for passengers and cargo
• Arterial roads can be sub-classified based on geography

Road Transport in Tourism

• Road transport is a commonly used mode by tourists for getting around a destination.
• Road transport can include cars, buses, coaches, cycling, and walking.
• Cars stand out as the most dominant travel mode.
• Buses rank second in usage.
• Motorcycles and scooters have smaller shares of tourist transport.

Common Vehicles for Road Transportation

• Cars remain a top choice for tourists.
• They offer flexibility and adaptability for individual travel plans.
• Options include privately owned cars or rental cars when tourists arrive by air or water.
• Rental car services are available at airports or ports.
• Services can include airport/hotel transfers, but additional fees may apply for gas, tolls, etc.
• Ridesharing is a common choice.
• Services allow individuals to share rides for a fee via apps or websites featuring driver profiles and vehicle information.

Other Methods of Transportation

• Taxis are used when buses and trains stop running, with fares based on meters and depend on distance and other factors.
• Buses are a popular public transportation with different types to meet tourist needs such as accessibility, comfort, seating, and discounted fares for the elderly
• Motorcoaches are designed for tours with specific routes.
• Other types of transportation include:
  • Safari vehicles: for safari destinations.
  • Recreational Vehicles (RVs): for temporary living.
  • Mobile Caravans: assembled structures with wheels that can be moved.
  • Unique modes varying by destination (e.g., Kalesa in Manila, Coco taxi in Havana).

Rail Transport

• Rail transport began in the 17th century.
• It played an important role during the industrial era in Europe, America, and Japan..
• Rail transport improved land transportation technology, travel times, and transport service reliability.

Railway Transportation Systems

• The system is used for mass transportation of both passengers and cargo.
• These systems cover various distances and environments (urban, suburban, rural, regional).
• Trains run on either diesel or electricity and are guided by railways.

Components of the Railway Transportation System

• Railway Infrastructure: includes railway tracks (usually steel), civil engineering structures (tunnels, bridges), track systems, and premises
  • Premises are divided into: lineside systems which includes electric and telecommunication systems and facilities, such as stations and depots
• Rolling Stock: refers to railway vehicles and trains (passenger rail-cars, freight wagons).
• Railway Operation: includes technical, commercial, and maintenance activities for revenue service.
  • Technical encompasses scheduling, regulations, and safety.
  • Commercial involves pricing, marketing, and passenger/cargo traffic.
  • Maintenance includes repair of infrastructure, rolling stocks, and equipment.

Classifications of Passenger Rail Transport

• Interurban railways: connect major urban areas using high-speed trains over long distances (150km+).
• Suburban railways: serve regional areas using electrified trains for 100-150km distances
  • Philippine National Railways (PNR) is an example.
• Urban railways: use driverless trains like metro, light rail, trams, and monorails for urban commuters.
  • The Light Rail Transit (LRT) and Metro Rail Transit (MRT) in the Philippines are examples.
• Steep gradient railways are used for short-distance, high-altitude travel such as mountain trips.
• Heritage railways are old systems with a vintage feel that offer historical experiences.

Basic Components of Road Transport

• Road transportation requires materials and facilities
• Includes vehicles, stops, and terminals

Types of Vehicle Classifications

• Non-fixed Route

  • Doesn't have pre-set routes or fares
  • Passengers negotiate directly with the service provider
  • Fares depend on distance and service level (e.g., driver services, ridesharing)

• Fixed Route

  • Includes specified routes, set fares and follows a schedule
  • Also known as mass transit
    • Collector/Distributor operates locally or in short-distance areas, such as residential or commercial locations with low speeds
      • Examples include tricycles
    • Regular Service Operates in urban areas where traffic is restricted, routes connect major activity areas
      • Examples includes jeepneys, taxis, and city buses
    • Express Service operates between provinces using main highways and is used for regional transport
      • Provincial buses are an example

• The choice of transport for tourists is based on the purpose of the visit

• Traditional tourists use non-fixed routes

• Other tourists use mass transit

Types of Stops

• These are places for passengers to embark and disembark along a route.
• They sometimes operate as transfer points
• The signs show information like name, schedule the frequency
• Amenities such as roofs and lighting are included for convenience
• The government assigns locations to manage traffic

Types of Terminals

• They are used for origin and destinations
• They can be used used for transfer points
• Integrated types are located at one location and serve many routes
• The government assigns locations that are typically larger than stop location
• Constructions have regulations for accessibility and traffic flow

Garages

• Locations are away from main roads for storing vehicles
• Garages are used for maintenance and repair for smooth functions

Aspects of Road Transport Operation

• Transit Line and Network is the infrastructure for transport with predetermined schedules
  • Can range from simple stop designations to fully developed routes
  • The transit network set are coordinated to make operations more efficient
• Fleet are all vehicles used for regular passenger service
  • Fleet size is the number of vehicles for passenger transportation
    • A transit unit is the set of vehicles traveling together from a fleet
  • Consist of one type of vehicle depending on route and type of passenger vehicle
    • Inspected by governing bodes to ensure it continues to comply in terms of comfort and safety

Road Transportation Elements

• Passenger Flow and Volume
  • Road transportation is dependent on travel demand
    • Travel demand is how often passengers travel from point A to point B
  • Is different because passenger flow is continuous while passenger volume is about the number of passengers in a time period
• Operating Elements
  • The process is through three basic elements
    • Object is people, goods and units being being transported
    • Distance is the area covered during the transit
    • Time is how long the transit takes
• Line Capacity
  • Amount of transit units possible in a transit line over specific amount of period
    • External factors such as weather, population density, and condition of roads should be considered with capacity

Road Transport Performance Indicators

• Road transport is to satisfy objectives such as: Safety, satisfaction, reliability, convenience/comfort, and affordability
• Indicators are used to measure service level provided
  • Frequency refers to the number of vehicles dispatched so that passengers can be reliable and satisfied
    • The more service passengers receive, the better.
  • Dependability refers to transport service being offered
    • Measurement is how the transit operator is able to follow the schedule and average speed
  • Safety and Security refers to the level of risk or harm to safety
    • The measurement can be vehicle features or condition of the transportation
  • Capacity refers to maximum number of passengers and distance it can cover
    • Spacing and accommodations need to be measured
  • Passenger expense refers to amount needed to use the transportation
    • Measured on how affordable the service is depending on type
  • Utilization often the the transport is used
    • Comparing passengers occupying vehicles or distance covered
  • Service Quality is the satisfaction passengers have
    • Can be measured by comfort, convenience, cleanliness, attitude and ease of use for amenities
  • Environmental Impact describes what affect the transportation system has on the environment
    • Effects can be from air, noise and environmental factors like long term impacts to land and corrosion
• Intelligent Transport Systems refers to automated things that passengers can use for services
  • Can be automation for fare collection, cameras, and surveillance
    • Can be determined by how available the service is.

Rail Transport Management

• Similar to road transport with vehicle fleets and basic operations

Basic Train Services and Design Principles

• Services rely on the definition of the kind of service
  • Process consists of three levels
    • Strategic Level is about investment decisions for things like inventory and infrastructure
    • Tactical Level is about achieve midterm goals
    • Operational Level is about handling the short term goals

Types of Transportation

• Urban
  • tramways, metro rails, and monorails
• Suburban
  • Commuter rails powered by locomotive types of trains
• Regional
  • High speed trains providing inter-rail transport
• International
  • Same as the above transporting across countries
• Miscellaneous
  • Trams used for tours

Other Considerations for Railway Services

• Type of service offered to all passengers
• Types of transport
• Other commercial issues

Scheduling of Passenger Railway Services

• Involves setting timetables
• Railways run on regular intervals
• Timetables should be within interconnected systems
• To achieve that, these should be considered
  • Transport should be determined
  • The coordination with interconnected should also be determined
  • Interconnections and transports should be made
  • Consistent to provide services
  • Informing passengers ahead of when it is provided

Rolling Stock Selection

• Conduct the study of the needs for passengers
  • Lifespan of the rolling stock should also be determined
• The proper considerations should be:
  • Innovations should be considered
  • Improved should also be improved
  • Increase competitiveness of the train

Types of Rail Transport Quality

• Short and competitive times
• Schedule services that are reliable and have regularity
• High Frequency
• Competitive fares

Other Types of Comfort for Rail Transport

• Comfort while traveling
• Security inside trains and at stations
• Making ticketing easy
• Services related to food and bathrooms

Fundamentals of Land Transport System

• Every country has its uniqueness
• Success depends on experience related to the success of the passenger

Types of Density

• Land transport should be near densely populated areas
• Increase population in transport areas

Important Land Trasport

• Serve all trips
• Connect activity centers
• Pathways to be pedestrian friendly
• Create proper environments for pedestrians
• Turn front doors so that pedestrians have access

Types of Connections for Land Transport

• Design the connections
• Build hubs for interacting routes

Aspects for Unifying Fares

• Vehicle capacity
• Operating costs
• Have proper times

Aspects of Time for Travel

• Distance and access should be considered
• Trips should be optimized and not speed
• Express services should be given

Reliability

• By reducing traffic and by properly managing
• Proper steps to the boarding process

Factors for Boarding Process

• Proper leveling of station
• Making the culture to reduce delays

Passengers per Unit

• Ensure vehicles can carry many people per hour

Legibility

• That the transport has a mode
• To clarify transfers the routes should be displayed
• Simplifying networks with legible and simple experiences