Risk Factors and Victimization

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Which paradigm in victimology views offenders as victims of society's crimes?

Conservative Law and Order Paradigm
Radical Victimology Paradigm
Critical Victimology Paradigm (correct)
None of the above

According to the text, which paradigm places emphasis on victim rights?

Conservative Law and Order Paradigm (correct)
Radical Victimology Paradigm
Critical Victimology Paradigm
None of the above

According to the text, which paradigm emphasizes diffusion of roles between victim and offender?

Conservative Law and Order Paradigm
Radical Victimology Paradigm (correct)
Critical Victimology Paradigm
None of the above

According to the text, which section of the Constitution states the right to freedom from all forms of violence?

Section 12(1) (B) Signup and view all the answers

In the case of Carmichele v Minister of Safety & Security and Another, why did Carmichele bring a civil claim against the state?

The police and prosecution failed to protect her (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the aim of the Integrated Victim Empowerment Policy?

To set standards for the provision of victim empowerment services (A) Signup and view all the answers

According to the Extended Low Self-Control Theory, which of the following elements increases an individual's vulnerability to victimization?

Tolerance for frustration (D) Signup and view all the answers

According to the Extended Control Balance Theory, what is the possible reaction to a Control Surplus?

Exploitation of others (B) Signup and view all the answers

Which perspective suggests that victimization is a reflection of the economic and power structures of society?

Socio-Structural Perspective (C) Signup and view all the answers

According to the text, when is violent victimization more likely to occur?

In public spaces (B) Signup and view all the answers

According to the Lifestyle/Exposure Model of Personal Victimisation, which of the following is true?

Being in public poses a higher risk than staying at home (A) Signup and view all the answers

According to the text, what are the prerequisites for victimisation to take place?

The victim must be at a particular time and place (D) Signup and view all the answers

According to the text, what is secondary victimisation?

When the victim is treated insensitively by those who are supposed to protect and assist them (D) Signup and view all the answers

According to the text, what is precipitation in the context of victimisation?

The behavior that encourages the offender's behavior (D) Signup and view all the answers

According to the Routine Activities Approach, which of the following is NOT one of the three elements that increase the risk for victimization to occur?

Presence of a Capable Guardian (A) Signup and view all the answers

According to the Opportunity Model, which of the following factors does NOT increase the probability of victimization?

Guardianship (D) Signup and view all the answers

According to the Differential Risk Model, which of the following is NOT one of the 10 factors that influence the risk of being victimized?

Exposure (B) Signup and view all the answers

According to the text, which of the following is NOT a lifestyle difference associated with differences in exposure to situations with high victimization risk?

Presence of a Capable Guardian (B) Signup and view all the answers

Which perspective focuses on the interaction between the offender and victim, where offender action is provoked by misunderstood victim behavior?

Socio-Interactionist Perspective (D) Signup and view all the answers

According to the text, what is victim precipitation?

When the victim unknowingly causes their own victimization through their personal characteristics (C) Signup and view all the answers

Which theory explains the passive behavior exhibited by individuals when placed in uncontrollable situations?

Learned Helplessness Theory (B) Signup and view all the answers

According to the text, what is one critique on the Learned Helplessness Theory?

It neglects the social, economic, and cultural reasons why women remain in abusive relationships (A) Signup and view all the answers