Dangerous Times and Places

The emphasis is on victim rights.

The relationship is characterized by diffusion of roles between victim and offender, and dynamics between offender and victim.

The main emphasis is that offenders are victims of society's crimes, and the real offender is society.

<p>Individual activity patterns, dangerous behavior, high-risk activities, defensive/avoidance behavior, and structural/cultural proneness.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Future orientation, empathy, tolerance for frustration, diligence, preference for mental rather than physical activities, and risk avoidance.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Aggression, challenging control or authority, and submission.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Socio-structural perspective and socio-cultural perspective (feminist view).</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Section 12(1) of the Constitution grants the right to freedom from all forms of violence.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Section 7(2) of the Constitution states that the State has a duty to respect, promote, and fulfill the rights in the Bill of Rights.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The court found that the police and prosecution had a legal duty to protect the victim in the Carmichele case.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Secondary victimisation refers to the insensitive treatment of those who were supposed to protect and assist the victim in the aftermath of the crime.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Repeat victimisation occurs when someone is victimised multiple times in succession.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The three characteristics identified by Finkelhor &amp; Asigian that increase the potential for repeat victimisation are target vulnerability, target gratifiability, and target antagonism.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The Lifestyle/Exposure Model of Personal Victimisation suggests that the possibility of becoming a victim depends on one's lifestyle and any change to routine activities.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Motivated Offender, Suitable Target, Absence of a Capable Guardian</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Exposure, Proximity, Guardianship, Target Attractiveness, Properties of Specific Offense</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Opportunity, Risk Factors, Motivated Offender, Exposure, Associations, Guardianship, Routine Activities, Structural Constraints, Lifestyle Differences, Adaptations</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Attitudes and beliefs about crime can induce precautions to avoid crime and can lead to constraints and limitations on behavior</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Victim precipitation refers to individuals initiating actions that eventually result in their own victimization, either through active precipitation (where the victim initiates action that leads to victimization) or passive precipitation (where the victim unknowingly causes their own victimization through their personal characteristics that threaten or encourage the offender).</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The Situated Transaction Approach suggests that offenders and victims contribute to the development of a violent interaction in a series of stages. These stages include: 1) Insult or verbal confrontation by the victim, 2) Recipient's assessment of these actions as offensive, 3) Attempts to resolve the conflict by restoring balance, saving face, or demonstrating superiority, and 4) Physical injury or death if the conflict cannot be resolved.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The General Systems Theory focuses on systems, such as families, and suggests that violence influences all members of a system, even if it is directed at another member. It explains that domestic violence occurs because the family, as a closed system, maintains the violence and isolates themselves from the outside world.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>According to the Social Exchange Perspective, an imbalance in the interaction where one side perceives a lack of fairness or unequal exchange may result in victimization, such as in cases of elder abuse.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Motivated Offender, Suitable Target, Absence of a Capable Guardian</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Exposure, Proximity, Guardianship, Target Attractiveness, Properties of Specific Offense</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Opportunity, Risk Factors, Motivated Offender, Exposure, Associations, Differential association, Risk Factors, Motivated Offender, Exposure, Associations</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Repeat Victimization, Vulnerability, and Desirability</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The Constitution and SAPS Act impose positive obligations on the police and prosecution, requiring them to carry out their functions in the interests of the public.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The aim of the Integrated Victim Empowerment Policy is to shift the focus from the guilt of the offender to the importance of support for victims.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The court found that the police and prosecution had a legal duty to protect Alix Carmichele, which they failed to do, resulting in her subsequent damages.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Conservative Law and Order Paradigm, Radical Victimology Paradigm, Critical Victimology Paradigm</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Offenders are viewed as victims, with society being the real offender</p> Signup and view all the answers

<ol> <li>Person is injured or suffers at the hand of another person or institution. 2. Injured person perceives suffering as unjust and undeserved and regards themselves as having been victimized. 3. Injured person looks outside themselves towards significant others, helping organizations, or the criminal justice system for recognition of victimization. 4. Injured person seeks redress for the harm suffered</li> </ol> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Secondary Victimisation and Repeat Victimisation</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Target Vulnerability, Target Gratifiability, and Target Antagonism</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Behavior that encourages the offender's behavior</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The offender must meet the victim at a particular time and place, regard the victim as a suitable object for victimisation, be willing and able to use (threat of) violence to get the desired result, and see the circumstances as advantageous for the use of (threat of) violence</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The five elements of self-control that increase vulnerability to victimization according to Schrek's Low Self-Control Theory are future orientation, empathy, tolerance for frustration, diligence, and preference for mental rather than physical activities.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>According to Tittle's Criminology Theory, the three elements that determine the control ratio and affect the probability of victimization are the amount of control one is subject to, the amount of control one can exercise over others, and the balanced control ratio.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The two perspectives that provide macro-level explanations of victimization are the socio-structural perspective and the socio-cultural perspective (Feminist View).</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The equivalent group hypothesis suggests that offenders and victims do not belong to two distinct groups, and many offenders were once victims themselves.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The four micro-level explanations of victimization according to the Physical Milieu Perspective are: 1. Socio-Interactionist Perspective 2. Situated Transaction Approach 3. General Systems Theory 4. Social Exchange Perspective</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The four stages in the development of a violent interaction according to the Situated Transaction Approach are: 1. Insult or verbal confrontation by the victim 2. Recipient’s assessment of these actions as offensive 3. Resolve conflict by restoring balance, saving face or demonstrating superiority 4. Physical injury or death</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The focus of the General Systems Theory is on systems, such as a family. It suggests that violence influences all members of a system, even if it is directed at another member. Domestic violence occurs because the family, as a closed system, maintains the violence and isolates itself from the outside world.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>According to the Social Exchange Perspective, an imbalance in the interaction where individuals do not receive something in exchange or perceive the interaction as unfair may result in victimization.</p> Signup and view all the answers