Risk and Resilience in Child Development

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Questions and Answers

According to Bronfenbrenner's model, which environmental layer directly influences a child's development through their interactions with family, friends, and school?

  • Mesosystem
  • Microsystem (correct)
  • Macrosystem
  • Exosystem

Which environmental layer focuses on the interconnectedness between different microsystems, such as the communication between parents and a child's teacher?

  • Macrosystem
  • Exosystem
  • Mesosystem (correct)
  • Microsystem

Bronfenbrenner's model is based on the concept of a layered environment that influences child development. Which of the following comparisons best illustrates this concept?

  • A puzzle with pieces that fit together
  • A tree with branches and roots
  • A pyramid with a base and a point
  • An onion with multiple layers (correct)
  • A cake with different layers of frosting

Within Bronfenbrenner's model, what layer represents the broad societal values, laws, and beliefs that can impact a child's development?

<p>Macrosystem (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What term does Bronfenbrenner use for how historical changes and societal shifts can influence other layers within his model?

<p>Chronosystem (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which layer in Bronfenbrenner's model would be considered the most immediate and direct influence on a child's development?

<p>Microsystem (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a common reason why students might choose to lower their commitment to school?

<p>Protecting their self-worth by attributing poor performance to motivation rather than ability (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a key characteristic that distinguishes bullying from other forms of aggressive behavior?

<p>The repetition of the aggressive behavior (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a type of bullying mentioned in the text?

<p>Emotional bullying (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does cyberbullying differ from bullying in 'real life'?

<p>All of the above (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main difference between bullying based on individual characteristics and bias bullying?

<p>Bias bullying specifically targets victims based on their group affiliation, while individual bullying targets victims based on their personal traits. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are some potential social factors that contribute to bullying?

<p>All of the above (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a common effect of bullying on victims?

<p>Anxiety, depression, and low self-esteem (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of these is NOT mentioned in the text as a possible cause of bullying?

<p>Lack of support from family and friends (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main reason children who experience mistreatment are more likely to have a difficult time with development?

<p>The environment they grow up in differs significantly from that of children with a normal environment. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary reason why mothers' depression has a greater impact on children's well-being compared to fathers' depression?

<p>Mothers are more likely to engage in negative and hostile behaviors towards their children. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a negative outcome associated with child poverty?

<p>Higher academic performance (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a common example of a stressful event for children according to the text?

<p>A move to a new house (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does a child's social context influence their risk of negative outcomes?

<p>Children who grow up in poor neighborhoods are more likely to be exposed to delinquent peers and violence. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a main challenge faced by children with ADHD?

<p>Difficulties with inhibitory control, leading to issues in self-monitoring. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following factors is NOT explicitly mentioned in the text as contributing to children's risk of negative outcomes?

<p>Child's race (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does the absence of a sensory input, like sight, potentially impact development?

<p>It necessitates a different developmental pathway, as the child may lack typical learning experiences. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the text's primary focus regarding the impact of parental psychological disturbances on children?

<p>The effect of parental mental health on children's behavioral, socio-emotional, and cognitive development. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Apart from the individual factors mentioned, what broader aspect does the text consider to be significant in shaping children's risks?

<p>The overall social context (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement BEST describes the relationship between visual impairment and joint attention development?

<p>Blind children can still develop joint attention skills through non-visual means, such as touch and sound. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a key difference between the developmental challenges of children with ADHD and those who are blind?

<p>Blind children develop unique communication and social skills due to the absence of vision, while children with ADHD have social interaction challenges. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of these is NOT a potential cause of ADHD, as mentioned in the excerpt?

<p>Lack of early childhood intervention (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What evidence suggests that blind children can still form meaningful connections with caregivers?

<p>They exhibit behaviors like imitation, smiling, and social attentiveness towards their mothers. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a potential implication of the limited understanding about the cause of ADHD?

<p>It delays the development of targeted interventions for specific symptoms of ADHD. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of these is NOT a characteristic of joint attention, as described in the excerpt?

<p>Maintaining eye contact with the other person. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of external support systems like peers and school in a child's life?

<p>To act as a buffer against the negative effects of risk factors. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens to the effect of a protective factor when there's a setback in a child's life?

<p>The protective factor's effectiveness decreases, but it still plays a significant role. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the term "interactive relationship" between protective/vulnerability factors and risk factors refer to?

<p>The way a protective factor either strengthens or weakens the impact of a risk factor. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does a moderator effect refer to in the context of risk and resilience?

<p>The way a protective factor alters the impact of a risk factor, depending on the child's vulnerability. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is characteristic of a promotive effect in relation to risk and resilience?

<p>The protective factor is most effective when the child is at high risk. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does a deterioration/mobilization effect describe in the context of risk and resilience?

<p>The way a vulnerability factor directly increases the likelihood of a negative outcome. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Within the context of moderator effects, what distinguishes low-risk from high-risk populations in relation to a specific protective factor?

<p>The protective factor has a negligible effect on the low-risk group but a significant impact on the high-risk group. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the central focus of the discussion on risk and resilience in the given content?

<p>The dynamic interplay between risk factors, protective factors, and individual vulnerability in shaping resilience. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary goal of reactive strategies in dealing with bullying?

<p>To address bullying after it has happened. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of Quality Circles (QSs)?

<p>Focusing primarily on individual student interventions. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which intervention strategy directly aims to improve a student's ability to respond effectively to bullying?

<p>Assertiveness Training. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main idea behind the 'say no to bullying' theme within the Social and Emotional Aspects of Learning program?

<p>Emphasizing the psychological impact of bullying. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to the content, what is one way to reduce bullying outside of the classroom?

<p>Providing structured activities and opportunities for creative expression. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following strategies focuses on the emotional impact of bullying on the victim?

<p>Restorative Justice. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a possible drawback of the Cooperative Groups intervention?

<p>It may not be effective in addressing bullying. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a key aspect of the 'Restorative Justice' approach to addressing bullying?

<p>Helping the bully understand the impact of their behavior. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

School Climate

The general atmosphere and quality of relationships in a school.

Quality Circles (QSs)

Small student groups working to resolve bullying through data collection.

Cooperative Groups

Students work in groups on activities to enhance group feelings.

Social and Emotional Aspects of Learning

A program with themes like saying no to bullying, focusing on its effects.

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Assertiveness Training

Sessions aimed at improving self-esteem to deal with bullying.

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Reactive Strategies

Punishment methods applied after bullying incidents occur.

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Bully Courts

Schools implementing courts to impose punishments on bullies.

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Restorative Justice

A strategy making bullies aware of their victims' feelings and impacts.

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Self-esteem

An individual's overall sense of self-worth or personal value.

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Self-worth protection

A coping strategy to protect self-esteem by reducing school commitment.

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Peer pressure

Influence from peers to behave in a certain way, often affecting academic performance.

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Bullying

Repeated aggressive behavior involving an imbalance of power, often targeting a victim.

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Cyberbullying

Bullying that takes place over digital devices and the internet, often anonymous.

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Bias bullying

Bullying based on characteristics such as race, gender, or orientation rather than individual traits.

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Effects of bullying

Negative psychological and physical impacts on victims, including anxiety and depression.

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Causes of bullying

Factors that contribute to bullying behavior, including social tolerance and media portrayals.

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ADHD

Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder, a condition affecting focus and self-control.

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Inhibitory Control

The ability to suppress responses and regulate behavior; a part of executive function.

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Executive Functions

Mental processes that help manage thoughts, actions, and emotions; includes inhibitory control.

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Developmental Pathways

The sequence of changes and growth in an individual's development, influenced by various factors.

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Atypical Development

Development that deviates from the typical pattern, may be due to disabilities like blindness.

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Joint Attention

The shared focus of two individuals on an object; crucial for social interactions and communication.

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Blindness and Learning

Blind children may struggle with learning languages due to the absence of visual input.

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Sensory Input Loss

The absence of one or more senses which can affect developmental pathways and interactions.

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Bronfenbrenner's Ecological Model

A framework illustrating how various environmental factors influence a child's development.

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Microsystem

The immediate environment experienced directly by the child, such as family and school.

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Mesosystem

The connections between various microsystems, like parent-teacher interactions.

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Exosystem

Settings that influence the child without direct interaction, like a parent's workplace.

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Macrosystem

The broader societal values, laws, and beliefs that affect child development.

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External Support Systems

Social environments like friendships that support resilience in children.

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Protective Factors

Elements that help a child withstand setbacks and enhance resilience.

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Vulnerability Factors

Conditions that increase a child's risk of negative outcomes.

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Interactive Relationship

The combined influence of protective and vulnerability factors on resilience.

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Moderator Effects

The way protective/vulnerability factors alter resilience in high-risk populations.

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Main Effects

Direct impact of a factor on resilience, especially in high-risk groups.

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Mediator Effects

How a risk factor is related to outcomes through other variables.

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Promotive Resilience

Resilience promoted by significant main effects in high-risk populations.

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Mistreatment Impact

Mistreatment leads to a challenging environment for children's development.

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Parental Disturbances

Mental health issues in parents correlate with children's behavioral problems.

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Economic Poverty

Child income poverty increases risks of negative outcomes.

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Stressful Life Events

Stressful events affect children's emotional well-being.

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Socio-emotional Problems

Children in poverty often face social and emotional challenges.

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Neighborhood Impact

Poor neighborhoods expose children to negative influences.

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Maternal Depression

Maternal depression is linked to negative parenting behaviors.

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Cumulative Risks

Multiple family and social issues compound risks for children.

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Study Notes

Risk and Resilience in Development

  • Risk factors are stressors like poverty, poor upbringing, and disrupted home situations
  • Resilience is when children experience positive outcomes despite significant risk
  • Resilience research roots in psychopathological studies of the 1940s and 1950s, focusing on children with parents with severe mental disorders who thrived
  • Risk factors include childhood factors (birth injuries, low birth weight), family factors (poor parenting, violence), school factors (failure, bullying), and community factors (violence, discrimination)
  • Protective factors mitigate risk's negative impact; examples are social skills, supportive parents, school achievement, and community involvement
  • Parental bereavement (death of a parent) is a significant risk factor, but its effects can be lessened compared to divorce
  • Separated parents may impact children's psychological, behavioral, social, and academic development more than parents who stay together

Parental Separation/Divorce

  • Separated parents increase the risk of psychological, behavioral, social, and academic problems in children
  • Research shows that children in single-parent families may have lower success than those in two-parent families, especially with high conflict
  • These problems often persist until young adulthood, also impacting relationships with others
  • The "intergenerational cycle of difficulties" describes how children with divorced parents may have more problems in family and intimate relationships

Abuse and Maltreatment

  • Abuse and maltreatment are significant risk factors for children's development
  • Children in abusive environments have less resilience due to the lack of protective factors
  • The environment differs significantly from those with normal family environments, which leads to difficulties in development

Parental Psychological Disturbances

  • Parental mental health issues (substance abuse, depression) are linked to behavioral, socio-emotional problems, and cognitive difficulties in children
  • This combination of risks is detrimental. Mothers, especially with depressive disorders, may have more negative and hostile behaviors towards their children.
  • Negative behaviors and less positive interaction correlate with worse outcomes for the child, depending on when in development that occurs

Socioeconomic Risk Factors

  • Child poverty increases negative child outcomes. It includes poor physical health, lower academic and performance, and behavioral concerns
  • Poverty has detrimental consequences, the earlier the start the worse the impact

Stressful Life Events

  • Traumatic events like moves, daily stressors, and emotional problems affect children negatively
  • Some negative events can lead to psychological problems (ex. depression) and/or physical consequences (headaches, fever)

Social Context of Children

  • Children in poverty-stricken, violent environments are exposed to more negative consequences
  • Negative peers and community violence exacerbate the problems

Societal Mechanisms

  • Societal factors such as discrimination negatively affect children’s development and their perceived control
  • These factors may be linked to lower expectations held by people or institutions such as teachers

Risk Specificity

  • There are various specific characteristics of risk factors, both in their individual impact and their correlation with child outcomes
  • The quantity of risk factors sometimes outweighs any single risk, affecting resilience more greatly
  • Researchers have focused on quantity over the type of risk factors as more impactful.

Protective and Vulnerability Factors

  • Protective factors help children cope with risk factors and enhance development
  • Protective factors include features of individuals, environments, and situations
  • Vulnerability factors increase a child's susceptibility to negative impacts

Personal Characteristics

  • Child's gender, intelligence, temperament, sociability, and perceived control affect their ability to navigate risk
  • Self-esteem plays a crucial role in resilience

Family Characteristics

  • Family coping mechanisms, attachment styles, parent-child interactions, parenting styles, cohesion, and family support affect children's development
  • Parental well-being correlates to children’s outcomes in development.

External Support Systems

  • Teacher support, school resources, organized activities, neighborhood cohesion provide positive external support

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