Introduction to Child Development

Longitudinal study of 698 children from Kauai assessing effects of prenatal and environmental factors on development.

Home conditions, such as income and parental mental health, significantly affect child development outcomes.

1/3 of children showed resilience despite biological and environmental challenges, growing into strong adults.

Challenges during the prenatal period can lead to mental illness and learning issues, especially in poor environments.

Studying child development helps improve child-rearing practices and better understand children's needs.

A disciplinary action involving hitting a child, commonly used but found to worsen behavior issues.

Methods to discipline children that do not involve physical punishment, such as empathy and timeouts.

An approach for children to manage anger by retreating and calming down like a turtle in its shell.

The ability to understand and share the feelings of another, crucial for emotional development.

A method that combines results from various studies to provide a comprehensive conclusion.

Questions that suggest a particular answer, often biasing the responses of children.

The positive results seen when children learn to recognize and control their emotions effectively.

Research examining how video games affect aggression and behavior in children and adults.

Younger children engage in play as teachers and resolve disputes.

Older children exhibit self-control, listen to rules, and manage emotions.

Children enhance their development by choosing their environments as they age.

Gradual change with age, occurring in small increments.

Development characterized by occasional large shifts at certain ages.

Approaches suggesting development involves large, distinct phases.

Four stages between birth and adolescence, highlighting changes in thinking.

Refers to how cognitive change and development occur in children.

Four factors explain why siblings from the same family turn out differently: genetics, treatment, reactions to experiences, and environment choices.

Genomes differ among people due to mutations or copying errors, leading to hundreds of gene differences.

Children often receive different treatment based on their inherent traits, affecting their development and behavior.

Children interpret their treatment differently; siblings can react uniquely to the same family events.

As children grow, they select their environments, which impacts their personal development and identities.

Processes that produce specific outcomes, including genetic, behavioral, or neural factors.

Presence or absence of specific alleles that affect developmental outcomes.

Voluntary control of emotions and thoughts; includes inhibiting impulses and focusing attention.

Variations in children's attention quality linked to genetic differences and parenting quality.

The environment made up of social, cultural, and political circumstances influencing development.

Framework encompassing physical, social, and economic environments impacting development.

Measure of social class based on income and education, affecting child outcomes.

Accumulation of disadvantages faced by a child over development, impacting growth.

Qualities like high intelligence, good relationships, that help children overcome challenges.

Variations among children in personality and development due to multiple factors.

A group of methods that allow for cause-effect inferences in research.

Each participant has an equal chance of being assigned to any group in a study.

Researcher's ability to determine the specific experiences for groups during a study.

Participants who receive the experience of interest in an experiment.

Participants in an experiment who do not receive the experience of interest but are treated the same otherwise.

The variable that is manipulated; what the experimental group receives that the control does not.

The behavior measured to see if it's affected by the independent variable.

Study comparing participants of different ages at one time to look at behaviors or traits.

A study method where the same participants are observed multiple times over a long period to track changes.

A method focusing on the same participants studied repeatedly over a short period to observe processes of change.