Rheumatology - Main

What is the primary mechanism of action of Disease-Modifying Anti-Rheumatic Drugs (DMARDs) in treating Rheumatoid Arthritis?

Which oral condition is most frequently associated with Rheumatoid Arthritis?

Why are early morning appointments generally discouraged for dental patients with Rheumatoid Arthritis?

What is the primary difference between Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE) and Discoid Lupus Erythematosus (DLE)?

Which of the following is NOT a known trigger for Lupus Erythematosus?

A patient undergoing treatment for Rheumatoid Arthritis presents with oral mucositis. Which medication is most likely the cause?

What is the significance of the bi-directional relationship between Rheumatoid Arthritis and Periodontal Disease in the context of patient management?

A dentist is treating a patient with SLE who is also on bisphosphonates. What potentially severe complication should the dentist be aware of and monitor for?

Which of the following is identified as a significant risk factor for the development of Rheumatoid Arthritis (RA)?

Which diagnostic blood test is commonly used to aid in the diagnosis of Rheumatoid Arthritis (RA)?

Stiffness associated with Rheumatoid Arthritis (RA) is most distinguishable from Osteoarthritis (OA) by:

Porphyromonas gingivalis, a pathogen implicated in the aetiology of Rheumatoid Arthritis (RA), is primarily associated with which condition that increases RA risk?

In the early stages of Rheumatoid Arthritis (RA), which joints are most commonly affected?

Which of the following is classified as an extra-articular symptom of Rheumatoid Arthritis (RA)?

The primary therapeutic goal of drug treatment for Rheumatoid Arthritis (RA) is to:

Which specific genetic marker, associated with antigen presentation, is most strongly linked to an increased susceptibility to Rheumatoid Arthritis (RA)?

Which skin manifestation of lupus is characterized by a butterfly-shaped rash that typically spares the nasolabial folds?

According to the American College of Rheumatology criteria for diagnosing lupus, how many criteria must be met?

What type of joint involvement is most characteristic of lupus-related arthritis?

Libman-Sacks endocarditis, a specific cardiovascular complication associated with lupus, affects which part of the heart?

A patient with lupus presents with pleuritic chest pain. Which organ is primarily affected in pleuritis?

Which neurological manifestation of lupus is characterized by inflammation of the brain tissue and can potentially lead to seizures, psychosis, or coma?

A lupus patient's urinalysis reveals proteinuria and hematuria. Which of the following is the most likely underlying renal complication?

While there is no cure for lupus, what is the primary goal of treatment?

Denosumab affects bone turnover for approximately how many months after the treatment is completed?

Which of the following is NOT a VEGF inhibitor?

Why does the risk of MRONJ increase with the cumulative dose of bisphosphonate drug therapy?

Which dental procedure carries the highest risk for precipitating MRONJ?

A patient treated with anti-angiogenic drugs for cancer needs a tooth extraction. What is the most appropriate approach?

A patient has been taking oral bisphosphonates for 6 years to treat osteoporosis and is also on systemic glucocorticoids for a chronic inflammatory condition. Which of the following factors increases their risk of developing MRONJ?

Why does dental/mucosal trauma from ill-fitting dentures increase the risk of MRONJ in patients on anti-resorptive medications?

A patient on long-term denosumab therapy requires a tooth extraction. Despite meticulous surgical technique and post-operative care, the extraction site fails to heal, and MRONJ is suspected. Which of the following best explains why denosumab, unlike bisphosphonates, is still implicated in MRONJ development?

Which medication used in the management of lupus can potentially trigger lichenoid reactions in the oral cavity?

What is the primary mechanism of action of anti-resorptive drugs in preventing bone resorption?

A patient presents with exposed bone in the mandible that has persisted for 10 weeks following a dental extraction. They have a history of osteoporosis treated with oral bisphosphonates for 5 years. They deny ever receiving radiation therapy to the head and neck region. Based on this information, which condition is most likely?

Which of the following is NOT typically associated with MRONJ?

Which of the following lifestyle choices is recommended for maintaining good oral health and potentially reducing the risk of MRONJ?

What is the approximate half-life of alendronic acid (AA) in bone tissue?

What immediate action should a dental practitioner advise a patient to take following a tooth extraction if they experience pain, tingling, numbness, altered sensation, or swelling?

A patient with lupus is prescribed corticosteroids. What is the primary mechanism by which corticosteroids aid in the management of lupus symptoms?

For patients considered at higher risk of complications following a dental extraction, what initial step should a dental practitioner take?

A patient is undergoing treatment with bisphosphonates for osteoporosis. According to current guidelines, what is the recommendation regarding drug holidays to prevent MRONJ?

Considering the dual mechanisms of bone remodeling, which statement accurately describes the interplay between osteoblasts and osteoclasts?

A patient with severe osteoporosis and a history of MRONJ undergoing bisphosphonate therapy requires a dental extraction. Considering the elevated risk of complications, which of the following strategies represents the MOST appropriate, evidence-based approach to minimize the risk of exacerbating MRONJ following the extraction?

Which of the following factors increases the risk of developing MRONJ?

A patient presents with exposed, asymptomatic bone in the oral cavity following bisphosphonate treatment, with no signs of infection. Which stage of MRONJ does this most likely represent, and what is the appropriate initial management?

A patient with Stage 2 MRONJ presents with exposed necrotic bone, pain, and evidence of infection. What is the MOST appropriate treatment approach?

In a patient presenting with Stage 3 MRONJ, characterized by exposed necrotic bone extending beyond the alveolar region and a pathological fracture of the mandible, what surgical intervention is MOST appropriate for long-term palliative care?

Which bodily system is LEAST likely to be directly affected by autoimmune conditions?

What is the MOST important role of a dentist in the context of rheumatological diseases?

A dentist notices signs of xerostomia (dry mouth) and bilateral parotid gland enlargement in a new patient. Which of the following rheumatologic conditions should the dentist FIRST consider?

Why might oral lesions in a patient with a known rheumatological condition be particularly informative to their dentist?

If, through comprehensive examination and questioning, a dentist suspects a patient may be exhibiting early, undiagnosed signs of a rheumatological disorder, what is the MOST ethical next step the dentist should take?

Which of the following clinical manifestations is commonly associated with lupus-related cerebritis?

A patient with lupus presents with inflammation of the lung pleura. What is the correct terminology for this condition?

What haematological abnormality is commonly observed in patients with lupus?

Libman-Sacks endocarditis (LSE) is a specific cardiovascular complication associated with lupus. Which layer of the heart is affected in LSE?

A patient presents with a red, raised, disk-shaped rash associated with lupus. This rash heals with scarring and can lead to alopecia. What type of skin manifestation is this?

Which of the following is a TRUE statement regarding the malar rash associated with Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE)?

A female patient in her second trimester of pregnancy, previously diagnosed with lupus, experiences a miscarriage. Which lupus-related factor is MOST likely to contribute to this adverse pregnancy outcome?

A patient is suspected of having lupus. Based on the American College of Rheumatology criteria, which combination of findings would STRONGLY suggest a diagnosis of lupus?

Which of the following is the primary target of antibodies in Rheumatoid Arthritis (RA)?

Which genetic factor is most strongly associated with an increased risk of developing Rheumatoid Arthritis (RA)?

Which of the following is a typical characteristic of joint stiffness associated with Rheumatoid Arthritis (RA)?

Which extra-articular manifestation of Rheumatoid Arthritis is MOST likely to increase a patient's risk of cardiovascular events?

Besides genetics, which environmental factor is MOST closely associated with an increased risk of developing Rheumatoid Arthritis (RA)?

During an acute flare-up of Rheumatoid Arthritis, which symptom is MOST indicative of active inflammation within the affected joints?

A patient with long-standing Rheumatoid Arthritis develops an insidious onset of fatigue, cognitive dysfunction, and peripheral neuropathy. Which of the following is the MOST likely underlying mechanism contributing to these neurological symptoms?

A patient with poorly controlled Rheumatoid Arthritis (RA) exhibits signs of both anemia and thrombocytopenia on a complete blood count (CBC). They have no known history of bleeding disorders. Which pathological mechanism is MOST likely responsible for this patient's hematological abnormalities?

Which of the following best describes the mechanism of action of bisphosphonates in preventing bone resorption?

What is the primary target of biological DMARDs in the treatment of severe Rheumatoid Arthritis?

What is the rationale behind using hydroxychloroquine in the treatment of Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE)?

A patient with SLE is prescribed corticosteroids. What is the primary therapeutic effect of these medications?

Which of the following dental management strategies is MOST suitable for a patient with Rheumatoid Arthritis experiencing trismus due to TMJ involvement?

A patient taking bisphosphonates is scheduled for a tooth extraction. Which of the following signs or symptoms should immediately raise concern for the development of MRONJ post-extraction?

Which of the following best explains why smoking reduces the efficacy of treatments for Rheumatoid Arthritis (RA)?

Apart from lichenoid reactions, what is another potential oral side effect associated with NSAIDs?

A patient with long-standing SLE presents with oral ulcerations and is also being treated with corticosteroids. What underlying condition associated with corticosteroid use could be contributing to these ulcerations?

Which of the following factors is LEAST likely to be implicated in the development or exacerbation of Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE)?

A patient is diagnosed with MRONJ after prolonged bisphosphonate therapy. Besides drug history and clinical presentation, which of the following factors is MOST crucial in confirming the diagnosis, according to the established definition?

What is the most likely reasoning behind avoiding morning appointments for RA patients?

A patient on long-term bisphosphonates requires extensive dental rehabilitation including multiple extractions. Which of the following strategies represents the MOST evidence-based approach to minimize the risk of MRONJ in this patient?

Consider a patient who has been on long-term bisphosphonate therapy and is now suspected of having MRONJ. Despite thorough clinical and radiographic evaluation, the diagnosis remains uncertain due to atypical presentation. Which of the following advanced diagnostic modalities would provide the MOST definitive evidence to confirm or refute the diagnosis of MRONJ?

Which of the following describes a key difference between discoid lupus erythematosus (DLE) and systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE)?

A 32-year-old female presents with a malar rash, oral ulcers, and arthritis. Initial blood work reveals a positive antinuclear antibody (ANA) test but negative anti-dsDNA and anti-Sm antibodies. She reports fatigue and photosensitivity. Which of the following conditions is MOST likely, considering the limitations of the serological findings?

Which of the following is a characteristic feature of Behcet's disease?

Prednisolone mouthwash is used in Behcet's disease to manage oral ulcers. What is a potential risk associated with its use if swallowed?

Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE) exhibits a higher prevalence in which demographic group?

What is the typical skin rash associated with Systemic Lupus Erythematosus, often sparing the nasolabial folds, commonly referred to as?

Methotrexate-induced oral mucositis is primarily attributed to its action as an antimetabolite. Which cellular process is most directly affected by this mechanism?

Which oral manifestation of Systemic Sclerosis is most likely to directly impede a patient's ability to maintain effective oral hygiene?

Considering the overlapping symptoms of oral ulcers and joint pain, which of the following clinical features is most helpful in differentiating Behcet's disease from Systemic Lupus Erythematosus?

What is a common symptomatic presentation of Temporomandibular Joint (TMJ) involvement in patients with rheumatic diseases?

Folic acid supplementation is routinely recommended for patients undergoing methotrexate therapy. What is the primary therapeutic rationale for this co-prescription?

Microangiopathy is a significant feature of Systemic Sclerosis. Which of the following accurately describes microangiopathy in the context of this disease?