Rhetoric and Syntax Review

• The unit summative test is on Thursday, 2/27/25.
• Review notes, the HDM CWT Success guide, and literary device notecards.

Rhetoric and Syntax

• Syntax refers to the way words and phrases are arranged to form sentences.
• Syntax can affect the readability, memorability, and pace of a text.
• Rhetoric is the art of persuasion through communication.
• Rhetoric aims to motivate or inform.
• The word "rhetoric" comes from the Latin "rhetorica" and the Greek "rhetorikos," meaning "oratory."
• Aristotle defined three types of rhetoric that influence the human psyche.
• Rhetorical devices are linguistic tools using sentence structure, sound, or meaning patterns to evoke a reaction.
• Ethos appeals to ethics, Pathos appeals to emotion and Logos appeals to logic

Unit Texts

• Prepare to read excerpts from unit texts.
• Identify points of view, central ideas/claims/themes, and verb tense.
• Identify text evidence and summarize sections.
• Unit texts include "The Declaration of Independence," Antigone, "I Have a Dream," "The Lottery," and "Hope, Despair, and Memory."
• "The Declaration of Independence" is not in quotations or italics because it's a government document.

Author's Central Idea and Agreement with Wiesel

• Explain whether authors would agree with Wiesel's claims and why.
• Sophocles would agree with Wiesel due to the play's focus on fighting injustice, even with potential punishment.
• Thomas Jefferson would agree as he spoke against injustice under King George III.
• Shirley Jackson would agree that people must question and speak out against harm.
• Dr. Martin Luther King would agree that injustice must be addressed together.

Title POV, Central Idea, and Tense

• "Declaration of Independence" is in first person, stating reasons for separating from Great Britain due to unalienable rights, and is in the present tense.
• Antigone is in third person objective, claiming one can always fight for their beliefs, even if harmed, and is in the past tense.
• "I Have a Dream" is in first person, urging people to unite for equal rights without violence, and is in the present tense.
• "The Lottery" is in third person objective and tells the story of a lottery on June 27th where someone is stoned to death, and is in the past tense.
• "Hope, Despair, and Memory" is in first person, where Wiesel describes his experience from the Holocaust and says that we need to study these past events, so they do not repeat themselves. Over all saying that memory is important even if it is not nice to remember some things it is necessary for growth and is in the present tense.

Nuance in Antigone

• Nuance: a subtle difference in meaning.
• Antigone, Ismene, and Creon use the word love differently based on their opinions and feelings.
• Antigone views love as defending others.
• Ismene sees love as protecting her sister from danger.
• Creon believes love is foolish.

Tone

• Identify the tone in various passages, supported by text evidence.

Wiesel's Religious Stories

• Wiesel uses stories of Job and the Besht to show historical perseverance through faith.
• Wiesel persevered through the Holocaust with diminished but retained faith.
• Job was tested by God but remained faithful, resulting in restored blessings.

Tower of Babel

• The Tower of Babel represents an attempt to cheat the way into heaven, punished by God with different languages and inability to communicate.

MLK's Speech

• Analyze symbols (check, insufficient funds) and metaphors (long night of captivity) in MLK's speech.

Hamartia

• Hamartia: a fatal flaw leading to a tragic downfall.
• Antigone demonstrates hamartia.

Symbolism in "The Lottery"

• Old Warner represents blindly following tradition.
• The black dot symbolizes death.

Rhetorical Terms

• Rhetorical question: a question asked for effect rather than requiring an answer.
• Aporia: expression of doubt.

Syntax-Based Rhetorical Devices

• Know the definitions of and identify these devices: Anaphora, Aporia, Asyndeton, Bdelygmia, Cacophony, Symploce, Polysyndeton, and Epistrophe.