Respiratory Tract Infections Overview
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Questions and Answers

How does Legionella pneumophila prevent effective immune response from macrophages?

  • By preventing phagosome-lysosome fusion (correct)
  • By creating biofilms in the lungs
  • By altering its surface antigens
  • By producing toxins that kill macrophages

What is the primary means of transmission for Hantavirus Pulmonary Syndrome?

  • Direct contact with infected individuals
  • Inhalation of contaminated dust from rodents (correct)
  • Fecal-oral route
  • Eating contaminated food or water

Which influenza phenomenon refers to significant changes in HA and NA genes due to concurrent infections?

  • Antigenic shift (correct)
  • Genetic recombination
  • Antigenic drift
  • Viral mutation

What is a major consequence of not treating inhalation anthrax?

<p>Near 95% case-fatality rate (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Coccidioidomycosis and Histoplasmosis are both known to affect which of the following?

<p>Healthy individuals in certain environments (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of bacterium is Bacillus anthracis?

<p>Gram-positive and spore-forming (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which antigens are present on the surface of the Influenza A virus?

<p>Hemagglutinin and neuraminidase (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the case fatality rate of Hantavirus Pulmonary Syndrome?

<p>40% (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary difference in the functions of the upper and lower respiratory tracts?

<p>The upper tract filters air and traps pathogens, while the lower tract is primarily responsible for gas exchange. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What complication may arise from untreated streptococcal infections?

<p>Rheumatic fever (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of M-protein in Streptococcus pyogenes?

<p>It tricks the immune system by mimicking host tissue. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which pathogen is most commonly associated with otitis media in children?

<p>Streptococcus pneumoniae (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the eustachian tubes and how does their shape affect children?

<p>They equalize pressure; their horizontal shape makes children more prone to infections. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the result of the presence of streptococcal pyrogenic exotoxins (SPEs)?

<p>They can lead to severe inflammatory responses and toxic shock syndrome. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following describes a symptom of diphtheria?

<p>Sore throat and pseudomembrane formation (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What bacterium is responsible for causing Strep Throat?

<p>Streptococcus pyogenes (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What characterizes 'walking pneumonia' caused by Mycoplasma pneumoniae?

<p>Generally mild symptoms and slow progression (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which complication is associated with Streptococcus pneumoniae?

<p>Meningitis (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which factor enhances the virulence of Streptococcus pneumoniae?

<p>Capsule that blocks phagocytosis (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the leading cause of death from infectious disease in the U.S.?

<p>Bacterial pneumonia (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What characteristic helps Mycobacterium tuberculosis resist treatments?

<p>Presence of mycolic acid in the cell wall (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of infection is characterized by an inflammatory response filling alveoli with fluid?

<p>Pneumonia (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role does the exotoxin of Bordetella pertussis play in infections?

<p>Inhibits cilia function in the respiratory epithelium (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a common upper respiratory tract infection?

<p>Common cold (rhinitis) (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Pneumonia

A lower respiratory tract infection causing fluid buildup in the lungs

Pneumococcal pneumonia

Pneumonia caused by Streptococcus pneumoniae bacteria.

Mycoplasma pneumonia

A mild pneumonia caused by Mycoplasma pneumoniae, lacks a cell wall

Pertussis

Whooping cough; caused by Bordetella pertussis, damages cilia in the lungs, causing severe cough.

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Tuberculosis

An infection caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis, that can be latent or active, and forms tubercles in the lungs.

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Legionnaires' Disease

A severe pneumonia caused by Legionella bacteria

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Acid-fast bacteria

Bacteria resistant to drying, disinfectants, and chemicals.

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Infectious dose (cold)

The number of virions needed to cause an infection (relatively low).

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Rebecca Lancefield

A pioneering microbiologist who classified Streptococcus species based on their cell wall antigens, contributing significantly to our understanding of strep infections.

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Upper Respiratory Tract

The part of the respiratory system above the larynx, including the nose, pharynx, and larynx. It filters and warms inhaled air, protects against infections.

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Lower Respiratory Tract

The part of the respiratory system below the larynx, including the trachea, bronchi, and bronchioles; involved in gas exchange.

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Goblet Cells

Specialized cells in the respiratory tract lining that produce mucus, trapping inhaled particles and pathogens.

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Mucociliary Escalator

A protective mechanism in the respiratory tract where cilia sweep mucus containing trapped debris and pathogens upwards to the mouth for removal.

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Tonsils

Lymphoid tissues in the pharynx that trap pathogens and initiate immune responses.

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Staphylococcus aureus in Healthy People

Healthy individuals can carry Staphylococcus aureus harmlessly on their skin or in their noses, but it can cause infections under certain conditions.

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Strep Throat Cause

Streptococcus pyogenes, commonly referred to as Group A Streptococcus (GAS), is the bacterium responsible for Strep throat.

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Legionella pneumophila Survival

These bacteria prevent phagosome-lysosome fusion, allowing them to multiply inside macrophages.

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Anthrax: Bioterrorism Agent

Bacillus anthracis is a Category A bioterrorism agent, causing potentially deadly pneumonia.

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Anthrax: Toxin, Encapsulation, Vascular Leakage

Anthrax toxin and encapsulated cells cause damage to endothelial cells, leading to vascular leakage and pulmonary edema.

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Influenza A Virus Structure

Influenza A has 8 segments of single-stranded RNA and glycoprotein spikes (hemagglutinin HA and neuraminidase NA).

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Antigenic Drift & Seasonal Influenza

Antigenic drift (minor mutations in HA & NA genes) causes changes in influenza virus, leading to seasonal outbreaks.

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Antigenic Shift & Pandemic Influenza

Antigenic shift (mixing of RNA segments) creates novel influenza viruses with new HA/NA and can lead to pandemics.

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Hantavirus Pulmonary Syndrome Transmission

Hantavirus, like the Sin Nombre virus, is transmitted to humans from rodents via inhalation of contaminated dust.

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Study Notes

Respiratory Tract Infections

  • Rebecca Lancefield was a microbiologist who created the Lancefield grouping system for streptococci. This system was more predictive of pathogenic potential than hemolysis assays. An example of a Group A streptococcus is Streptococcus pyogenes, and the M-protein plays a critical role in its virulence.

  • Upper Respiratory Tract: Nose, nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx, and epiglottis.

  • Lower Respiratory Tract: Trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, and alveoli.

  • Goblet cells produce mucus to trap and eliminate foreign particles.

  • Mucus escalator (mucociliary): Cilia in the respiratory tract move mucus upward, removing impurities.

  • Tonsils are lymphoid tissue. Healthy individuals may carry Staphylococcus aureus.

Infections of the Upper Respiratory Tract

  • Rhinitis (inflammation of the nasal passages), sinusitis (inflammation of the sinuses), pharyngitis (inflammation of the pharynx), laryngitis (inflammation of the larynx), epiglottitis (inflammation of the epiglottis), conjunctivitis (inflammation of the conjunctiva).
  • Epiglottitis is potentially life-threatening.
  • Otitis media is inflammation of the middle ear. Children are more susceptible due to the shape of their eustachian tubes.
  • Conjunctivitis, otitis media, and sinusitis can be caused by various bacteria and viruses.

Streptococcus pyogenes (Strep Throat)

  • Strep throat is caused by Streptococcus pyogenes.

  • M-protein is a key characteristic of Streptococcus pyogenes; it avoids the immune system.

  • Streptokinase and Protein G are functions of Streptococcus pyogenes.

  • Streptolysin O and S are functions of Streptococcus pyogenes; they damage tissues.

  • SPEs (streptococcal pyrogenic exotoxins) lead to scarlet fever, streptococcal toxic shock syndrome, or necrotizing fasciitis.

  • Post-streptococcal sequelae (complications) like acute rheumatic fever, carditis, and acute post-streptococcal glomerulonephritis are possible.

Diphtheria

  • Diphtheria is caused by Corynebacterium diphtheriae.

  • Diphtheria toxin is a toxin that causes cell death.

  • Pseudomembrane formation is a possible complication.

  • Upper Respiratory Tract Infections can sometimes cause Central Nervous System Infections (Meningitis) .

  • Lower Respiratory Tract Infections typically lead to respiratory oxygen deprivation.

Pneumonia

  • Pneumonia involves inflammation of the lungs often caused by microorganisms.
  • Pneumococcal pneumonia is caused by Streptococcus pneumoniae.
  • Vaccines for pneumococcal pneumonia exist.

Other Respiratory Tract Infections

  • Mycoplasma pneumonia is an atypical pneumonia.

  • Pertussis (whooping cough) is caused by Bordetella pertussis.

  • Tuberculosis is caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis.

  • Legionnaires' disease is caused by Legionella pneumophila.

  • Hantavirus Pulmonary Syndrome is caused by Sin Nombre Virus (SNV).

  • Influenza is caused by Influenza A virus. Antigenic drift and shift are key to understanding seasonal and pandemic influenza strains.

  • COVID-19, SARS and MERS are enveloped RNA viruses with "crown-like" spikes.

Fungal Infections

  • Coccidioidomycosis (Valley Fever) and Histoplasmosis occur in the Southwest US and can affect healthy individuals.
  • Pneumocystis pneumonia (PCP) is an opportunistic fungus causing serious disease that can affect Immunocompromised individuals (ex.: HIV).

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Description

This quiz delves into respiratory tract infections, covering key concepts related to upper and lower respiratory anatomy and common infections such as rhinitis and sinusitis. It highlights the significance of the Lancefield grouping system and the importance of mucociliary function in respiratory health.

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