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Questions and Answers
How does Legionella pneumophila prevent effective immune response from macrophages?
How does Legionella pneumophila prevent effective immune response from macrophages?
What is the primary means of transmission for Hantavirus Pulmonary Syndrome?
What is the primary means of transmission for Hantavirus Pulmonary Syndrome?
Which influenza phenomenon refers to significant changes in HA and NA genes due to concurrent infections?
Which influenza phenomenon refers to significant changes in HA and NA genes due to concurrent infections?
What is a major consequence of not treating inhalation anthrax?
What is a major consequence of not treating inhalation anthrax?
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Coccidioidomycosis and Histoplasmosis are both known to affect which of the following?
Coccidioidomycosis and Histoplasmosis are both known to affect which of the following?
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What type of bacterium is Bacillus anthracis?
What type of bacterium is Bacillus anthracis?
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Which antigens are present on the surface of the Influenza A virus?
Which antigens are present on the surface of the Influenza A virus?
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What is the case fatality rate of Hantavirus Pulmonary Syndrome?
What is the case fatality rate of Hantavirus Pulmonary Syndrome?
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What is the primary difference in the functions of the upper and lower respiratory tracts?
What is the primary difference in the functions of the upper and lower respiratory tracts?
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What complication may arise from untreated streptococcal infections?
What complication may arise from untreated streptococcal infections?
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What is the role of M-protein in Streptococcus pyogenes?
What is the role of M-protein in Streptococcus pyogenes?
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Which pathogen is most commonly associated with otitis media in children?
Which pathogen is most commonly associated with otitis media in children?
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What is the function of the eustachian tubes and how does their shape affect children?
What is the function of the eustachian tubes and how does their shape affect children?
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What is the result of the presence of streptococcal pyrogenic exotoxins (SPEs)?
What is the result of the presence of streptococcal pyrogenic exotoxins (SPEs)?
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Which of the following describes a symptom of diphtheria?
Which of the following describes a symptom of diphtheria?
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What bacterium is responsible for causing Strep Throat?
What bacterium is responsible for causing Strep Throat?
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What characterizes 'walking pneumonia' caused by Mycoplasma pneumoniae?
What characterizes 'walking pneumonia' caused by Mycoplasma pneumoniae?
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Which complication is associated with Streptococcus pneumoniae?
Which complication is associated with Streptococcus pneumoniae?
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Which factor enhances the virulence of Streptococcus pneumoniae?
Which factor enhances the virulence of Streptococcus pneumoniae?
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What is the leading cause of death from infectious disease in the U.S.?
What is the leading cause of death from infectious disease in the U.S.?
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What characteristic helps Mycobacterium tuberculosis resist treatments?
What characteristic helps Mycobacterium tuberculosis resist treatments?
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Which type of infection is characterized by an inflammatory response filling alveoli with fluid?
Which type of infection is characterized by an inflammatory response filling alveoli with fluid?
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What role does the exotoxin of Bordetella pertussis play in infections?
What role does the exotoxin of Bordetella pertussis play in infections?
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Which of the following is a common upper respiratory tract infection?
Which of the following is a common upper respiratory tract infection?
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Study Notes
Respiratory Tract Infections
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Rebecca Lancefield was a microbiologist who created the Lancefield grouping system for streptococci. This system was more predictive of pathogenic potential than hemolysis assays. An example of a Group A streptococcus is Streptococcus pyogenes, and the M-protein plays a critical role in its virulence.
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Upper Respiratory Tract: Nose, nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx, and epiglottis.
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Lower Respiratory Tract: Trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, and alveoli.
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Goblet cells produce mucus to trap and eliminate foreign particles.
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Mucus escalator (mucociliary): Cilia in the respiratory tract move mucus upward, removing impurities.
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Tonsils are lymphoid tissue. Healthy individuals may carry Staphylococcus aureus.
Infections of the Upper Respiratory Tract
- Rhinitis (inflammation of the nasal passages), sinusitis (inflammation of the sinuses), pharyngitis (inflammation of the pharynx), laryngitis (inflammation of the larynx), epiglottitis (inflammation of the epiglottis), conjunctivitis (inflammation of the conjunctiva).
- Epiglottitis is potentially life-threatening.
- Otitis media is inflammation of the middle ear. Children are more susceptible due to the shape of their eustachian tubes.
- Conjunctivitis, otitis media, and sinusitis can be caused by various bacteria and viruses.
Streptococcus pyogenes (Strep Throat)
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Strep throat is caused by Streptococcus pyogenes.
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M-protein is a key characteristic of Streptococcus pyogenes; it avoids the immune system.
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Streptokinase and Protein G are functions of Streptococcus pyogenes.
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Streptolysin O and S are functions of Streptococcus pyogenes; they damage tissues.
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SPEs (streptococcal pyrogenic exotoxins) lead to scarlet fever, streptococcal toxic shock syndrome, or necrotizing fasciitis.
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Post-streptococcal sequelae (complications) like acute rheumatic fever, carditis, and acute post-streptococcal glomerulonephritis are possible.
Diphtheria
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Diphtheria is caused by Corynebacterium diphtheriae.
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Diphtheria toxin is a toxin that causes cell death.
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Pseudomembrane formation is a possible complication.
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Upper Respiratory Tract Infections can sometimes cause Central Nervous System Infections (Meningitis) .
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Lower Respiratory Tract Infections typically lead to respiratory oxygen deprivation.
Pneumonia
- Pneumonia involves inflammation of the lungs often caused by microorganisms.
- Pneumococcal pneumonia is caused by Streptococcus pneumoniae.
- Vaccines for pneumococcal pneumonia exist.
Other Respiratory Tract Infections
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Mycoplasma pneumonia is an atypical pneumonia.
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Pertussis (whooping cough) is caused by Bordetella pertussis.
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Tuberculosis is caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis.
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Legionnaires' disease is caused by Legionella pneumophila.
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Hantavirus Pulmonary Syndrome is caused by Sin Nombre Virus (SNV).
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Influenza is caused by Influenza A virus. Antigenic drift and shift are key to understanding seasonal and pandemic influenza strains.
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COVID-19, SARS and MERS are enveloped RNA viruses with "crown-like" spikes.
Fungal Infections
- Coccidioidomycosis (Valley Fever) and Histoplasmosis occur in the Southwest US and can affect healthy individuals.
- Pneumocystis pneumonia (PCP) is an opportunistic fungus causing serious disease that can affect Immunocompromised individuals (ex.: HIV).
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Description
This quiz delves into respiratory tract infections, covering key concepts related to upper and lower respiratory anatomy and common infections such as rhinitis and sinusitis. It highlights the significance of the Lancefield grouping system and the importance of mucociliary function in respiratory health.
