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Questions and Answers
Drowsiness and sedation are common adverse effects of antihistamines.
Drowsiness and sedation are common adverse effects of antihistamines.
True (A)
Which of the following is NOT a use of antihistamines?
Which of the following is NOT a use of antihistamines?
- Urticaria
- Allergic rhinitis
- Prevention of motion sickness
- Nausea relief (correct)
Name an example of an expectorant.
Name an example of an expectorant.
Guaifenesin
Mucolytics improve mucus clearance by acting on the _____ layer lining the respiratory tract.
Mucolytics improve mucus clearance by acting on the _____ layer lining the respiratory tract.
Match the following mucolytics with their type:
Match the following mucolytics with their type:
High doses of expectorants may cause which of the following effects?
High doses of expectorants may cause which of the following effects?
Antihistamines are contraindicated during an asthma attack.
Antihistamines are contraindicated during an asthma attack.
What is a common adverse effect of mucolytics?
What is a common adverse effect of mucolytics?
Facilitation of mucus removal is primarily achieved by _____ in the case of expectorants.
Facilitation of mucus removal is primarily achieved by _____ in the case of expectorants.
Which of the following is likely to be found in infected sinus cultures?
Which of the following is likely to be found in infected sinus cultures?
What is a primary advantage of nasal decongestants?
What is a primary advantage of nasal decongestants?
Systemic decongestants can cause increased blood pressure due to their vasoconstrictive effects.
Systemic decongestants can cause increased blood pressure due to their vasoconstrictive effects.
Name one first generation antihistamine.
Name one first generation antihistamine.
Nasal decongestants can lead to __________ congestion with prolonged use.
Nasal decongestants can lead to __________ congestion with prolonged use.
Match the following systemic decongestants with their effects:
Match the following systemic decongestants with their effects:
Which of the following is a contraindication for using nasal decongestants?
Which of the following is a contraindication for using nasal decongestants?
Second generation antihistamines have a higher sedative potential than first generation antihistamines.
Second generation antihistamines have a higher sedative potential than first generation antihistamines.
What common adverse effect is associated with systemic decongestants?
What common adverse effect is associated with systemic decongestants?
First generation antihistamines block the effects of histamine at the H-1 __________.
First generation antihistamines block the effects of histamine at the H-1 __________.
What is a common characteristic of both first and second generation antihistamines?
What is a common characteristic of both first and second generation antihistamines?
What is a common cause of the common cold?
What is a common cause of the common cold?
Seasonal rhinitis is also known as allergic rhinitis.
Seasonal rhinitis is also known as allergic rhinitis.
What condition is characterized by a collapsed or airless lung?
What condition is characterized by a collapsed or airless lung?
The __________ consists of the nose, mouth, pharynx, larynx, trachea, and upper bronchial tree.
The __________ consists of the nose, mouth, pharynx, larynx, trachea, and upper bronchial tree.
Match the following lower respiratory tract conditions with their definitions:
Match the following lower respiratory tract conditions with their definitions:
Which is not a symptom of sinusitis?
Which is not a symptom of sinusitis?
Chronic bronchitis can resolve completely with time and treatment.
Chronic bronchitis can resolve completely with time and treatment.
What causes the inflammation experienced during a common cold?
What causes the inflammation experienced during a common cold?
Obstructive pulmonary disease includes conditions such as asthma, cystic fibrosis, and __________.
Obstructive pulmonary disease includes conditions such as asthma, cystic fibrosis, and __________.
Which of the following is a symptom of atelectasis?
Which of the following is a symptom of atelectasis?
What is the primary effect of emphysema on the lungs?
What is the primary effect of emphysema on the lungs?
Chronic bronchitis is characterized by the destruction of alveolar walls.
Chronic bronchitis is characterized by the destruction of alveolar walls.
What condition frequently affects premature babies due to underdeveloped lungs?
What condition frequently affects premature babies due to underdeveloped lungs?
_______ is a hereditary disease resulting in thick secretions in the lungs.
_______ is a hereditary disease resulting in thick secretions in the lungs.
Match the medication classes to their functions:
Match the medication classes to their functions:
Which of the following is NOT a common adverse effect of antitussives?
Which of the following is NOT a common adverse effect of antitussives?
Decongestants can lead to vasoconstriction in the nasal mucosa.
Decongestants can lead to vasoconstriction in the nasal mucosa.
Name one example of an antitussive drug.
Name one example of an antitussive drug.
Antihistamines are also known as H1 _______.
Antihistamines are also known as H1 _______.
What mechanism do decongestants utilize to improve airflow?
What mechanism do decongestants utilize to improve airflow?
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Study Notes
Upper Respiratory Tract Infections
- Common Cold: Primary cause is viral, accompanied by histamine and prostaglandin release that triggers inflammation.
- Seasonal Rhinitis (Allergic Rhinitis): Nasal cavity inflammation, characterized by itchy, watery eyes, runny nose, and a non-productive cough.
- Sinusitis: Inflammation of the sinuses lining leading to severe pain. Can lead to infections if left untreated.
- Pharyngitis and Laryngitis: Inflammation of the pharynx and larynx, often caused by bacteria or viruses. Frequently associated with influenza.
Lower Respiratory Tract Conditions
- Atelectasis: Lung collapse caused by airway blockage, preventing air from entering the alveoli. Symptoms include dyspnea, fever, cough, hypoxia, and altered chest wall movement.
- Pneumonia: Lung inflammation caused by bacterial or viral infection. Symptoms include difficulty breathing, fatigue, fever, noisy breath sounds, and poor oxygenation.
- Bronchitis: Inflammation of the bronchi, resulting in airway narrowing. Can be acute or chronic.
- Obstructive Pulmonary Disease: Includes asthma, cystic fibrosis, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), and respiratory distress syndrome (RDS).
Asthma
- Characterized by reversible bronchospasm, inflammation, and hyperactive airways.
- Triggers include allergens, dust, fumes, exercise, emotions, and inflammatory mediators such as leukotrienes.
Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD)
- Chronic airway obstruction often linked to cigarette smoking.
- Two primary disorders responsible for COPD:
- Emphysema: Loss of lung elasticity, destruction of alveolar walls, air trapping within overexpanded alveoli, and insufficient gas exchange.
- Chronic bronchitis: Persistent inflammation of the airways, accompanied by mucus secretion and edema.
Cystic Fibrosis
- Hereditary disease leading to thick mucus accumulation in the lungs, obstructing airways and causing lung tissue destruction.
- Progressive disease.
Respiratory Distress Syndrome (RDS)
- Common in premature infants with underdeveloped lungs.
- Symptoms include atelectasis, tachypnea, and tachycardia.
Medications for Upper Respiratory Tract Diseases
- Antitussives: Suppress cough reflex. Examples include benzonatate, codeine, dextromethorphan, and hydrocodone. They work by acting directly on the medullary cough center in the brain.
- Decongestants: Promote vasoconstriction of nasal mucosa. Examples include ephedrine, oxymetazoline, phenylephrine, tetrahydrozoline, xylometazoline, and pseudoephedrine.
- Antihistamines (H1 Blockers): Block the effects of histamine at H1 receptor sites. Divided into first generation (e.g., brompheneramine, chlorpheneramine) and second generation (e.g., fexofenadine, loratidine).
- Expectorants: Liquefy lower respiratory tract secretions, making them easier to cough up. Examples include guaifenesin and ammonium chloride.
- Mucolytics: Enhance mucus clearance in the respiratory tract. Examples include N-acetylcysteine, dornase alfa, ambroxol, and bromhexine.
Homework
- In cases of infected sinuses, common bacterial cultures include:
- Streptococcus pneumoniae
- Haemophilus influenza
- Moraxella catarrhalis
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